Suchergebnisse

Gender equality is treated as one of the major principles of democraty and is grounded on equal rights,responsibility, and opportunities in all life spheres. Army service is one of these spheres that had been longunavailable to the Lithuanian women. Equal rights between are established in a number of the Lithuanian laws,however, their reality depends on the actual implementation of these rights.The article analyses the real opportunities for a woman to make a career as well as the causes that impede thepractical realization of opportunities in the Lithuania army.

Significant local government reforms are being implemented in Latvia. Reforms of local governmentsinclude both – strengthening democracy and increasing the efficiency and effectiveness of activities oflocal governments, using updated methods of management and involving the population in decision –making process. The principles of local government reforms in Latvia are based on the principles of theEuropean Charter of Local Self-Government. The core of these reforms is administrative – territorialreorganisation. It is implemented by voluntary amalgamation and is slow. In result today in Latvia localgovernments are too small. The functions of local governments in Latvia are quite wide, but their financialresources are insufficient. In Latvia actual is decreasing the unfavourable regional disparities, using thesupport from the EU Structural Funds. Integration of public administration reforms, territories socioeconomicdevelopment planning, formation of local

This article examines the links between merit-based civil service, economic development and the robustnessof democracy. It also argues that patterns of public employment prevalent in the past, such as patronage(including political patronage) and venality of public offices, can no longer be followed if poverty is to bereduced, economic development sustained and democracy reinforced.

In many respects, Electronic Government (oreGovernment) is just a new name for theinformatisation of the public sector, which hasbeen going on for several decades now (Lenk1994; van de Donk and Snellen 1998). The useof IT in public administration and in otherbranches of government (including parliamentsand the judiciary) has attained a high level inmany countries of the industrialised world. Butthere was hardly any political interest in thisongoing and almost invisible process ofmodernising government. Especially New PublicManagement as the most important explicitmovement of government reform hardlyrecognised the enabling potential of IT for changingthe work practices and the business processesin the public sector. Its image of IT was one ofan auxiliary tool, to be used for supporting financialmanagement and statistical information.

Results of the research "Quality of communication between citizens and governance using the Internet" are analysedin detail and some comparisons are made on the bases of similar surveys conducted in other countries on a topic ofelectronic governance. Different information evaluation criteria were used in survey describing the communicationbetween citizens and every government institution's group (ministries, local authorities). Those criteria were set inaccordance with international and Lithuanian legal acts. Internet websites of Lithuanian governance institutions,communication between citizens and governance via e-mail was analysed in article too.

Italian government has demonstrated its sensitivity towards innovation by including amodernisation of the country public administration through the application of new ICT technologies amongits political programme priorities. In this article are discussed Italian strategies for the development of theInformation Society, giving especially attention to the development of e-Government and to the learning ofpublic servants, citizens and the general public.

The Lithuanian academic community groundlessly pays little attention to the State security policy, even thoughit was of considerable importance in Lithuania's joining to the NATO and EU. In autumn 2002 the efficiency of thepolicy was positively evaluated in the general context of the country and Lithuania eventually received an officialinvitation to join the structures.The article analyses the Lithuanian State security policy, its peculiarities, development from 1990 to 2002, aswell as provides suggestions for the development periods and gives prognosis on its development perspectives.

Spanish electronic government projects are analysed in this article. These projects are the reduction of pricesfor the Internet connection, information society development, modern tax system in Internet, electronic electionpossibilities and perspectives, "Unified Internet window" project, electronic certificates project, telework establishmentand the perspectives of electronic administration. Spanish electronic government were creating in the realizationof individual projects from the year 1998. Spain is a young and quickly developing European Union state andbecause of this the experience of Spanish e-government projects would be very useful for Lithuania.

Lithuania faces difficult dilemmas in the field of old age security. Aging population, weak bonds betweencurrent wages, salaries and amount of (size of) future pensions causes certain dissatisfactions and risks. They along- side with the pressure of certain interest groups which are interested in possibility to enter financial flows and to take benefits from partial privatization of these flows create certain gnoseological, political and ideological climate surrounding the issue of pension reform. In these circumstances the use of neutral, scientific approach would be helpful. Together with more open, comprehensive, democratic discourse it would add to the rationality, prudence of the decisions concerning the issue.Author of the article argues that the currently functioning pay-as-you-go (PAYG) system together with some shortcomings have its advantages which should not be neglected in the discussion on the pension reforms. On the other hand private pension system based on individual accumulation is not so advantages and effective as its por- trayed by its proponents. It is connected with rather high risk both for individuals and for state. The danger of loss of money in the financial markets in case of downfall of the value of securities and the threat to budgetary stability of the country are two major reasons to refrain from overly enthusiastic attitudes towards private, especially manda- tory, pension funds.The experience of Argentina, Hungary, Poland should caution us against impulsive, non-comprehensive de-cision. West European and especially Scandinavian pattern could serve us a good service.

Deeds and decisions made by Lithuanian politicians and public servants are deserving greater public and mass media attention whenever before.Authors directs readers attention to the aspects of significance of ethics in public administration, characterizes the situation of ethics in contemporaryLithuania. Ethical dimension in Lithuanian politics and administration is underestimated. Lithuania has several laws which define ethical principles forpublic servants, prohibit the conflict of interest etc. Laws without their effective implementation are worthless. Professional code of ethics for politiciansand public servants, ethical education and training could help to create ethical climate and ensure public trust which are very important for democracy.Authors concludes that ethical politics and administration in Lithuania could be reached by formulating ethical strategy on the state level.

Democratic government and public sector modernization presumes equality, majority rule, citizen participation,accountability. Major dimensions of modernization process include management innovations such as totalquality management.The challenges of modern organizations require the objective of the manager. Public sector needs morepeople in managerial roles who can find simplicity and order amidst organizational confusion and chaos.Public organizations dependence on pluralistic decision processes – that is processes through which manydifferent people and groups are likely to be involved in any particular decision – makes the process of managing change in the public sector quite complicated. The classical goal of efficiency and the new public management may become partners in opposing the expansion of citizen participation.

Dans son assemblée générale, tenue le 22 avril 1911, la Société du Croissant-Rouge Ottoman s'est réorganisée sous ce titre et a adopté de nouveaux statuts.La Turquie avait adhéré à la Convention de Genève de 1864 déjà le 5 juillet 1865, et une société ottomane de secours aux militaries blessés avait été fondée en 1877. Nous en avons publié les statuts.

All the sciences and even philosophical, ethic thinking and also practice are grounded by so called "line -thinking", which is efective in only limited sphere and time as synergetic paradigmus born in the 20 century. Unfortunatelypropositions under "line thinking" influence gave miserable results as much in politics as in government.The article shortly deals with some paradoxical synergetic confirmities (regularities) and the first observed resultsand chances of their using in the prevention of crimes, goverment in connection with the problem of theory andpractice. It is suggested to change "strategic planing" conception into "strategic thinking" concept which joins theoryand practice most effectively. In conclusion, connect of theory and practice are visible in teleonomy of emergeticevolution of social processes which are expressed namely by "strategic thinking" as intentionality obeyed to thesame synergetic laws.