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In his unfinished manuscript, James Baldwin created what can be considered the premise of a complete and general theory of the relationship between our new media, popular culture particularly, and the structures of our domination. According to Marx, they who have power control ideas. Because, our times are not theirs, though many parallels can be found, we must turn to them, who, poison our minds, and make all of our lives unlike they should be. We must turn to them in all areas : no matter if "false intellectuals", or the false idols of our times. In the times that are ours, and we cannot escape, unfortunately, but they remain at all times the best times, we must bring ourselves to confront what our days offer, and have to offer. "Money and hoes, more money and hoes." In this case study, we turn to the particular taste-and idea-makers of the constrained, though highly influential, strange, strange world of rappers.

Abstract Whether there are ecological limits to species diversification is a hotly debated topic. Molecular phylogenies show slowdowns in lineage accumulation, suggesting that speciation rates decline with increasing diversity. A maximum‐likelihood (ML) method to detect diversity‐dependent (DD) diversification from phylogenetic branching times exists, but it assumes that diversity‐dependence is a global phenomenon and therefore ignores that the underlying species interactions are mostly local, and not all species in the phylogeny co‐occur locally. Here, we explore whether this ML method based on the nonspatial diversity‐dependence model can detect local diversity‐dependence, by applying it to phylogenies, simulated with a spatial stochastic model of local DD speciation, extinction, and dispersal between two local communities. We find that type I errors (falsely detecting diversity‐dependence) are low, and the power to detect diversity‐dependence is high when dispersal rates are not too low. Interestingly, when dispersal is high the power to detect diversity‐dependence is even higher than in the nonspatial model. Moreover, estimates of intrinsic speciation rate, extinction rate, and ecological limit strongly depend on dispersal rate. We conclude that the nonspatial DD approach can be used to detect diversity‐dependence in clades of species that live in not too disconnected areas, but parameter estimates must be interpreted cautiously.

Syphilis is an important public health problem and an increasing incidence has been noted in recent years. Characterization of strain diversity through molecular data plays a critical role in the epidemiological understanding of this re-emergence. We here propose a new high-resolution multilocus sequence typing (MLST) scheme for Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum (TPA). We analyzed 30 complete and draft TPA genomes obtained directly from clinical samples or from rabbit propagated strains to identify suitable typing loci and tested the new scheme on 120 clinical samples collected in Switzerland and France. Our analyses yielded three loci with high discriminatory power: TP0136, TP0548, and TP0705. Together with analysis of the 23S rRNA gene mutations for macrolide resistance, we propose these loci as MLST for TPA. Among clinical samples, 23 allelic profiles as well as a high percentage (80% samples) of macrolide resistance were revealed. The new MLST has higher discriminatory power compared to previous typing schemes, enabling distinction of TPA from other treponemal bacteria, distinction between the two main TPA clades (Nichols and SS14), and differentiation of strains within these clades.

Introduction : Cinq ans après les révolutions sociales, des thèmes inscrits dans la longue durée / Réda Benkirane, Riccardo Bocco, Catherine Germond 5-11. - PREMIERE PARTIE : PERSPECTIVES JURIDIQUES, HISTORIQUES ET SOCIOLOGIQUES. - La question de la charia et de l'État au XXIe siècle / Abdullahi An-Na'Im 13-19. - Contre le déterminisme historique, en islam comme ailleurs / Baudouin Dupret 21-29. - Les révolutions arabes et leur devenir. Les cas paradigmatiques de l'Égypte et de la Tunisie / Farhad Khosrokhavar 31-45. - Entre État et Religion : repenser la société civile et l'État civil depuis les révoltes arabes / Benoît Challand 47-59. - Islam et politique dans la Libye contemporaine / Younes Abouyoub 61-72. - Évolutions récentes de la lai͏̈cité en Turquie / Bayram Balci 73-87. - DEUXIEME PARTIE : PERSPECTIVES PHILOSOPHIQUES ET THEOLOGIQUES. - Réflexions sur la sécularisation aux premiers siècles de l'Islam / Makram Abbes 89-104. - Philosophie d'un islam post-fondamentaliste / Hassan Hanafi 105-112. - La religion et le pouvoir / Mohammad Shahrour 113-126. - Le Coran est essentiellement guidance / Jamal Al-Banna 127-131. - Une lecture non-herméneutique du Coran : l'Analyse littérale / Moreno Al Ajamî 133-142

International audience John Gower (c. 1330-1408) is the only English poet of the late Middle Ages who may be known for certain to have composed his works in the three main languages then used in England – French, English and Latin – in a very conscious way, as testified by his three major poems, Vox Clamantis (in Latin), Mirour de l'Omme (in French) and Confessio Amantis (in English) . This makes him an exceptional representative of a period in which reforming ideas were expressed within the frame of a communication system still characterized by its multilingualism. ; John Gower (ca 1330-1408) est le seul poète anglais de la fin du Moyen Âge dont on peut être certain qu'il a composé son œuvre dans les trois langues principales alors en usage en Angleterre – le français, l'anglais et le latin – de manière tout à fait consciente, comme en témoignent ses trois principaux poèmes, la Vox Clamantis (latin), le Mirour de l'Omme (français) et la Confessio Amantis (anglais). Ainsi est-il le représentant exceptionnel d'une période où une réflexion à visée réformatrice s'exprime dans le cadre d'un système de communication encore caractérisé par son multilinguisme.

One and a half years after the beginning of Maidan, one year after the annexation of Crimea and the beginning of the war in Donbas, Ukraine is at a turning point in its history. Is it amputated by part of its territory, faced with a destabilising conflict, the outcome of which remains uncertain, in the face of a precarious economic and financial situation, and is it becoming a bankrupt state? Or is it a year for a nation state to recover from its colonial and Soviet heritage? In spring 2015, it is not the time for final replies: the emerging megatrends reveal a country in the middle of the guest. The cost of "independence at all costs" is high and the challenges facing the country are impressive. To try to raise them, the Ukrai-nians have gathered together in a huge national momentum. ; Un an et demi après le début de Maïdan, un an après l'annexion de la Crimée et le commencement de la guerre dans le Donbass, l'Ukraine est à un tournant de son histoire. Amputée d'une partie de son territoire, confrontée à un conflit déstabilisant dont l'issue reste incertaine, en proie à une situation économique et financière précai-re, est-elle en train de devenir un État failli ? Ou assiste-t-on à l'an un d'un État-nation qui se relève en se déga-geant de son héritage colonial et soviétique ? Au printemps 2015, l'heure n'est pas aux réponses définitives : les grandes tendances qui se dessinent révèlent un pays au milieu du gué. Le coût de « l'indépendance à tout prix » est élevé et les défis auxquels le pays est confronté sont impressionnants. Pour tenter de les relever, les Ukrai-niens se sont rassemblés dans un immense élan national.

El fenómeno de la 'economía popular', permite analizar las características que asume la relación Estado, mercado y sociedad civil en un sector concreto, anclado históricamente en nuestras sociedades, que se ha extendido vertiginosamente en las últimas décadas alentado por los procesos de globalización. El desarrollo de este sector conduce a un trilema (no resuelto) entre estas tres esferas, porque si bien se configura y reproduce en el mercado y está sustentado en una sociedad civil fuertemente estructurada, prescinde del Estado; es más, se ha generado y se mantiene 'al margen' del Estado. En realidad la existencia y expansión de este sector social -cada vez más amplio y con mayor poder económico- se debe justamente a la articulación exitosa de sus condiciones sociales previas, con el mercado. Este sector ha constituido el fenómeno denominado globalización no-hegemónica, o globalización desde abajo, y una de sus características es que no pretende cuestionar o destruir al capitalismo, sino más bien es funcional a la reproducción del capital, porque vive de él, se alimenta y crece a través de él, participa del mercado de manera dinámica aunque no sea parte de los circuitos hegemónicos.

155 165 30 3 ; S ; [EN] The structural shape optimization is an iterative process built up by a higher level, which proposes the geometries to analyze, and a lower level which is in charge of analyzing, numerically, their structural response, usually by means of the Finite Element Method (FEM). These techniques normally report notorious advantages in an industrial environment, but their high computational cost is the main drawback. The efficiency of the global process requires the efficiency of both levels. This work focuses on the improvement of the efficiency of the lower level by using a methodology that uses a 2D linear elasticity code based on geometry-independent Cartesian grids, combined with FEM solution and recovery techniques, adapted to this framework. This mesh type simplifies the mesh generation and, in combination with a hierarchical data structure, reuses a great calculus amount. The recovery technique plays a double role: a) it is used in the Zienkiewicz-Zhu type error estimators allowing to quantify the FEM solution quality to guide the h-adaptive refinement process which minimizes the computational cost for a given accuracy; and b) it provides a solution, more accurate than the FEM one, that can be used. The numerical results, which include a comparative with a commercial code, show the effect of the proposed methodology improving the efficiency in the optimization process and in the solution quality. ; [ES] La optimización de forma estructural es un proceso iterativo constituido por un nivel superior que propone las geometrías a analizar, y un nivel inferior que evalúa numéricamente la respuesta estructural de estas, normalmente mediante el método de los elementos finitos (MEF). Estos procesos pueden reportar claros beneficios en entornos industriales pero su elevado coste computacional es un gran inconveniente. La eficiencia del proceso requiere eficiencia computacional en ambos niveles. Este trabajo se centra en la mejora del rendimiento del nivel inferior mediante una metodología que usa un ...

In this paper, we analize in systematic and detailed terms one central aspect of Manuel Castells´s contemporary sociological perspective of power: the question of frame or modeling mind. The research will allow us to discover, mainly, the proliferation of a discourse built from two theoretical operations hidden by the author: the postulation of a logic of imposition as exclusionary logic of power or power of framed, and the separation between power and minds. We demonstrate that such discourse embodies a contradictory movement as often assumed a markedly ideological form that tend to mask the mentioned operations. Castells´s appropriation of Entman´s theory, his mainly theoretical source in this case, provides significant evidence to demonstrate such findings. ; En el presente artículo analizamos de modo sistemático y pormenorizado un aspecto central de la perspectiva sociológica contemporánea del poder de Manuel Castells: la cuestión del enmarcado o modelado de la mente. El estudio nos permitirá descubrir, principalmente, la proliferación de un discurso edificado a partir de dos operaciones teóricas ocultadas por el autor: la postulación de una lógica de imposición como lógica excluyente del poder y del poder de enmarcado, y la separación entre el poder y las mentes. Demostramos que tal discurso encarna un movimiento contradictorio en tanto asume con frecuencia una forma marcadamente ideológica que tiende a enmascarar las operaciones mencionadas. La apropiación que efectúa Castells de la teoría de Entman, su fuente teórica principal en este caso, aporta pruebas significativas para evidenciar tales hallazgos. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación

How do they incorporate the idea of a social class or not, what representation (s) do individuals make of the structure of the society in which they live? On what occasions and how do they mobilise their views on social stratification? One example of this is the discussions on racism taking place online, as shown in this article, which has as its starting point the analysis of contemporary 'ordinary anti-racism': the study of a corpus of comments by internet users on French press sites, from a perspective inspired by Alfred Schütz's German-Enological Sociology and the pragmatic trend, shows that individuals frequently use social categorisations to denounce what they perceive as racism in the discourse of others. After recalling the different theories of racism and anti-racism and discussing their relevance in exploring this particular textual and dialogical space, the article highlights two types of argument in which the social position appears central: one based on the knowledge and reflex abilities of popular classes or elites, the other on the use of figures such as 'beauf' or 'bobo'. ; International audience ; How do they incorporate the idea of a social class or not, what representation (s) do individuals make of the structure of the society in which they live? On what occasions and how do they mobilise their views on social stratification? One example of this is the discussions on racism taking place online, as shown in this article, which has as its starting point the analysis of contemporary 'ordinary anti-racism': the study of a corpus of comments by internet users on French press sites, from a perspective inspired by Alfred Schütz's German-Enological Sociology and the pragmatic trend, shows that individuals frequently use social categorisations to denounce what they perceive as racism in the discourse of others. After recalling the different theories of racism and anti-racism and discussing their relevance in exploring this particular textual and dialogical space, the article highlights two types of ...

This article presents a conceptual and methodological development for the analysis of the ethnic economies of the historical helmets of European cities. In addition, the first results of its application to the study of the Lavapiés area, in the old town of Madrid, are briefly published. But the very interesting urban ethnic economy is not unleashed to the first attempt. This is why authors promise future publications on the same subject and place. ; Peer reviewed ; This article presents a conceptual and methodological development for the analysis of the ethnic economies of the historical helmets of European cities. In addition, the first results of its application to the study of the Lavapiés area, in the old town of Madrid, are briefly published. But the very interesting urban ethnic economy is not unleashed to the first attempt. This is why authors promise future publications on the same subject and place. ; En este artículo se presenta un desarrollo conceptual y metodológico para el análisis de las economías étnicas de los cascos históricos de las ciudades europeas. Además, de manera sucinta se publican los primeros resultados de su aplicación al estudio de la zona de Lavapiés, en el casco antiguo de la ciudad de Madrid. Pero la economía étnica urbana, tan interesante, no se desvela a la primera intentona. Por ello, los autores prometen futuras publicaciones sobre el mismo tema y lugar.

In the sustainable development of new clean and safe energy storage systems needed to promote electromobility and stationary applications, consideration of safety remains an important challenge. This is reflected in the numerous initiatives taken in the United States, Japan and Europe to develop knowledge to control these risks, in the different contexts of use of these batteries and across all their value chains. A more delicate safety to be ensured is the consequence of a performance potential (energy density, specific power) significantly greater than that offered by previous technologies (steel-leaded batteries, cadmium-nickel, etc.). The atypical dangerous phenomenon that needs to be monitored is, in most scenarios of interest, thermal emballement in Figure 1, which can potentially be depreciated by abusive thermal, mechanical or electrical demands. ; Sustainable development of innovative electric energy storage systems are needed for both mobile and stationary applications. With increased energy and power densities obtained with lithium metal and ion systems, that trigger some atypical hybrid hazard in case of abuse conditions of use, handling or storage, safety focused has been recently promoted at a world-wide level. We briefly update here how far INERIS contributes at national as well as at international level to this research effort, focusing on how this effort has been recently restructured and outlining some important results. Perspectives are also shortly given. ; In the sustainable development of new clean and safe energy storage systems needed to promote electromobility and stationary applications, consideration of safety remains an important challenge. This is reflected in the numerous initiatives taken in the United States, Japan and Europe to develop knowledge to control these risks, in the different contexts of use of these batteries and across all their value chains. A more delicate safety to be ensured is the consequence of a performance potential (energy density, specific power) ...

In a manner similar to the fantastic genus, science-fiction puts Creatures and Anovelty phenomenes in the scenes, which are also paralleled by objects of belief (extraterrestres, clones, superpowerful secret devices). The difference is that in the first case supernatural is used, whereas in the second case we are concerned with rationalite and scientific plausibility. However, these are forms of beliefs. This article shows the reverse symetry between the position of the ecrivans and that of the public. The authors privilege the esthetic (the art of conveying) over axiological (beliefs or beliefs), while the public tends to select aesthetic content according to pre-existing axiological positions. As a result, we no longer radically diverge between what is in the field of belief and what is the field of fiction. ; De maniere analogue au genre fantastique, la science-fiction met en scene des creatures et des phenomenes fabuleux qui sont aussi parallelement des objets de croyance (extraterrestres, clones, engins secrets superpuissants). La difference est que dans le premier cas il est fait appel au surnaturel alors que dans le second on est dans le domaine de la rationalite et de la vraisemblance scientifique. Il s'agit bien toutefois de formes de croyances. Cet article montre la symetrie inverse entre la position des ecrivains et celle du public. Les auteurs privilegient l'esthetique (l'art d'emouvoir) sur l'axiologique (croyance ou incroyance) tandis que le public tend a selectionner des contenus esthetiques en fonction de positions axiologiques preexistantes. On aboutit ainsi a ne plus differencier aussi radicalement ce qui est du domaine de la croyance et ce qui est du domaine de la fiction.

14 7 ; S ; A344 ; Elsevier user license: Permitted: For non-commercial purposes: Read, print & download Text & data mine Translate the article Not Permitted: Reuse portions or extracts from the article in other works Redistribute or republish the final article Sell or re-use for commercial purposes Controlling pharmaceutical costs has been the subject of research and analysis in many studies in health economics which have shown that the chronic conditions of patients are an important factor. The present work models pharmaceutical expenditure by different health districts and gender according to the characteristics of chronic conditions. Trillo Mata, JL.; Guadalajara Olmeda, MN.; Barrachina Martínez, I.; De La Poza, E. (2011). Modeling pharmaceutical cost in primary health care according to chronic conditions. Value in Health. 14(7):A344-A344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2011.08.612

[ES] One of the objectives of the Borbones' scientific policy was that of potential disciplines which could be applied in the necessary promotion of the Spanish economy. This was the case with mineralogy, which was developed and taught in a number of illustrated scientific institutions. One of these centres was the Office of Natural History in Madrid, where the work of the German specialist Christian Herrgen contributed to the institutionalisation of Spanish mineralogy. ; Peer reviewed ; [ES] One of the objectives of the Borbones' scientific policy was that of potential disciplines which could be applied in the necessary promotion of the Spanish economy. This was the case with mineralogy, which was developed and taught in a number of illustrated scientific institutions. One of these centres was the Office of Natural History in Madrid, where the work of the German specialist Christian Herrgen contributed to the institutionalisation of Spanish mineralogy. ; [EN] One of the goals of the scientific ~policy of the governments of the Borbones were that of favors the disciplines subject to be applied for the necessary stimulus of the Spanish economy. Such was the case of the Mineralogy, science that was developed and imparted in several scientific cultured institutions. One of these centres were the Cabinet o i Natural History from Madrid, in which the work of ¡he German specialist Christian Herrgcn contributed to the institutionalization of the Spanish Mineralogy. ; [ES] One of the objectives of the Borbones' scientific policy was that of potential disciplines which could be applied in the necessary promotion of the Spanish economy. This was the case with mineralogy, which was developed and taught in a number of illustrated scientific institutions. One of these centres was the Office of Natural History in Madrid, where the work of the German specialist Christian Herrgen contributed to the institutionalisation of Spanish mineralogy. ; [ES] Uno de los objetivos de la política científico de los gobiernos Borbones fue la ...