Suchergebnisse

The world has always been an arena where various conflicts, visible and
invisible have been happening and unfortunately happen nowadays. The most
frequent conflict is (was) the conflict of sovereign subjects (states), while
the first decade of the 21st century was mostly marked by many asymmetrical
conflicts, between a state (or states) on the one side and not sovereign
terrorist subjects on the other side. Every imperilled state, as in any other
conflict, has realistic prospects to successfully defend itself and win only
when it is adequately informed about the aggressor which, in this particular
case, implies terrorist collectivity. Guided by that knowledge, a state
endeavours to develop adequate intelligence as an inseparable component of
national power, whose success against aggressor, proven in practice, could be
optimal, partially successful or weak (inadequate, unsuccessful etc).
Accordingly, some aspects of national intelligence power and powerlessness
against terrorism are considered in this work.

The lack of fiscal discipline is one of the most pressing issues in the
framework of various economic systems today. The consequences of the global
economic crisis have shown all the weaknesses of measures and mechanisms in
terms of decision-making in fiscal policy. This problem can be seen now in
almost every country. The problem of inadequate implementation of fiscal
policy and the maintenance of fiscal discipline is reflected in the fact that
their consequences are not visible right away, but tend to show their
negative effects much later. Today, we have a situation where a certain
current government suffers badly implemented prior fiscal discipline of a
previous government. The paper identified causes of fiscal indiscipline,
which is most easily seen in the budget process. In addition to determining
the causes of fiscal indiscipline, the author puts forward a set of different
possible solutions that could positively affect the stabilization of the
growing public debt and eliminate the cause of fiscal indiscipline. Possible
solutions are analyzed, as well as the positive and negative aspects of their
use, and possible implementation problems of specific solutions.

In this paper the author attempts to re-examine the importance of the Balkans
in the imagery of (Western) Europe. Three points are highlighted: the
necessity of mediation of Europe?s identity through the Otherness,
peculiarities of Europe?s perception of the Balkans, and influence of the
construction of this allegedly unitary, external identity of the Balkans on
self-perception of peoples from the Peninsula. An effort is made to show how
the internal complexity of the European identity directly and inevitably
affected different, not only Balkan, cultural Othernesses and how it is
peculiar for the Balkans not to be recognized by the West as sufficiently
different Otherness.

Houses in the village area on the southern slopes of Mt. Povlen began their
development in the late 18th century with the arrival of the first settlers
from Montenegro and Herzegovina. In the new habitat, the immigrants were
applying knowledge and skills acquired in villages they came from. Natural
conditions at this new location offered them wide range of construction
materials. Rapid economic development stimulated the transition from
livestock to farming and more intensive plum growing. New activities
influenced in a new way the shape of rural houses. Slow development of
transportation and public administration also influenced in a certain way the
house forming. At the same time, organization and relationships within the
family remained almost the same. All the influences on the development of
rural houses can be traced in the saved objects on the site and in written
materials. Based on the objects on the site, breakpoints from one stage to
another could be established. Knowledge in this very area may help to
understand the 21st century village architecture. Objects presented in this
paper were recorded for personal project from 1996 to 2000.

The production of precious metals in the Balkans reached its climax in the
15th century. It was exported mostly by Ragusa, basically for the Venice
Mint. According to the available documents it can be estimated that the
traffic of such metals carried out via Ragusa was between 11060 kg in 1425,
and an optimum estimation of 25 tons annually for the first half of the
century. The Ottoman occupation of Serbia and Bosnia in the middle of the
century marks the end of the exportation of raw materials indispensable to
the European monetary economy, which lacked precious metals for mints. The
production as well as the coining of the Balkan precious metals took place
within the closed circuit of the Ottoman economic autarchy. Notwithstanding
all the efforts of the central administration, including a highly developed
legislation, and in spite of the development of a big mining centre of
Siderokapsia (Eastern Macedonia), the production of precious metals continued
to decline in the 15th century. This economic phenomenon led to the financial
crash that marked the beginning of the recurring financial and economic
crises in the Ottoman Empire at the end of the 16th century. The contribution
of the precious metals from the Balkans to the European monetary economy at
the end of the Middle Ages has not been sufficiently studied by the
specialists in economic history, and it has not been taken into account
regarding the spectacular decline of the Ottoman economy and power.

Trumpet Festival in Guca, or The First Trumpet of Dragacevo, which was the
initial name of this event, becomes a kind of a brand of Serbia as a tourist
destination. Every year this festival is visited by hundreds of thousands of
tourists from Serbia and abroad, and brass trumpet bands from around the
world. As the Trumpet Festival is among the most important events of 2426
categorized events in Serbia, the survey is conducted in order to determine
the differences of the visitors relating to the demographic and socioeconomic
indicators: gender, age and educational structure. Motivation and
expectations of tourists, visitors of the events similar to the Trumpet
Festival in Guca can be characterized as a fairly uniform and specific. The
mass musical events which include Trumpet Festival in Guca, Exit Festival in
Novi Sad, and many other festivals of this kind, have almost identical
client?le and principles of behavior of visitors during the events. When
analyzing the results of the survey, one should take into account the
structure of the sample, which shows that most respondents were in the age
group of 20-29 and 30-39 years of age, the majority of the respondents were
men, and that high educational level is the dominant segment (up to 53,5% of
respondents were with college and university degree and 42% with secondary
education). The fact is that the most of Guca visitors come from the
territory of Serbia and the diaspora. Also, visitors of these events
generally do not show any significant interest in other attractive tourist
facilities in the vicinity or in the local area, and very few visitors of the
event stays after the end of festival and after the official program of the
festival. On the basis of the evaluation of the Trumpet Festival in Guca done
by visitors, it can be concluded that this event is generally perceived as a
high-quality event, it is of great national importance and has the real
potential for further development of tourism in this region.

The article discusses the claim made by the authors of the so called
autonomous option in Vojvodina that Vojvodina was excessively burdened with
high taxes or even robbed by Yugoslav and Serbian authorities in 1920?s, and
consequentially degraded and impeded in its development. Closer economic and
historical analysis shows that these claims are not true, and that they are
based on ignorance of the tax system, inaccurate data and poor reasoning.

A trademark is a sign used for distinguishing goods or services of a company
from those of another one. These signs may be registered. If so, they are
known as trademarks. Trademarks are the subject matters of the exclusive
rights. It means that no one can obtain right on the subject matter nor
commercially exploit the subject matter of previously obtained right. If a
trademark is identical to an earlier trademark and used for marking identical
goods and services, its registration will be refused. However, the
registration of identical trademarks for similar goods or services or similar
trademarks for the same or similar goods or services is only prohibited where
confusion on the part of the public is likely to arise. Comparison can be
done due to visual, phonetic and conceptual criteria, as applied to
distinctive and dominant components of comparing signs. Similarity exists if
any of the mentioned criteria is matched, but it is not enough for refusing
trade?mark registration. Trademark registration will be refused if relevant
part of the public can be so confused to consider the signs the same or
modifications of the same sign or different signs of legally connected
companies. Should there be any disagreements involving reputable trademarks,
these are dealt with irrespective of goods and services.

The terms environmental and ecological security are often used
interchangeably by both scientists and politicians, especially in Serbia.
Whereas environmental security refers fundamentally to the threat of
environmental degradation to political stability, ecological security refers
to the creation of a condition where physical surroundings of a community
provides for all its needs without diminishing natural resources.
Accordingly, ecological security is embedded in the concept of sustainable
development. Various trends in the development of security concept and
environmental changes are presented in this paper. Finally, scientific
explanations of the terms environmental and ecological security are given.

The term reproductive health was introduced at the International Conference
on Population and Development held under the auspices of the United Nations
in Cairo in 1994. A new conceptual approach was established in order to
secure a balance between micro and macro reproductive needs and goals, as
well as individual rights and responsibilities in the sphere of health,
partner relationship and parenthood. The Programme of Action resulted from it
and was adopted on the same occasion. What effects did the messages from
Cairo have on the state of reproductive health of the population in Serbia?
An analysis of the state and trends of the ten most important indicators in
this field indicate that expected breakthroughs have not been made. If any
were made, they have been registered in the last few years and mostly dealt
with the stabilization of values of certain indicators, but on unfavourable
level. The continuing decrease of AIDS death rate makes a real exception.
However, this does not lessens the significance, but confirms the relevance
and topicality of the Programme of Action, especially in Serbia.

The Constitution of the Kingdom of Serbia of 1901 is usually perceived from
the standpoint of prejudices against the whole rule of King Aleksandar
Obrenovic or from the standpoint of his short implementation. This
constitutional text should be, however, interpreted in accordance with the
political situation in which it was implemented. This constitution was
systematically supported by Progressive party, and it had relevant impact on
the political life of the Kingdom. Therefore this paper presents the text,
its implementation and main laws regarding important political questions.

The paper deals with the issue of the diplomatic protection in international
law and its development through the history of the international community.
In this sense, the author investigates the practice of states regarding the
application of diplomatic protection and the steps taken by the International
Law Commission of the United Nations on the codification of this area. In
2004 International Law Commission adopted at first reading a full set of
draft articles. In this paper is presented judicial practice, especially of
the International Court of Justice, in the field of diplomatic protection in
order to evaluate whether the approach of the Court to diplomatic protection
has become more human-rights oriented in the last few years. Author presents
the development of customary law rules relating to diplomatic protection and
its transition into a whole system of rules through the work of the
International Law Commission. In this sense, these are the basic stages in
the codification of rules on diplomatic protection and the United Nations
contribution to the protection of the rights of foreign nationals. This
article points the development of universal and regional mechanisms to
protect human rights and highlights the impact of those mechanisms on
traditional measures of diplomatic protection.

At the end of 19th and in the first half of 20th century Catholic Serbs
consisted the majority in Cavtat, also known as ?little Belgrade? for that
reason. They permanently confronted Croatian nationalists who aspired to make
Cavtat a Croatian city. People from Cavtat closely cooperated with national
societies from Dubrovnik. National Women?s Cooperative from Dubrovnik opened
in 1920 a branch in Cavtat with ?Pcelica? institution. Serbian Sisters?
Circle (Kolo srpskih sestara) opened a vocational school in Cavtat at its own
expense. The school was governed by Women?s Charitable Organisation from
Cavtat, and financed by the Circle. King Aleksandar and Queen Marija received
an enthusiastic welcome when they visited Cavtat in 1925. Catholic Serbs
considered the Sokol Movement (Sokolsko drustvo) a binding thread of Yugoslav
society. The Sokol Movement in Cavtat was the most active and the largest
society in Cavtat until the April War in 1941. Cavatat municipality was
separated from Konavle in 1937. The Yugoslav Radical Union (JRZ) led by Niko
Vragolov won the elections. According to the Cvetkovic-Macek Agreement from
August 26th, 1939 Cavtat was separated from Banovina of Zeta and allotted to
Banovina of Croatia. The Croatian Peasant Party (HSS) in Banovina of Croatia
used its leading position to expand persecutions and deprivations of Catholic
Serbs, the Yugoslavs and the Sokols. Local newspapers, especially magazines
Dubrovnik and Sokolski glasnik, reported about these persecutions. In
Banovina of Croatia municipality of Cavtat was appended in 1940 to the
municipality of Konavle with the seat in Gruda. Everything that happened in
and around Dubrovnik in Banovina of Croatia was an introduction to what was
happening later in the Independent State of Croatia (NDH). The Ustashi
persecutions did not cause Catholic Serbs to break down. During the Second
World War Dubrovnik and Cavtat were important strongholds of the Yugoslav
Army in the Homeland. After the War Cavtat became part of Croatia.

The legal basis of state responsibility for damage caused by unfair sentence
or unfounded arrest is the need to protect fundamental human rights and
freedoms guaranteed by the Constitution and generally accepted international
rules. The right to compensation on this basis (although subjective civil
right) has a sui generis legal nature, because it is connected with the
protection of human rights. Joint public-private legal nature of such a
request is expressed in the legislation of the Republic of Serbia, because
the circle of authorized persons and the conditions under which they may be
entitled to compensation is determined by the criminal procedural rules,
while the existence of a legally recognized forms of damage and the extent to
which the damage may be reimbursed is estimated according to the general
rules of Law of obligations. While the legislation is very progressive, it is
observed that, in practice, the applications for compensation are usually
submitted because of the most unreasonable detention of up to one month or
three months, and the inefficiency of the criminal proceedings, suspended
upon the expiration of the absolute limitation of prosecution. The state
could easily affect these practices. Also, the priority of state must be
meeting its financial obligations with regard to final adjustments, and the
imposition of demands for compensation.

Multiculturalism is a complex phenomenon that has different aspects
(theoretical, political, normative, ideological, etc.). Its meanings are not
uniform, and discussions about it are often very emotional, oscilating
between uncritical glorification and the dispute. In political theory,
however, there is a specific problem that has long been discussed - how
multiculturalism, as a ?policy of difference?, agrees with liberalism, and
how the principle of collective fits in with the individualism, and the
principle of equality with recognition of differences. In this paper I give
very brief overview of these discussions, as a prelude to future dealing with
the problem of multiculturalism, especially the way in which the notion of
culture has been conceptualised in the disscussion, as well as whether and
how it is realized in the Serbian society.