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Front Cover -- Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- About the Editors and Contributors -- Abbreviations -- Overview -- PREMISE: Most countries target some social protection programs to selected people -- reviewing the current knowledge on this subject can inform the formulation of policy -- Framing and Terminology: From Objectives to Outcomes -- Synopsis of 10 Key Messages -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 1: Targeting within Universal Social Protection -- Essay 1: Where Does Targeting Fit Conceptually within Universal Social Protection? -- Essay 2: Where Does Targeting Fit Practically within Universal Social Protection? -- Essay 3: What Is the Rationale for Targeting by Welfare or Other Metrics? -- Essay 4: How Does Thinking about Shocks Rather Than Static Poverty Change the Framework? -- Essay 5: Is Targeting the Poor Important for Outcomes Other Than Poverty? -- Essay 6: Why Is Redistribution Important? -- Essay 7: What Does the Distribution of Taxes Imply about the Distribution of Transfers? -- Essay 8: Can Budgets Be Raised over Time to Reduce the Need for Targeting? -- Essay 9: Does Universality Increase Budgets and Thus Reduce the Need for Prioritizing the Needy? -- Essay 10: How Do Human Rights Frameworks View Targeting? -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 2: Unpacking the Empirics of Targeting in Low- and Middle-Income Countries -- Measurement and Interpretation -- Recent ASPIRE Survey-Based Evidence of Targeting Outcomes -- Evidence Base for the Costs of Poverty Targeting -- Summary -- Annex 2A: List of ASPIRE Household Surveys Used in the Analysis -- Annex 2B: Distribution of Social Assistance Beneficiaries, by Program Type -- Annex 2C: Coverage and Distribution of Social Assistance Beneficiaries -- Annex 2D: Costs of Operating Social Registries -- Notes -- References.

Front Cover -- Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- About the Contributors -- Abbreviations -- Overview: Market Access Strategy in a New Trade Environment -- Introduction -- Ingredients for Sub-Saharan Africa's Market Access Strategy -- How Can Sub-Saharan African Countries Boost Exports through Preferential Access to the EU and US Markets? -- How Can Sub-Saharan African Countries Diversify Their Market Access? -- How Could Regional Integration Initiatives Help This Dual Strategy to Succeed? -- Contributions of This Volume -- Notes -- References -- PART I Access to Traditional Markets: Taking Stock of Nonreciprocal Trade Agreements and the Way Forward -- Chapter 1 Trade Impact of the AGOA: An Aggregate Perspective -- Introduction -- The African Growth and Opportunity Act -- Trade Flows from Sub-Saharan Africa to the United States -- Impact of the AGOA: Results from the Synthetic Control Method -- Main Drivers of Exports under the AGOA -- Conclusion -- Annex 1A The Synthetic Control Method -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 2 Preferential Access to the United States and Manufacturing Export Performance: A Product-Level Analysis -- Introduction -- A Product-Level Perspective from Disaggregated Export Data -- US Trade Preferences: The GSP and AGOA -- African Export Performance and the Role of the AGOA -- Estimated Impacts of the AGOA and GSP LDC -- Conclusion -- Annex 2A WITS Sectoral Definition, Sub-Saharan Africa Data, and Commodity Prices -- Annex 2B Impacts of the AGOA on Exports and Export Patterns -- Annex 2C AGOA Impacts, by Country -- Notes -- References -- Chapter 3 Comparative Analysis of AGOA and EBA Impacts: Evidence from West Africa -- Introduction -- Estimations of the Trade Impacts of the AGOA and EBA -- ECOWAS Exports to the European Union and the United States since 2000 -- Empirical Specifications and Data.

Cover -- CONTENTS -- A HISTORIC OPPORTUNITY -- A CHALLENGING MACROECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT -- POSITIVE OUTLOOK WITH DECISIVE ACTIONS -- PROGRAM DISCUSSIONS -- A. Reform Agenda 2018-21 -- B. Strengthening Fiscal Sustainability -- C. Promoting Debt Sustainability -- D. Modernizing Monetary and Exchange Rate Policies -- E. Reducing Financial Sector Vulnerabilities -- F. Reducing Fiscal Risks and Supporting Private-Sector-Led Growth -- G. Governance and Corruption -- PROGRAM MODALITIES AND RISKS -- STAFF APPRAISAL -- FIGURES -- 1. Selected High-Frequency Indicators, 2009-18 -- 2. Fiscal Developments, 2007-18 -- 3. Monetary Developments, 2010-18 -- 4. External Sector Developments, 2005-18 -- TABLES -- 1. Main Economic Indicators, 2014-21 -- 2a. Statement of Central Government Operations, 2014-21 (Billions of local currency) -- 2b. Statement of Central Government Operations, 2014-21 (Percent of GDP) -- 2c. Statement of Central Government Operations, 2014-21 (Percent of non-oil GDP) -- 3. Monetary Accounts, 2014-21 -- 4. Balance of Payments, 2014-21 -- 5. Public Debt, 2014-23 -- 6. Financial Soundess Indicators, December 2014-August 2018 -- 7. Fiscal Financing Needs and Sources, 2018Q4-21 -- 8. External Financing Requirements and Sources, 2017-23 (Millions of U.S. dollars) -- 9. Indicators of IMF Credit-Baseline Scenario, 2018-28 -- 10. Indicators of IMF Credit-Adverse Oil-Price Shock Scenario, 2018-28 -- 11. Proposed Access and Phasing Under the Extended Arrangement, 2018-21 -- 12: Tentative Technical Assistance Program Under the Extended Arrangement, 2018-21 -- ANNEXES -- I. Sustainable Development Goals -- II. National Development Plan -- III. External Sector Assessment -- IV. Debt Sustainability Analysis -- V. Risk Assessment Matrix -- APPENDIX -- I. Letter of Intent -- Attachment. I. Memorandum of Economic and Financial Policies

Cover -- Half Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Foreword -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- About the Authors and Contributors -- Abbreviations -- Overview: Realizing the Full Potential of Social Safety Nets in Africa -- Reaching the Poor and Vulnerable in Africa through Social Safety Nets (Chapter 1) -- Social Safety Nets Promote Poverty Reduction, Increase Resilience, and Expand Opportunities (Chapter 2) -- Recognizing and Leveraging Politics to Expand and Sustain Social Safety Nets (Chapter 3) -- Anchoring in Strong Institutions to Expand and Sustain Social Safety Nets (Chapter 4) -- Harnessing Resources to Expand and Sustain Social Safety Nets (Chapter 5) -- The Road Ahead for Bringing Social Safety Nets to Scale in Africa -- References -- Introduction -- 1 Reaching the Poor and Vulnerable in Africa through Social Safety Nets -- Despite Improvements, Poverty and Vulnerability to Shocks Are Widespread -- Social Safety Nets Have Been Expanding Rapidly in Africa -- The Design of Social Safety Nets Varies across Africa -- Social Safety Nets Are Evolving -- Social Safety Nets Are Reaching Some, but Many of the Poor Are Not Covered -- Some Countries Spend Heavily, but Programs Need to Be Brought to Scale and Sustained -- Notes -- References -- 2 Social Safety Nets Promote Poverty Reduction, Increase Resilience, and Expand Opportunities -- Social Safety Nets Improve Equity -- Building Resilience through Social Safety Nets -- Increasing Opportunities through Social Safety Nets -- Bringing Social Safety Nets to Scale -- Annex 2A: Programs Included in the Meta-analysis -- Annex 2B: Meta-analysis Methodology -- Annex 2C: Partial and General Equilibrium Methodology -- Notes -- References -- 3 Recognizing and Leveraging Politics to Expand and Sustain Social Safety Nets -- The Political Appetite for Adopting and Expanding Social Safety Nets

1 Food webs -- 1.1 What and why? -- 1.2 Where? -- 1.3 How? -- 2 Models and their local stability -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Models -- 2.3 Stability -- 2.4 Summary -- Appendix 2A: Taylor's expansion -- Appendix 2B: An example of calculating eigenvalues -- Appendix 2C: Jacobian matrices -- 3 Stability: other definitions -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Global stability -- 3.3 Species deletion stability -- 3.4 Stability in stochastic environments -- 3.5 Other stability criteria -- 3.6 Summary: models and their stabilities — Is there a best buy? -- 4 Food web complexity I: theoretical results -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Bounds on food web complexity: local stability -- 4.3 Complexity and stability under large perturbations -- 4.4 Summary of theoretical results -- 5 Food web complexity II: empirical results -- 5.1 Direct tests -- 5.2 Indirect tests -- 5.3 Summary -- 6 The length of food chains -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Hypothesis A: Energy flow -- 6.3 Hypothesis B: Size and other design constraints -- 6.4 Hypothesis C: Optimal foraging; why are food chains so long? -- 6.5 Hypothesis D: Dynamical constraints -- 6.6 Summary -- Appendix 6A: Drawing inferences about food web attributes -- 7 The patterns of omnivory -- 7.1 Models of omnivory -- 7.2 Testing the hypotheses -- 7.3 Summary -- 8 Compartments -- 8.1 Reasons for a compartmented design -- 8.2 Testing the hypotheses: habitats as compartments -- 8.3 Testing the hypotheses: compartments within habitats -- 8.4 Four comments -- 8.5 Summary -- 9 Descriptive statistics -- 9.1 Predator—prey ratios -- 9.2 The number of species of prey that a species exploits and the number of species of predator it suffers -- 9.3 Interval and non-interval food webs -- 9.4 Summary -- 10 Food web design: causes and consequences -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Causes -- 10.3 Consequences -- 10.4 Summary.

The dislocation structure and dislocation accumulation during deformation of polycrystalline FCC solid solutions of Cu-Al and Cu-Mn systems are studied by transmission diffraction electron microscopy. The Al content in Cu-Al alloys varies from 0.5 to 14 at.%. The Mn content in Cu-Mn alloys varies in the range of 0.4 ÷ 25 at.%. Alloys with a grain size in the range of 20 ÷ 240 µm are studied. The alloy samples are deformed by stretching at a rate of 2×10-2c-1 to failure at 293 K. The structure of samples deformed to various degrees of deformation is studied on foils using electron microscopes at an accelerating voltage of 125 kV. For each degree of deformation, the scalar dislocation density and its components are measured: statistically stored dislocations ρS and geometrically necessary dislocations ρG and some other parameters of the defective structure.
The mechanisms and their contributions due to mesh and mesh-mesh dislocation substructures (DSS) are determined using the example of substructural and solid-solution hardening in polycrystalline Cu-Al and Cu-Mn alloys.
The relative role of various mechanisms in the formation of the resistance to deformation of alloys at different grain sizes is determined. The role of the packaging defect energy on the value of solid-solution hardening for different grain sizes is revealed. The average scalar dislocation density is considered and determined along with its components: statistically stored dislocations ρS and geometrically necessary dislocations ρG. The dependences of the flow stress on the square root of the densities of geometrically necessary dislocations and the densities of statistically stored dislocations are found.

Switching from repressed to active status in chromatin regulation is part of the critical responses that plants deploy to survive in an ever-changing environment. We previously reported that HOS15, a WD40-repeat protein, is involved in histone deacetylation and cold tolerance in Arabidopsis. However, it remained unknown how HOS15 regulates cold responsive genes to affect cold tolerance. Here, we show that HOS15 interacts with histone deacetylase 2C (HD2C) and both proteins together associate with the promoters of cold-responsive COR genes, COR15A and COR47. Cold induced HD2C degradation is mediated by the CULLIN4 (CUL4)-based E3 ubiquitin ligase complex in which HOS15 acts as a substrate receptor. Interference with the association of HD2C and the COR gene promoters by HOS15 correlates with increased acetylation levels of histone H3. HOS15 also interacts with CBF transcription factors to modulate cold-induced binding to the COR gene promoters. Our results here demonstrate that cold induces HOS15-mediated chromatin modifications by degrading HD2C. This switches the chromatin structure status and facilitates recruitment of CBFs to the COR gene promoters. This is an apparent requirement to acquire cold tolerance. ; This work was supported by grants from the National Research Foundation of Korea, funded by the Korean Government (MSIP 2016R1A2A1A05004931 and Global Research Laboratory 2017K1A1A2013146); and Next-Generation BioGreen 21 Program SSAC Grants PJ01318201 (to D.-J.Y.), PJ01318205 (to J.M.P.), and PJ01327301 (to W.-Y.K.), Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea. Work in the V.R. laboratory was funded by Agencia Estatal de Investigación of Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad, with support from the European Regional Development Fund (BIO2016-80551-R). ; Peer reviewed

Open Access. ; Understanding the responses of maize to abscisic acid (ABA) dependent drought tolerance is an important topic for the biotechnological application of functional mechanisms of stress adaptation. Key components that control and modulate stress adaptive pathways include SnRK2 (sucrose non-fermenting 1-related protein kinases 2) proteins. Recent studies indicate that SnRK2 are plant specific kinases that together with ABA ligand PYR/PYL/RCAR proteins and type 2C group A protein phosphatases constitute the central core of abscisic acid perception and signal transduction. Here, we study drought responses in maize by analyzing the mechanism of ZmSnRK2.8 in ABA signaling to establish relevant analogies with other plant species. ZmSnRK2.8 is a very closely related protein to Arabidopsis OST1 (open stomata 1) kinase with nuclear and cytosolic subcellular localization able to auto-phosphorylate S182 or T183 amino acids on its activation loop suggesting that phosphorylation at these sites may be a general mechanism for SnRK2 activation. In addition, ZmSnRK2.8 is activated by ABA and interacts with PP2C phosphatases in a constitutive, ABA independent manner. Together, our data suggest a conserved mechanism of plant responses to ABA and drought stress in maize and point to the potential use of this kinase in improving programs of drought tolerance in crops. ; VL was financed by the Spanish MCYT (Program Ramon y Cajal) and BV by European Union Marie-Curie Early Stage Training Fellowships MEST-CT-2005–020232–2 ADONIS and the FCT SFRH/BD/62070/2009 grant. This work was supported by grants BIO2009–13044 from MCYT (Spain) and CIRIT-2005SGR00276 from Comissionat per Universitats i Recerca de la Generalitat de Catalunya to MP. ; Peer reviewed

Número 22.

22 References.

To assess the baseline condition of the SI joints (SIJs) in healthy individuals without symptoms of back pain and to study the effect of mechanical stress caused by intense physical training on MRI of the SIJs. Twenty-two military recruits underwent an MRI of the SIJs before and after 6 weeks of intense standardized physical training. Bone marrow oedema and structural lesions were scored based on the Spondyloarthritis Research Consortium of Canada (SPARCC) method, by three trained readers blinded for time sequence and clinical findings. Additionally, fulfilment of the Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society (ASAS) definition of a positive MRI was evaluated. At baseline, 9/22 recruits (40.9%) already presented a SPARCC score a (c) 3/41; this number increased to 11/22 (50.0%) at week 6 (P = 0.625). In these patients, the mean (SD) SPARCC score was 2.4 (0.4) at baseline, compared to 3.7 (1.3) at week 6. Overall, the mean (SD) change in SPARCC score over time in all 22 patients was 0.9 (0.6) (P = 0.109). A positive MRI according to the ASAS definition was present in 5/22 recruits (22.7%) at baseline, which increased to 8/22 (36.4%) at follow-up (P = 0.375). Structural lesions were present in 6/22 subjects (27.3%), both at baseline and after 6 weeks of training. A substantial proportion of healthy active individuals without any symptoms of back pain displayed bone marrow oedema lesions on MRI at baseline. However, MRI lesions did not increase significantly after 6 weeks of intensive physical training. Our study underscores the necessity to interpret MRI findings of the SIJs in the appropriate clinical context, even in a young active population. ; Ghent University Hospital; Het Fonds voor Wetenschappelijk Reuma Onderzoek

"This text was presented as an inaugural speech by Eric van de Luijtgaarden at Maastricht University on 22nd September, 2022.This is a bilingual publication. The Dutch title is 'Andere juristen' and the text can be read in Dutch at the back of the book when turned upside-down."--

Cet ouvrage est publié à l'occasion de l'exposition présentée au BAL, Paris, du 4 juin au 30 août 2015.00Que peut-on vraiment apprendre d'une image? Comment la photographie se construit depuis son origine dans un discours de vérité et comme elle est reçue comme preuve? L'ouvrage répond à ces questions à travers onze cas d'images produites par des experts, chercheurs et historiens. Célèbres clichés du Saint Suaire, photographies judiciaires mises au point par Alphonse Bertillon, premières images aériennes du front durant la Première Guerre mondiale, images du procès de Nuremberg, photos réalisées avec des téléphones portables attestant des dommages de bombardements sur les théâtres de guerre en Afghanistan ou en Israël : la photographie scientifique s'impose désormais dans toute enquête policière ou politique. Chacun des onze cas est replacé dans son contexte historique et géopolitique enrichi d'un commentaire sur le protocole visuel mis en place