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This article redresses an imbalance in the study of the welfare state: the comparative neglect of health care programs as sources of evidence about the changing politics of the welfare state. It explains why health care should be central to our understanding of the welfare state; summarizes the present debates about the pressures on welfare states; explains how to think about health care governance in this connection; develops a typology of "health-care states"; & shows how the experience of health care reflects, & how it departs from, the wider experience of welfare states. 40 References. Adapted from the source document.

Frontmatter -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- INTRODUCTION. American Social Policies: Future Possibilities in Historical Perspective -- CHAPTER ONE. State Formation and Social Policy in the United States -- CHAPTER TWO. America's First Social Security System: The Expansion of Benefits for Civil War Veterans -- CHAPTER THREE. Gender and the Origins of Modern Social Policies in Britain and the United States -- CHAPTER FOUR The Road to Social Security -- CHAPTER FIVE. Redefining the New Deal: World War II and the Development of Social Provision in the United States -- CHAPTER SIX. The Limits of the New Deal System and the Roots of Contemporary Welfare Dilemmas -- CHAPTER SEVEN. "Brother, Can You Spare a Job?" Work and Welfare in the United States -- CHAPTER EIGHT. Targeting within Universalism: Politically Viable Policies to Combat Poverty in the United States -- CHAPTER NINE. Is the Time Finally Ripe? Health Insurance Reforms in the 1990s -- CHAPTER TEN. From Social Security to Health Security? -- CONCLUSION. Remaking U.S. Social Policies for the 21st Century -- Index

This paper examines the effect of international trade on strike activity within the United States since World War II. Globalization may influence strike activity through its effects on the bargaining position of labor. Alternatively, if labor and management take their changed bargaining positions into account, the rate of change in openness could create greater uncertainty in negotiations between them and lead to more strikes as a result. Empirical analysis of strike activity in the 50 states over this period supports the argument concerning uncertainty in the bargaining process. Import competition may also indirectly reduce strike activity by decreasing union density.

Do governments satisfy an intertemporal budget constraint? This paper uses a panel of U.S. state data from 1978-1998 to empirically investigate whether primary surpluses respond to rising debt/GDP ratios. Instead of relying solely on the time-series characteristics of various data series, the paper focuses on the response of primary surpluses when cyclical fluctuations in output and government spending are explicitly considered. Results suggest no surplus response to the accumulation of debt, whether or not cyclical fluctuations are controlled for, in contrast to similar studies done using U.S. federal government data.

In this paper, I provide an economic perspective on policy issues related to student debt in the United States. I lay out the economic rationale for government provision of student loans, summarize time trends in student borrowing, describe the US loan market, then turn to topics central to the policy discussion of student loans: whether there is a student debt crisis, the costs and benefits of interest subsidies, and the suitability of an income-based repayment system for student loans. I close with a discussion of the gaps in the data required to fully analyze and steer student-loan policy.

Though increasingly legitimate, humanitarian intervention by the United Nations Security Council is selective and rare. This article illustrates how the increasing legitimacy of human rights norms is changing the meaning of state sovereignty and the purpose of military force at the United Nations. By examining Security Council discourse during debates about Iraq, Somalia, Rwanda, Bosnia, Kosovo, Sierra Leone, Darfur, and Libya, the article delineates the conditions under which discourse creates new opportunities for the Security Council to authorize, engage in, and support humanitarian intervention. Adapted from the source document.

▪ Abstract  The professionalization of archaeology in the late nineteenth century was linked to the growth of antiquities markets and the development of museums as institutions of education and social reproduction. Professional archaeologists moved into the universities in large numbers after World War II and then increasingly into the private sector after the mid-1970s. In the United States, archaeologists currently confront a highly segmented labor market with significant wage and benefits differentials, and increasing numbers face marginal employment. At the same time, descendant communities and government regulations are transforming the ways by which archaeologists have traditionally conducted their investigations.

This article presents a perspective on elementary school foreign language programs in the United States. The author presents an overview of the history of elementary programs, a summary of present practices, and a discussion of the educational and political context of early language programs. Recommendations for future action by both language educators and early language advocates are offered, as is a summary of promising activity by professional language organizations. The author concludes that elementary programs will not expand significantly without the establishment of a national language policy and an extensive public-awareness campaign.

Explanations for the recent decline in the labor force attachment of males 65 years of age and older include the introduction of Old Age and Survivors Insurance and the growth in private pension programs. Neither hypothesis can explain the sizable decline that occurred between 1930 and 1950, when aggregate social security and private pension payments were small. Estimates from pooled state aggregate data indicate that the means-tested Old Age Assistance program established by the Social Security Act of 1935 significantly increased retirement activity in this period, particularly among low-income individuals.

Major inter-election vote shifts are characteristic of present-day American and British elections. In American elections since 1960 the presidency has changed parties on four of the six occasions. In British elections since 1959 the government has changed parties on four of the eight occasions. Students of both election systems ask whether these large and frequent shifts portend either major realignments or the weakening of the parties. The purpose of this Note is to analyse inter-election changes in the United States and Great Britain and to highlight and explain their differences.

This is a study of the variables affecting turnout of voters in northern state gubernatorial primaries from 1952 to 1980. The dependent variable is turnout in each party's primary as a percentage of turnout for that party in the general election. Two of the most important independent variables are long-term patterns of primary competition and two-party competition, suggesting that voters develop habitual patterns of voting in primaries. Other predictors of turnout are short-term primary competition, the type of primary (open or closed), and (among Republicans) party endorsement of candidates.

This article is based on a survey of employees of eight major public agencies in the State of Texas. The purposes of the survey were to examine the range and distribution of professional employees in public employment, and to assess their personal characteristics and occupational attitudes. Among the conclusions of the research are that the public workforce is characterized by tremendous occupational diversity, that this heterogeneity contributes to motivational problems among public employees, and that the public "work ethic" appears to be eroding. The author analyzes these conclusions in terms of their significance to the personnel function.

This article analyzes aspects of secular urban growth in two systems of cities in the mid-Atlantic states. One system centers on New York City; the other on Philadelphia. The author finds that the growth oi New York's hinterland was an important factor in explaining that system's relatively rapid expansion through the War of 1812. In subsequent years, this situation changed; basing his analysis on cross-sectional data, the author shows that relatively simple patterns of development gave way to complex situations shaped by the differential impacts of transportation, manufacturing, and commerce on these two urban systems.