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AbstractEducation has been extremely affected by the coronavirus disease crisis, with almost all countries temporarily closing their schools in 2020. After the first stage of the pandemic, in which national governments focused on guaranteeing the academic year's continuity, key international organizations emphasized the need to adopt structural policy reforms to face the challenges posed by the crisis. Based on international and European countries' policy documents, this paper analyzes long-term responses articulated in the education sector. The analysis has allowed us to identify three preponderant areas of response: the digitalization of the educational system, educational inequalities, and teachers' development. The agendas and policy instruments that international organizations have so far pushed for in relation to each of these areas do not differ substantially from the agendas and instruments they promoted in the pre-pandemic era. It is still early to assess the deepness of the transformations in course, but in most cases, prevailing responses represent the intensification of change processes initiated before the pandemic. Nonetheless, the type and intensity of country responses vary among the European Union member states. Although the pandemic represents a common thread, countries have experienced the crisis differently according to the characteristics of their educational systems and the main problems the crisis has revealed.

The concept of 'transnational family' coalesced in the context of neo-liberal globalisation during the late 1990s and 2000s. This article traces the social, economic and political forces that hove influenced the spread of transnational families throughout the world during the 21st century. Meanwhile, the digital revolution in social media communication and cheapening international travel costs has facilitated transnational family members communication with one another. Examining material exchanges between transnational family members in sending and receiving countries, childcare support for migrants' left-behind children provided by home-based family members has been a critical enabler of women's out-migration. In turn, migrants' remittance payments have been a basic lifeline or a source of improved standards of living for family members in sending countries. Overtime, global neo-liberal policies have generated the context for the expansion of transnational family migration through promotion of international travel and Internet communication. However, neo-liberalism has inadvertently paved the way for the growth of national precariots and one-state populism resting on segments of Western notional populations' resentment of international migration. Collapsing neo-liberalism as well as the intensification of global warming and the onset of the COVID pandemic are likely to influence the future of global migration and transnational familyhood in, as yet, indeterminont ways.

This work analyzes, first of all, the concepts of child, early and forced marriage, and female genital mutilation, scourges present in many countries of international society and that affect millions of children and women. Second, the main factors that favor these practices, the social, economic and human consequences that the generate are studied; and the fundamental rights violated. The third part analyzes the legal, political and social measures that, since the end of the 20th, have been applied bu the different actors of the international Society: States, International Organizations and NGOs, fundamentally, for the eradication of Child, Precocious and Forced Marriage, and Female Genital Mutilation. ; Este trabajo analiza, en primer lugar, los conceptos de Matrimonio infantil, precoz y forzado, y de la Mutilación Genital femenina, lacras presentes en muchos países de la sociedad internacional y que afectan a millones de niñas/os y mujeres. En segundo lugar, se estudian los principales factores que favorecen estas prácticas, las consecuencias sociales, económicas y humanas que generan; y los derechos fundamentales vulnerados. La tercera parte analiza las medidas de carácter jurídico, político, y social que, desde finales del siglo XX, aplican los diferentes actores de la Sociedad internacional: Estados, Organizaciones Internacionales y ONGs, fundamentalmente, para la erradicación del Matrimonio Infantil, precoz y forzado, y la Mutilación Genital Femenina.

In a globalised economy, transnational corporations from all sectors are directly or indirectly linked to global supply chains, in particular through transnational business activities and foreign investments. That this represents a potential threat to individuals and the environment has been revealed by persistent human rights abuses and damage to the environment. In practice, human rights abuses by transnational corporations often take place in countries of the Global South and affect the most vulnerable people, such as women workers, child labourers and residents of poor and rural areas. Nevertheless, the existing international human rights system does not impose direct human rights obligations on private actors, including transnational corporations. The responsibilities of transnational corporations for human rights in global supply chains are mainly based on a patchwork of soft regulations. In recent years, however, new initiatives have emerged at the national and international level, such as the the development of an internationally legally binding treaty to regulate business activities with respect to human rights or domestic legislation for corporate due diligence obligations. Most of these initiatives emphasise the role of the State in incorporating a "mediated" approach to the human rights responsibility of transnational corporations. This article explores recent developments connected to the human rights responsibilities of corporations and discusses their feasibility under international human rights law.

The importance of the rule of law for the functioning of a democratic state makes this research topic relevant. The study aims to examine the principle of impartiality as one of the key principles of legal procedures, define its place in the provisions of international treaties, international legal acts, and the legislation of Ukraine, and study its interpretation in practice of the European Court of Human Rights. The main research method we used in the article was the formal-legal method, which allowed us to ana-lyze the legal framework of international law, court practice, and the legislation of Ukraine. This, in turn, helped us to examine the level of legal regulation on the principle of impartiality and find out cer-tain gaps. The article explores the practice of the European Court of Human Rights and, on its basis, substantiates as the conclusion the importance of the principle of impartiality in judicial activity. More-over, having analyzed the legislation of Ukraine, we revealed the need to refine the consolidation of the principle of impartiality and its detailed interpretation in regulatory legal acts, in particular, the Law of Ukraine On the Judiciary and Status of Judges. The practical significance of the article is to prepare the basis for amendments to the legislation of Ukraine.

The concept of 'transnational family' coalesced in the context of neo-liberal globalisation during the late 1990s and 2000s. This article traces the social, economic and political forces that have influenced the spread of transnational families throughout the world during the 21st century. Meanwhile, the digital revolution in social media communication and cheapening international travel costs has facilitated transnational family members communication with one another. Examining material exchanges between transnational family members in sending and receiving countries, childcare support for migrants' left-behind children provided by home-based family members has been a critical enabler of women's out-migration. In turn, migrants' remittance payments have been a basic lifeline or a source of improved standards of living for family members in sending countries. Overtime, global neo-liberal policies have generated the context for the expansion of transnational family migration through promotion of international travel and internet communication. However, neo-liberalism has inadvertently paved the way for the growth of national precariats and one-state populism resting on segments of Western national populations' resentment of international migration. Collapsing neo-liberalism as well as the intensification of global warming and the onset of the COVID pandemic are likely to influence the future of global migration and transnational familyhood in, as yet, indeterminant ways.

Eradication efforts of corrupting in Indonesia have been carried out, but until now there are still many corruption cases that have not been resolved in various ways by the perpetrators or corruptors. Corruptors often drain the funds from the results of corrupting, even the corruptors then go or run abroad. This raises problems in the process of law enforcement and recovery of financial and economic losses in the country, namely the mechanism for returning assets resulting from criminal acts of corrupting abroad. Therefore, the objectives of this study are to (1) Explain how is Indonesia Government's strategy in arrest and confiscation of criminal corruption (corruptor) assets abroad. (2) Explain how is international treaties concerning the seizure of assets resulting from criminal acts of corrupting are abroad. The research method used in this research is qualitative with a juridical legal approach normative. The results showed that the cooperation between countries is the best strategy that can be done by the Indonesia government in overcoming problems of sovereignty. Some examples of these forms of international cooperation are extradition treaties (extradition), Mutual legal assistance in criminal matters (MLA). The mechanism for the return of assets in MLA consists of four stages of the asset return process (Article 46 Chapter IV, UNCAC).Keywords: international cooperation; eradication of corruption; confiscation of assets; extradition; mutual legal assistance in criminal matters.

This paper critically engages with the long-term protection of trafficked persons. In particular, it assesses whether, and the conditions under which, trafficked persons can be considered as refugees under Article 1A of the Geneva Refugee Convention. The importance of international refugee law in this context is highlighted both by the number of trafficked persons seeking international protection and by its suitability to overcome the shortcomings of existing protection provisions in anti-trafficking instruments, which remain discretionary, conditional, and limited in scope. The paper begins by discussing the relevance of refugee protection for trafficked persons. It then applies the various components of the refugee definition to trafficked persons, focusing on the concepts of persecution and membership of a particular social group. Within these, it focuses on aspects of the debate that are currently missing from the broader literature. This includes the question of whether trafficking qua trafficking meets the threshold of persecution and the value of developments in international law in that regard, the merit of using race as a convention ground in cases of trafficked persons, and the contribution of legislative developments recognizing former victims of trafficked persons as members of a particular social group. It then concludes by highlighting the benefits of refugee protection for trafficked persons and indicating the challenges on the road to that protection.

BACKGROUND: With the increasing exchange of domestic and international personnel, local infections of tropical infectious diseases are continuing in tropics and imported infections are emerging in non-tropics, some of which are accompanied by oral manifestations. Therefore, it is essential for dental professionals to identify the related oral manifestations, who are working for domestic medical service, international medical assistance, peace-keeping medical service or medical support of international joint military exercises. This study aims to investigate the attitude and knowledge of Chinese dental professionals on tropical infectious diseases and oral health, and to explore the difference between different genders, education backgrounds, professional identities, professional titles and tropics working experience. METHODS: Network questionnaire was used to evaluate the knowledge and attitude of 236 Chinese dental professionals towards tropical infectious diseases and oral health. RESULTS: The scores of the participants on tropical infectious diseases and oral health were quite low. Although working experience in the tropics partially affected the understanding, there was no difference between different genders, education backgrounds, professional identities and professional titles. CONCLUSION: The understanding of dental professionals on tropical infectious diseases and oral health was insufficient. It is necessary to improve the clinical education and management specified with tropical infectious diseases and oral health. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12903-022-02250-x.

The Veterinary Medicines Regulation (EU 2019/6) came into force in all EU member states on 28 January 2022. This regulation places particular emphasis on prudent and responsible antimicrobial use in food animal production. Key changes include restrictions on the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in animals, and the possibility to reserve certain antimicrobials for humans only. The Regulation presents challenges to the Irish dairy industry, particularly with respect to current approaches to dry cow therapy. In response, the CellCheck technical working group (TWG, a technical group working in support of CellCheck, the national mastitis control programme) have developed pragmatic national and farm-level recommendations in support of improved mastitis control and intramammary antimicrobial stewardship in the Irish dairy industry. This paper outlines these recommendations, and provides an overview of the evidence considered to inform the TWG during its work (including the Regulation, policy perspectives, international best-practice, international scientific reviews and specific Irish challenges). In many key areas of concern, the TWG recognises the challenges in seeking to shape recommendations in the absence of robust and practical scientific evidence. For this reason, some of the recommended actions are pragmatic in nature, informed by national and international experiences. Periodic programme review will be needed, informed by ongoing monitoring of key performance indicators, to identify those actions that are most effective in an Irish context.

On 22 October 2020, the Constitutional Tribunal of Poland ruled that an abortion due to foetal impairment was unconstitutional. This article discusses the context of this controversial ruling as well as its main tenets, focusing on the interpretation of the human rights proffered by the Tribunal and on the rule of law concerns raised by the Tribunal's decision. Against the backdrop of a brief history of the legal regulation of abortion in Poland since 1945, the article offers a critical assessment of the human rights framework used in the Polish abortion debate. Based on a close reading of the Tribunal's ruling and the dissenting opinions, the article points out the particularities in the Tribunal's engagement with international law and human rights jurisprudence. The article argues that the Tribunal's decision is yet another symptom of the crisis in which the rule of law in Poland has found itself since 2015. It bears evidence to the closing of the jurisprudential horizon caused by the political change which has been taking place in Poland since 2015, consisting of the reduction of the role of international human rights debates as a reference in Polish constitutional jurisprudence. The ruling is therefore a portent of Poland's future compliance with its international commitments in human rights matters.

This study aims to investigate the features of the concept and practical functioning of the prevention and elimination mechanism of bio-medical emergencies. The biblio-semantic and analytical methods of the set question research are used. The mechanisms of medical and biological character emergencies management depending on the goals of the tools used, as well as recommendations for optimization of this process, were described. According to the study results, we concluded that the provision of sustainable socio-economic society development should go side by side with the creation of a safe environment, ensuring the implementation of modern biosafety systems, and harmonizing with international legislation. There are all conditions for rapid changes in the epidemic situation in many countries with increasing anthropogenic impact on the environment, the resistance of infectious agents to chemotherapeutic and disinfectants, diversity of natural areas and biocoenosis, creating favorable conditions for the long-term existence of focal infections, identification of new forms, increased migration and international trade of food, as well as the spread of natural disasters and catastrophes. One of the ways to strengthen Ukraine's position may be to work on the creation of a risk management system in emergencies and bring legislation into conformity with international and EU legislation.

This study aims to investigate the features of the concept and practical functioning of the prevention and elimination mechanism of bio-medical emergencies. The biblio-semantic and analytical methods of the set question research are used. The mechanisms of medical and biological character emergencies management depending on the goals of the tools used, as well as recommendations for optimization of this process, were described. According to the study results, we concluded that the provision of sustainable socio-economic society development should go side by side with the creation of a safe environment, ensuring the implementation of modern biosafety systems, and harmonizing with international legislation. There are all conditions for rapid changes in the epidemic situation in many countries with increasing anthropogenic impact on the environment, the resistance of infectious agents to chemotherapeutic and disinfectants, diversity of natural areas and biocoenosis, creating favorable conditions for the long-term existence of focal infections, identification of new forms, increased migration and international trade of food, as well as the spread of natural disasters and catastrophes. One of the ways to strengthen Ukraine's position may be to work on the creation of a risk management system in emergencies and bring legislation into conformity with international and EU legislation.

The objective of the article is to verify to what extent the European Union Global Strategy (EUGS) keeps up with the main global trends (at the level of international order as well as in relation to the global distribution of power) and the processes shaping the EU member states security environment of a regional scale which are perceptible from the perspective of five years following the EUGS adoption. This is also what the main research question concerns – to what extent do the diagnosis and postulates formulated inside the discussed document follow such processes in relation to the 2016–2021 period? For this reason too, the key research approach employed within the study is a critical analysis of source material.
The EU Global Strategy mostly appropriately diagnoses and interprets the realities affecting the member states security – especially when it comes to enduring processes of a global scale regarding the erosion of the liberal international order as well as the roots of possible threats for international security in its military dimension – and formulates the postulates that are pragmatic and detailed. At the same time the document underestimates some of important occurrences or even does not refer to them at all. Examples of such omissions were given in the paper.

The rise of China as one of the great powers in the international politic has been the hottest topic in the 21st century. Following the economic reform led by Deng Xiaoping in 1978, China re-emerges stronger than ever with its influences covering major parts of the world. One region particularly stands out since the prior dominance of United States therein, the South Pacific. The study of this research will be limited to 10 PICs recognising China, Vanuatu, Cook Island, FSM, Fiji, Niuee, PNG, Samoa, Tonga, Solomon Islands and Kiribati. Under the Western International Relations Theory (IRT) however, the rise of China is always seen in a rather malign manner. This research, therefore, contends that in order to fully understand China's behaviour in the international community, we need to know how China perceives itself. By applying one of the most famous Chinese traditional school of thought, Daoism, this research aims to examine the strategy used in the expansion of China's influence in the South Pacific. Daoism is symbolised with yin and yang, where the two elements are contradictory, yet they complement each other. Under the Dao dialectics, this research argues that China has been utilising a combination of two contradictory elements of power—soft and hard power—in expanding its prominence in the South Pacific region.