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This thesis is an examination of the contribution of the English scholar, Robert Willis (1800-1875) to the discipline of architectural history. Willis's writings are set within a context of nineteenth-century antiquarian scholarship and their methodology and conclusions explored and evaluated. the work i not treated as a conventional biography, for reasons given in the Introduction, but divided into sections dealing with the different types of work produced by Wilils. chapter One examines Willis's first architectural work, Remarks on the Architecture of the Middle Ages, especially of Italy, (1835). This is discussed in relation to a tradition of 'scientific' antiquarianism which includes such scholars as James Essex, Thomas Kerrich, Thomas Rickman and William Whewell. The influence of Whewell's study of German gothic on Willis's approach is assessed and the differences between the two works considered in terms of the contrasting concerns of German Idealism and French Rationalism as well as WIllis's stated aim of discovering principles of gothic design to be used in nineteenth-century architectural practice. The book's role in the revival of gothic is appraised and also the relationship between Willis's principles and the 'true principles' of A.W.N. Pugin. Chapter Two looks at another attempt by Willis to discover the principles of gothic design by studying the vaults of the middle ages. the formation of a language in which to speak of gothic vaults is described and the various ways in which they were classified. With reference to unpublished notes from the Cambridge archive, I endeavour to explain how the study of individual features led Willis to become dissatisfied with the methodology of gothic 'system builders', who were concerned primarily with the abstract progression of styles. Chapter Three examines Willis's alternative to the theoretical history of architecture, expressed in the series of architectural histories of individual cathedrals produced for the British Archaeological Association (founded in 1843), and thereafter the Archaeological Institute. The history of the study of documentary and structural evidence relating to buildings and Willis's estimation of their relative value is explored. The Architectural History of Canterbury Cathedral, Willis's first such study, is described in detail to demonstrate his use of data and strategies of argumentation. Thereafter particular elements of his methodology are treated with respect to examples of their employment in the subsequent histories. Chapter Four is a study of some of Willis's 'minor' works, on architectural nomenclature, seals, the church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem and his editions of the St. Gall plan and the sketchbook of Villard de Honnecourt. they are discussed in terms of how Willis responded to previous scholarship, his own concerns and the use made of works by their various audiences. This demonstrates how Willis's intention in writing did not necessarily correspond to the response of the readership and the influence of a work was not always coincident with its inherent worth. In Chapter Five I discuss Willis's practical involvement in architecture at various levels. Examples are listed of his acting as an architectural consultant and his role in the restoration of Ely cathedral is examined in detail. His philosophy of restoration is explained and contrasted with those or Ruskin and Viollet-le-Duc, two other individuals whose influence in England was rather through their ideas than actual activity. I also consider the role of antiquarian scholarship in the practice of architecture in the nineteenth century and the different estimations by contemporary architects of the value of Willis's contribution. Chapter Six treat Willis's final architectural study, The Architectural History of the Conventual Buildings of Christ Church Canterbury, and The Architectural History of the University of Cambridge, which was published after his death with substantial additions by his nephew, John Willis Clark. The works are similar in their concentration on the study of plans. The Canterbury work is set within a context of the archaeology and interpretation of conventual architecture and I investigate the part played by Willis in the identification of the standard location of the various offices. The Cambridge project developed over many years and I examine Willis's changing views on the relationship between the monastic and collegiate plans as well as discussing the political circumstances in which Willis was writing, which made any investigation of University history an inevitably controversial activity. The final chapter attempts to review the influence of Willis on the modern discipline of architectural history, showing how his methodology and conclusions were transferred and raising questions about his continued relevance. Appendices discuss the evidence for Willis's unfinished magnum opus and reproduce a series of unpublished notes on restoration.

Abstract:This article analyzes the constitutional regime of the right to human communication (Article 20.1 a and b SC). The aim is to analyze the right evolution in the light of contemporary forms of communication trying to assess whether its constitutional protection is enough. This paper starts studying from an anthropology approach human communication and its essentiality for the concept of human dignity. Subsequently, its historical evolution can be observed unfolding in its double aspect: subjective, freedom in front of the interference of the public authority; and objective, as a foundation element of pluralism and constitutional democracy. We point out some contradictions between the two dimensions caused by the evolution of the media. Later it is pointed out how these contradictions are accentuated in two contemporary media: television and internet. In the first, we observe how both objective and subjective dimension has resulted in a dialectic based on the contrast between public and private, respectively. In the case of the internet, we observe how this dialectic is reproduced, but confusing the public and private spaces, and bringing the right´s limits to the absurd. Paper ends with two conclusions. On one hand, the Spanish constitutionalization right to receive and impart information and ideas does not seem sufficient in front of contemporary phenomenon of human communication. On the other hand, communication as the basic element on which human dignity has been built requires reading article 20 (1) of the Constitution from one more anthropological approach to, as a pre-existing right. We bet for a revaluation of its subjective versus the objective dimension, because it is the evolution of the forms of human communication that determine the political order, and not contrariwise. ; Resumen:En este artículo se analiza el régimen jurídico del derecho a la comunicación humana constitucionalizado en el artículo 20.1 a y b CE.El objetivo es analizar si en la actualidad es suficiente su redacción y desarrollo jurisprudencial para amparar las posmodernas formas de comunicación como la televisión o internet. Se comienza enmarcando la comunicación humana desde la antropología para subrayar su esencialidad para el concepto de dignidad humana. Posteriormente se observa su evolución histórica desplegándose en su doble vertiente: subjetiva, libertad frente a la injerencia del poder público; y objetiva, fundamento del pluralismo y la democracia constitucional. Se señalanalgunas contradicciones entre ambas dimensiones provocadas por la evolución de los medios de comunicación. Posteriormente se señala cómo estas contradicciones se acentúan en dos medios de comunicación contemporáneos: la televisión e internet. En el primero se observa cómo la doble dimensión objetiva y subjetiva ha derivado en una dialéctica basada en la contraposición entre lo público y lo privado, respectivamente. En el caso de internet se observa cómo se reproduce esta dialéctica, pero confundiendo los espacios público y privado, y llevando al absurdo los límites al derecho. Termina el artículo con dos conclusiones. En primer lugar, la constitucionalización del derecho a recibir y emitir ideas e informaciones no parece suficiente para enmarcar el fenómeno contemporáneo de la comunicación humana. En segundo lugar, la comunicación como elemento básico sobre el que se ha construido la dignidad humana requiere, en la actualidad, de una aproximación más antropológica o personalista al artículo 20.1 de la Constitución, como verdadero derecho preexistente. Una revalorización de su dimensión subjetiva frente a la objetiva, pues es la evolución de las formas de comunicación humana las que determinan el orden político, y no a la inversa. Una idea que parece cuadrar con su naturaleza evolutiva y la globalización de las relaciones sociopolíticas.Summary:1. Communication as the essence of human dignity: anthropology, philosophy and law. 2. Communication and constitution. 2.1 Subjective dimension of communication. 2.2 Objective dimension of communication. 3. The right to communication in the spanish constitution. 4. The right to television activity as a right to communication. 5. Internet and the right to communication. 6. Conclusions. Abstract:This article analyzes the constitutional regime of the right to human communication (Article 20.1 a and b SC). The aim is to analyze the right evolution in the light of contemporary forms of communication trying to assess whether its constitutional protection is enough. This paper starts studying from an anthropology approach human communication and its essentiality for the concept of human dignity. Subsequently, its historical evolution can be observed unfolding in its double aspect: subjective, freedom in front of the interference of the public authority; and objective, as a foundation element of pluralism and constitutional democracy. We point out some contradictions between the two dimensions caused by the evolution of the media. Later it is pointed out how these contradictions are accentuated in two contemporary media: television and internet. In the first, we observe how both objective and subjective dimension has resulted in a dialectic based on the contrast between public and private, respectively. In the case of the internet, we observe how this dialectic is reproduced, but confusing the public and private spaces, and bringing the right´s limits to the absurd. Paper ends with two conclusions. On one hand, the Spanish constitutionalization right to receive and impart information and ideas does not seem sufficient in front of contemporary phenomenon of human communication. On the other hand, communication as the basic element on which human dignity has been built requires reading article 20 (1) of the Constitution from one more anthropological approach to, as a pre-existing right. We bet for a revaluation of its subjective versus the objective dimension, because it is the evolution of the forms of human communication that determine the political order, and not contrariwise.

[spa]En esta tesis se ha planteado un nuevo estudio de las acciones realizadas por artistas catalanes en los años setenta, que no atiende únicamente a aspectos formales sino, sobre todo, al análisis de la situación cultural, política e intelectual en la que se produjeron. Para este análisis he utilizado diversas fuentes, como los artículos de Alexandre Cirici en la prensa local y publicaciones de la época como Le happening de Jean Jacques Lebel, en las que se pudieron inspirar los artistas, pero también fuentes posteriores de carácter secundario como las críticas de Teresa Camps, entre otras. Con esta información se ha tratado de asentar unas líneas generales entre las pautas de estudio del arte de acción catalán. Estas pautas confirman la existencia de unos referentes de las prácticas que apuntan a contextos como el neoyorquino, el alemán, el francés, cuyo ideario tiene una base común, que hunde sus raíces, por un lado, en la filosofía del lenguaje, y por otro, en la crítica a la idea de progreso -asociada al control ejercido por los gobiernos en la sociedades del capitalismo tardío- defendida por los situacionistas. El estudio de casos particulares como John Cage, Vito Acconci, Josep Beuys o Jean Jacques Lebel pone en evidencia una importante deuda con el exterior que será revisada en relación con otros aspectos que determinan las particularidades del caso catalán. Es decir, esta tesis ha sido planteada como una revisión de ideas expuestas en el pasado relacionadas con el arte de acción por autores que se ocupan del caso catalán como Pilar Parcerisas, pero también de otros que tratan el tema en general como Roselee Golberg. La novedad de este análisis, que atiende a la emergencia de la aparición del arte de acción, está inspirada en el método que propone Michael Foucault en el campo de la historiografía, ya que apuesta -como causa del origen de determinados movimientos sociales- por factores relacionados con el contexto inmediato - nacional e internacional- y no con movimientos similares de otras generaciones. Con este método de análisis se pone de relieve que, aparte de la deuda surgida de la admiración de las nuevas generaciones por los movimientos contraculturales extranjeros, el accionismo catalán responde también a circunstancias que envuelven a determinados sectores sociales que, con el tiempo, se vieron ampliados. Así, de unos círculos minoritarios conocedores de las novedades en el extranjero -representados en las acciones de Joan Brossa, los Gallots de Sabadell o Gonçal Sobré en la década de los sesenta- se pasó a una corriente protagonizada por centenares de jóvenes procedentes de diferentes sectores sociales que, sobre todo, buscaban contribuir a un cambio sociopolítico. Uno de los aspectos más interesantes de la investigación fue el estudio de las políticas culturales que se emplearon para difundir diferentes ideologías, y que radican, fundamentalmente, en una mayor o menor implicación en la lucha antifranquista. En este caso, el estudio no trató únicamente de la génesis de este movimiento, sino también su ocaso, asociado al cambio sociopolítico que tiene lugar al final de la década de los setenta. En el discurrir del mismo sobresale la figura de Jordi Benito porque evidencia en su trayectoria cambios discursivos que se apartan de las tendencias mayoritarias. Mientras que estos cambios en sus contemporáneos responden al proceso democratizador asociado a lucha contra el inmovilismo político, Jordi Benito muestra el desencanto que le producen la reordenación política que se está produciendo en la Transición, a partir de acciones que suponen un reto para nuestra capacidad de interpretación. ; [eng] This doctoral thesis proposes a new study of the performances done by the Catalan artists during the seventies. I am not only interested on the formal aspects, but mainly, on the analysis of the cultural, political and intellectual context in which this performances where produced. For this analysis I have used various sources, such as the articles of Alexandre Cirici in the local newspapers and publications of the time, as J. J. Lebel's Le happening, which worked as sources of the diffusion of the performance art in the Catalan context. I have studied as well later sources as Teresa Camps' criticisms, among others. With all this information I have tried to establish a general patterns of study of the Catalan performance art. These guidelines confirm that the Catalan performances have a series of cultural reference points,which come from the North American, German and French contexts. These reference points have a common base, rooted, firstly, in the philosophy of language, and secondly, in the critique of the idea of progress -associated to the control exercised by governments in late capitalist societies - defended by the Situationists. I have attempted to explain the emergence of performance art following M. Foucault recommendation of focusing more in the immediate context - national and international –rather than establishing connections with previous movements. Among the Catalan artists stands out the figure of Jordi Benito. He started as one of the most radical and impressive actionists, but what results more interesting is that he evolved to move away from the main tendencies. I interpret this detachment as a demonstration of his disenchantment with the political realignment produced by the Transition process to democracy, which took place during this time. Performances produced by Benito during this time constitute a great challenge for art criticism.

Indirect Rule examines how states indirectly exercise authority over others and how this mode of rule affects domestic and international politics. Indirect rule has long characterized interstate relationships and US foreign relations. A key mechanism of international hierarchy, indirect rule involves an allied group within a client state adopting policies preferred by a dominant state in exchange for the dominant state's support. Drawing on the history of US involvement in the Caribbean and Central America, Western Europe, and the Arab Middle East, David A. Lake shows that indirect rule is more likely to occur when the specific assets at risk are large and governance costs are low. Lake's conceptualization of indirect rule sharpens our understanding of how the United States came to occupy the pinnacle of world power. Yet the consequences of indirect rule he documents - including anti-Americanism - reveal its shortcomings. As US efforts at democracy promotion and other forms of intervention abroad face declining support at home, Indirect Rule compels us to consider whether this method of rule ultimately advances US interests.

X-linked hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia with the cardinal symptoms hypodontia, hypotrichosis and hypohidrosis is caused by a genetic deficiency of ectodysplasin A1 (EDA1). Prenatal EDA1 replacement can rescue the development of skin appendages and teeth. Tabby mice, a natural animal model of EDA1 deficiency, additionally feature a striking kink of the tail, the cause of which has remained unclear. We studied the origin of this phenomenon and its response to prenatal therapy. Alterations in the distal spine could be noticed soon after birth, and kinks were present in all Tabby mice by the age of 4 months. Although their vertebral bones frequently had a disorganized epiphyseal zone possibly predisposing to fractures, cortical bone density was only reduced in vertebrae of older Tabby mice and even increased in their tibiae. Different availability of osteoclasts in the spine, which may affect bone density, was ruled out by osteoclast staining. The absence of hair follicles, a well-known niche of epidermal stem cells, and much lower bromodeoxyuridine uptake in the tail skin of 9-day-old Tabby mice rather suggest the kink being due to a skin proliferation defect that prevents the skin from growing as fast as the skeleton, so that caudal vertebrae may be squeezed and bent by a lack of skin. Early postnatal treatment with EDA1 leading to delayed hair follicle formation attenuated the kink, but did not prevent it. Tabby mice born after prenatal administration of EDA1, however, showed normal tail skin proliferation, no signs of kinking and, interestingly, a normalized vertebral bone density. Thus, our data prove the causal relationship between EDA1 deficiency and kinky tails and indicate that hair follicles are required for murine tail skin to grow fast enough. Disturbed bone development appears to be partially pre-determined in utero and can be counteracted by timely EDA1 replacement, pointing to a role of EDA1 also in osteogenesis.

Summary The aim of this work is to object to one of the central principles of the representative theory of the Mente (TRM): the idea that the notion of internal representation plays a central role in explaining cognitive activity. According to TRM, the cognitive life of an organisation consists essentially of the training, processing and storage of internal representations. Such representations are seen as specific objects or events capable of having a causal influence on the cognitive processes of the organisms. Set out in the form of a dilemma, the objection seeks to show the difficulties inherent in the postulation of internal representations, given the way in which those representations and their operation were conceived in the very context of the TRM. The question it introduces to the dilemma is: by virtue of which properties an internal representation influences the cognitive activity of an organisation? Two answers are possible: by virtue of its representative properties or by virtue of its non-representative properties. Using an explanatory methodology, the problematic consequences of each of these answers to the formulated dilemma will be shown and two important examples of literature will be discussed to illustrate these difficulties. The main conclusion of the article is that the notion of internal representation is unable to fulfil the explanatory function assigned to it by TRM itself. ; Resumen El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar una objeción a uno de los principios centrales de la Teoría Representacional de la Mente (TRM): la idea de que la noción de representación interna tiene una función primordial en la explicación de la actividad cognitiva. De acuerdo con la TRM, la vida cognitiva de un organismo consiste esencialmente en la formación, procesamiento y almacenamiento de representaciones internas. Tales representaciones son vistas como objetos o eventos concretos capaces de influir causalmente en los procesos cognitivos de los organismos. Expuesta en forma de dilema, la objeción pretende ...

the recent Order No 2021-484 of 21 April 2021 on arrangements for the representation of self-employed workers using platforms for their activities and the conditions under which such representation is exercised is a further step in the attempt by the French judge and the French legislature to clarify the legal regime applicable to platform workers. The first stage of the implementation of the 2 Frouin report, this Ordinance complements the title which the Labour Code devotes to workers using an electronic link platform (Articles L. 7341-1 to L. 7345-6), originally introduced by Law No 2016-1088 of 8 August 2016, known as the El Khomri Law. ; International audience ; the recent Order No 2021-484 of 21 April 2021 on arrangements for the representation of self-employed workers using platforms for their activities and the conditions under which such representation is exercised is a further step in the attempt by the French judge and the French legislature to clarify the legal regime applicable to platform workers. The first stage of the implementation of the 2 Frouin report, this Ordinance complements the title which the Labour Code devotes to workers using an electronic link platform (Articles L. 7341-1 to L. 7345-6), originally introduced by Law No 2016-1088 of 8 August 2016, known as the El Khomri Law. ; La récente Ordonnance n°2021-484 du 21 avril 2021, relative aux modalités de représentation des travailleurs indépendants recourant pour leur activité aux plateformes et aux conditions d'exercice de cette représentation, constitue une nouvelle étape dans la tentative de clarification du régime juridique applicable aux travailleurs des plateformes, à laquelle se livrent en une danse bien peu coordonnée le juge et le législateur français. Premier étage de la mise en oeuvre du rapport Frouin 2 , cette Ordonnance vient compléter le titre que le Code du travail consacre aux travailleurs utilisant une plateforme de mise en relation par voie électronique (Articles L. 7341-1 à L. 7345-6), initialement introduit par la ...

International audience Since the beginning of the sixties of the last century, several philologists have studied the presence of significant parallels between the representation of Dionysus offered by Euripides' Bacchae and that which is at the heart of Aristophanes' Frogs,, parallels that the relative chronology of these two plays has undoubtedly helped to underline. These data have been interpreted in different ways, being most often put on the account of the myth to which the two plays refer or of the comic parody of the tragedy. I propose to reconstruct the main stages of this debate, while making my own contribution. My hypothesis is that the parallels identified by the researchers are to be understood within the framework of an inter-generic poetic rivalry between Euripides and Aristophanes. In this perspective, the fact that Dionysus is the protagonist of both plays cannot be dissociated from his function as representative of two antagonistic conceptions of theater. These are expressed in particular by means of transvestism in the initiatory scenarios that conclude the Bacchae and open the Frogs.

International audience ; In Brazil, the last decades have been characterized by a sharp increase in the crime rate, mainly due to the high number of homicides, accompanied by the growth of the prison population, the strengthening of criminal factions that act in correctional institutions and the inefficiency of the state machine in the fight against crime. In this article, we will address each of these issues, as well as highlighting the current improvement in violence rates and the fight against organized crime through the joint action of the state and federal governments of Brazil. ; En Brasil, las últimas décadas se han caracterizado por un fuerte aumento en la tasa de criminalidad, especialmente debido al alto número de homicidios, acompañado por el crecimiento de la población carcelaria, el fortalecimiento de las facciones criminales que trabajan dentro de las instituciones correccionales y por la ineficiencia de la máquina estatal para combatir el crimen. En este artículo abordaremos cada uno de estos temas, como también destacaremos la mejora actual en las tasas de violencia y la lucha contra el crimen organizado, a través de la acción conjunta de los gobiernos estatales y federales de Brasil.

The article analyzes the ideas of the group Socialism or Barbarism which existed from 1946 to 1967. Socialism or Barbarism criticized radically the evolution of soviet regime by refusing the Trotskyism ideas of the International Communist Party and by deepening the topics linked to social autonomy and proletarian emancipation. The members of this group developed a critic of bureaucratic capitalism. If the group ceased to exist before the events of May 1968, their ideas of individual and social autonomy were promoted in these events. ; L'article s'intéresse aux idées du groupe Socialisme ou Barbarie qui a existé de 1946 à 1967. Socialisme ou Barbarie a critiqué de manière radicale l'évolution du régime soviétique en rompant avec les thèses trotskystes du Parti Communiste Internationaliste (PCI) et en approfondissant les thèmes liés à l'autonomie sociale et à l'émancipation prolétarienne. Les membres de ce groupe ont développé une critique du capitalisme bureaucratique. Si le groupe a cessé d´exister avant Mai 1968, ces derniers ont remis à l'ordre du jour l'idée d´autonomie sociale et individuelle.

How can happiness and sustainability be combined? A draft of enlightened hedonism as a model for sufficiency.

Video games as a consumer product have changed significantly with the advent of in-game purchasing systems (e.g., microtransactions, 'loot boxes'). This review examines consumer protections related to in-game purchasing by anticipating some of the potential design strategies that might contribute to higher risk consumer behavior. Attention was directed towards the analysis of patents for potential in-game purchasing systems, with 13 identified on Google Patents. The design features were analysed in relation to the consumer rights and guarantees described in the terms of use agreements of the patent assignees. The analysis revealed that some in-game purchasing systems could be characterized as unfair or exploitative. These systems describe tactics that capitalize on informational advantages (e.g., behavioral tracking) and data manipulation (e.g., price manipulation) to optimize offers to incentivize continuous spending, while offering limited or no guarantees or protections (e.g., refund entitlement), with the potential to exploit vulnerable players (e.g., adolescents, problematic gamers). These findings are critically discussed in relation to behavioral economics, addiction psychology, and the clinical conceptualization of gaming disorder. Appropriate policy and consumer protection measures, psychologically informed interventions, and ethical game design guidelines are needed in order to protect the interests and wellbeing of consumers.

International audience ; The strangest cultural shift within the liberal worldview, one that promises to sow even more confusion than liberalism inherently requires: the growing advocacy of "animal rights." Properly understood, the concept of a right—and the attendant ideas of duty, responsibility, law, and obedience—enshrines what is distinctive in the human condition. To spread the concept beyond our species is to jeopardize our dignity as moral beings, who live in judgment of one another and of themselves. ; El cambio cultural más extraño dentro de la cosmovisión liberal, uno que promete sembrar aún más confusión que el liberalismo requiere inherentemente: la creciente defensa de los "derechos de los animales". Comprendido correctamente, el concepto de un derecho y las ideas correspondientes de deber, responsabilidad, ley y obediencia, consagran lo que es distintivo en la condición humana. Difundir el concepto más allá de nuestra especie es poner en peligro nuestra dignidad como seres morales, que viven en el juicio de los demás y de sí mismos.

How do you analyse consumption today? (what methods and questions?) I am not a consumer sociologist, but markets, and it would be more reasonable for me to refrain from answering! However, I finally discovered that studying the functioning of markets may, paradoxically, allow a better understanding of consumption than the study of consumers alone. I learned from the marketing contact (Cochoy, 1999). Sociologists generally show a condescending attitude towards marketing research, and they are wrong, especially when presenting themselves as consumer sociologists. In terms of consumer study, the traders have an impressive wealth of expertise: since the late 1960s, the Anglo-Saxon consumer research has developed a huge body of empirical studies and theoretical contributions from disciplines as diverse as economics, psychology, sociology, anthropology or, more recently, neurosciences, which are very difficult to compete. In the face of consumer research, consumer sociology has so far chosen only two options: or abandon the party, on the grounds that it would be presumptive to face this competition, or to do so as if consumer research did not exist, and to develop well away from the disciplinary provincial system work which is at best likely to repeat with more or less happiness the analyses already found in management journals, at worst to be seen as outdated or even much weaker than that published by the same reviews. None of these options are really satisfactory: one is too defensive and the other too close to politics. In order to emerge, I considered it more astucious, together with other colleagues such as Alexandre Mallard, to address the issue differently, ceasing to believe that the study of consumption necessarily involves studying consumers (Mallard and Cochoy, 2015). Every act of consumption involves three instances: a consumer, but also merchants and the product consumed. From this point of view, it is surprising to say the least that one has become accustomed to focusing on only one element of this ...