Suchergebnisse

Проанализированы взгляды украинских ученых на проблему возникновения отечественного конституционализма, который, как политико-правовое явление, они связывают с созданием Украинского государства в результате национально-освободительной войны под предводительством Б. Хмельницкого в середине ХVІІ в., и принятием Конституции П. Орлика 1710 г. Процесс формирования современного отечественного конституционализма начался после принятия Конституции Украины 1996 г. и продолжается в настоящее время ; Problem Setting. The article analyzes the views of Ukrainian scientists on the issue of origin of the national constitutionalism. Research of the history of origin, formation and development of the national constitutionalism is a new area of the historical and legal science, which was launched in the post-Soviet period. Given the complexity of the subject of the research and relatively short time of its study, the national historical-legal science and the science of constitutional law have not formed a unified approach to the time of origin of the Ukrainian constitutionalism in general and the modern national constitutionalism in particular yet. The actuality of the topic. After Ukraine was proclaimed independent in 1991, the issue of the history of origin of the national constitutionalism has been referred by specialists in the history of state and law and constitutional law Yu. H. Barabash, S. P. Holovatyi, V. D. Honcharenko, V. S. Zhuravskyi, V. M. Yermolaiev, V. P. Kolisnyk, V. V. Kravchenko, A. P. Krysian, O. M. Myronenko, A. Y. Rogozhin, I. Ye. Slovska, V. Ya. Tatsiy, Yu. M. Todyka, S. V. Shevchuk, M. V. Tsvik and others. The researchers follow two basic views on the timing and events that led to the origin of the national constitutionalism as a political and legal phenomena: 1) formation of the Ukrainian state as a result of the national liberation war led by Bohdan Khmelnytskyi in the middle of the XVII century; 2) development and adoption of the Constitution of P. Orlyk of 1710. The purpose of the article. The researchers mostly associate the events that led to origin of the modern national constitutionalism, as a legal and actual phenomena, with adoption of the Declaration of State Sovereignty of Ukraine in 1990, Declaration of Independence of Ukraine in 1991 and adoption of the Constitution of Ukraine in 1996. But the vast majority of experts in constitutional law of Ukraine insist on the fact that adoption of the Constitution of Ukraine in 1996 only marked the beginning of the process of formation of the modern national constitutionalism. It is necessary to consider the revolutionary events of late 2013 early 2014, which showed the need for a constitutional reform to introduce European standards of human rights protection and decentralization of power, to be an important argument in favour of the fact that formation of the modern national constitutionalism began with the adoption of the Constitution of Ukraine in 1996 and continues to this day

Статья посвящена исследованию взаимозависимостиразвития форм коммуникации и архитектуры в истории человечества. Автор уделяет особое внимание выявлению новых форм в структуре архитектурной композиции, появляющихся в определенные исторические периоды, и их взаимосвязи с представлениями человека о мире и о самом себе. В конце статьи автор дает определение коммуникативного пространства архитектуры как способа и формы организации внешнего и внутреннего пространства сооружений, отражающих и диктующих определенные нормы и правила поведения в обществе. ; The article investigates the interdependence of forms of communication and architecture in the human history. The author pays particular attention to the identification of new forms in the structure of the architectural composition appearing within certain historical periods, and their relationship with the concepts of the world and himself. In the Ancient history up to the Middle Ages it means connection of the architecture with Man, harmony with Man; in the Middle Ages it is the highest intensity of symbolic language and the process of urbanization; in the contemporary history the blurring of distinct forms of space organization due to the social changes: the expanding of the boundaries, the appearing of mass production and mass culture. Those forms of communication in their dynamics appear as a transition from the horizontal cooperation to the vertical one and back again, and they are directly connected with the organization of the internal space of architecture. The article examines the impact of internal space of architecture forms of behavior, interaction and emotional mood of the people in it. The author also points to the dependence of the changes in architectural forms by changing the man's relationship with the concepts of the world and himself on the example of Baroque architecture and classicism. On the one hand, it is expanding the boundaries of space, which resulted in the emergence of grand buildings and winding curves, the disappearance of clear boundaries between house and garden area, i.e. internal and external spaces. On the other hand, is the link between the form of government and the type of architecture: an absolute monarchy and symmetrical construction with a single center and the main line, clearly indicating the direction of travel. The second half of the 19th and early 20th century led to line production in the economy and in connection the distribution of standard forms in the architecture, the loss of a common symbol language and strengthening utilitarian tendencies. All of this has given rise to eclectic architectural forms and architectural language. The article points out that the forms of interaction within the family, also depend on the area in which the family lives: isolated or jointly. At the end of the article, the author defines the communicative space of architecture as the ways and forms of organizing the external and internal space of constructions, reflecting and dictating certain norms and rules of behavior in society, as well as the social structure itself.

Уроженец Бессарабии профессор А.И. Яцимирский (1873-1925) относился к числу выдающихся российских филологов-славистов своего времени. Особенно велик его вклад в описание и изучение средневековых южнославянских рукописей. Его творческое наследие включает в себя также работы по этнографии, фольклористике, церковной истории. Именно А.И. Яцимирский возглавлял отдел славянской филологии в редакции энциклопедии Брокгауза и Эфрона, опубликовав на страницах этого авторитетного издания десятки статей. Его перу принадлежат первая серьезная монография о выдающемся деятеле средневековой славянской и восточнороманской культуры Григории Цамблаке, а также работы о польской литературе. Во многом первопроходческий характер носят его исследования по истории русско-румынских культурных связей в Средние века. В статье введены в оборот новые архивные документы, уточняющие некоторые факты биографии А.И. Яцимирского, расширяющие наши представления о его широких связях с российскими и зарубежными коллегами и дополняющие новыми сведениями наше знание о его пребывании в Ростове-на-Дону, куда он был эвакуирован в годы Первой мировой войны вместе с Варшавским университетом и где работал до конца жизни, возглавляя Донской археологический институт, осуществляя преподавательскую деятельность в других высших учебных заведениях Ростова и Новочеркасска, внеся немалый вклад в развитие архивного и музейного дела на Дону, а также донского краеведения ; Professor Alexander Yacimirskiy (1873-1925), native from Bessarabia, was an internationally-known expert of medieval Slavic manuscripts, especially from the Southern Slavic lands. He was the author of the first serious monograph on the ecclesiastical, political activities and heritage of Metropolit Grigorii Tamblac, an outstanding figure in the history of the Orthodox Church and Medieval Slavic and Romanian Culture. He published also a lot of works on the history of medieval Slavic literatures, modern Polish literature, as well as on the Slavic and the Romanian folklore and ethnography, on the medieval cultural and ecclesiastical ties between Slavs and Romanians. For many years he was the editor of texts on the Slavic philology for the Encyclopedia of Brokhaus and Efron and wrote a lot of articles for this multi-volume edition. The heritage of Yacimirskiy stored in the Russian State Archive of Literature and Art, the State Archive of Russian Federation, the Municipal Historical Archive of Moscow and other Russian archives (and first of all his correspondence) broaden our knowledge of his contacts with his Russian and foreign colleagues experts on the Slavic and South-East European studies. The new sources also add some important details to our knowledge of his activities in the last years of his life in the city of Rostov-on-Don where he was evacuated with the Warsaw University in 1915. He headed the so called Don Institute of Archaeology in Rostov aimed at the training of specialists for museums, archives and libraries. He taught history and philology in high schools of Rostov and Novocherkassk and made a valuable contribution to organization of museums and archives in Rostov as well as to development of the regional historical studies.

Представлен первый опыт историографического осмысления российского музееведения советского и постсоветского времени. Раскрыты обстоятельства и мотивы парадигмального слома музейной науки, осуществленного с целью подчинить музейное дело задачам «социалистического строительства». Показано поступательное движение музееведческой мысли по пути складывания комплекса научных знаний о музейном деле России. Выявлена роль А.М. Разгона, его коллег и учеников в процессе формирования и изучения российского музееведения. ; The study on the historiography of Russian museology, started in 2015, needs to continue. Knowledge of the museum history makes it possible to maintain that at the turn of the 1920-30-s the paradigm of museology changed. Categories of the Marxist-Leninist philosophy theory and practice were the basis for the new concept of museum science. It was formulated at the First All-Russia Museum Congress. Very soon, the theory was understood as instructions of the Central Committee of the Communist Party and the Soviet Government. The concept of practice was regarded as the implementation of those directives in museums. Museums were stripped of academic significance and were turned into institutions for political education. Rebirth of museology occurred in the post-World War II period. The main event in this process was the extended session of the Institute of Regional Studies and Museum Work, held in 1948. The participants of the session returned the significance of an academic discipline for museology. A.M. Razgon published an article in The Great Soviet Encyclopedia in 1974. He wrote that museology was an academic discipline which studied the origin of museums, their public functions, and questions of theory and methods of museum science. Later, in 1988, this definition was repeated in the book Muzeevedenie. Muzei istoricheskogo profilya [Museology. Museums of A Historical Profile]. The authors called museology an academic discipline. At the same time, they included independent academic disciplines (museum theory, history of museum science, museum source studies) in its structure. In fact, they reflected on museology as on a complex of academic knowledge on museum science, but did not recognize it. In the 1990s, the socio-political development of the Russian society hanged. Consequently, a new non-politicized concept of museology was required. Response to the public demand was The Russian Museum Encyclopedia (Moscow, 2001. Vol. 1-2). The authors of the Encyclopedia summed up Russian museology, identified gaps in museum knowledge. Their definition of museology, in fact, was the same as in the 1980s. Museologists of today underestimate the achievements of their predecessors. We can say there was no shift in the museology paradigm. Nevertheless, there is a clear movement towards a change of the paradigm. It is expressed in the intensive research of the museum science history, in the attention to the experience of pre-revolutionary museology, in the development of the historiography of museum science. The widening and deepening of problems, the improvement of museum study methodology identify new questions for discussion, and their solution needs a new investigation.

La Gran Guerra ha generado, desde 2014, una eclosión de materiales académicos de análisis sobre este suceso histórico y político. En los acercamientos historiográficos contemporáneos se tiene a la cultura, entendida desde la perspectiva historiográfica del "giro cultural", como el elemento central de análisis: se pasa de una historia social a una historia cultural de la Gran Guerra. El papel jugado por los cronistas y poetas latinoamericanos en la Primera Guerra Mundial brinda una mirada desde la experiencia personal de ellos sobre el gran conflicto, trasladándonos de la Historia a esa otra historia cotidiana, la de los héroes anónimos, la de los mutilados y desplazados. Este artículo analiza la participación de cuatro latinoamericanos en el primer gran conflicto que irradió y afectó a toda la humanidad. Ellos son: el costarricense José Basileo Acuña (1897-1992), los nicaragüenses, Salomón de la Selva (1893-1959) y Rubén Darío (1867-1916); y, el guatemalteco Enrique Gómez Carrillo (1873-1927). ; The year 2014 witnessed a huge outcome of scholarly materials analyzing the political and historical milestone the World War I set. Contemporary historiographical approaches put culture into the perspective of the cultural turn, that is to say, a passage from the social history towards a cultural history, in this case, regarding the Big War. This paper analyzes the World War I from the point of view of four Latin American chroniclers, Costa Rican José Basileo Acuña (1897-1916), Nicaraguan Salomón de la Selva (1893-1959) and the poet, Rubén Darío (1867-1916), and the Guatemalan journalist Enrique Gómez-Carrillo (1873-1927). They eye-witnessed and experienced the confrontation at first hand. Therefore, besides giving us their personal glance of the conflict, their texts also bring us closer to the day-to-day wartime history, letting us know the story of the anonymous heroes, of the mutilated and displaced victims of war from that first conflict that affected all mankind. ; O ano 2014 nos dá um grande resultado de materiais acadêmicos de abordagem historiográfica da Primeira Guerra Mundial. Na História Contemporânea fica uma abordagem baseada em um novo instrumento teórico de giro cultural, ou seja, a passagem da história social à história cultural da Guerra Grande. Este artigo analisa a Primeira Guerra Mundial do ponto de vista dos cronistas Latino-Americanos José Basileo Acuña (1897-1916) da Costa Rica, Salomón de la Selva (1893-1959) e o poeta Rubén Darío (1867-1916) da Nicarágua, e Enrique Gómez Carrillo (1873-1927) da Guatemala. Eles viveram e testemunharam o conflito e seus textos permitem-nos ter um olhar pessoal da Guerra. Este artigo dá-nos uma abordagem da vida cotidiana em tempos de guerra e mostra-nos a história dos heróis anônimos, e de pessoas mutiladas e deslocadas, através da visão destes escritores e poeta que participaram de um conflito que afetou toda a humanidade

The Nicaraguan labor movement during the period 1970, to the present despite political situation has played an important role in the history of national. This paper aims to recount this movement in recent times. During the research period the labor movement taking advantage of structural opportunities has led strikes, armed actions, alliances, negotiations in order to make their presence felt on the national political scene. One of the characteristics of this social movement is that their collective action consolidates in periods of social, political and economic crisis. To achieve social and political rights: freedom of association, social security, working hours, among others, is one of the great contributions of of syndicalism to the Nicaraguan contemporary history. With the electoral defeat of the FSLN in 1990, the opportunity structures changed, and thus the repertoires of confrontation. In this new scenario alliances, negotiations and strikes occurred as well as a weakening of the trade union movement due to the structural adjustment policies of that period. Thus, innovative expressions of unionism are given: Confederation of self-employed, and the Women's Movement of the maquilas, important in the recent history of syndicalism, thereby presenting new forms of collective action in a new context of national reality.Key words: Labor movement, Popular Sandinista Revolution, Women's Movement of the maquilas, Confederation of self-employed. ; El sindicalismo nicaragüense durante el período de 1970 hasta la actualidad, cruzando por diversos regímenes, ha jugado un papel relevante en la historia nacional y este trabajo pretendehacer un recuento de este movimiento en los últimos tiempos. Durante el periodo en estudio, el movimiento sindical aprovechando las oportunidades estructurales ha echando mano de repertorios tales como huelgas, acciones amadas, alianzas, negociaciones con el fin de hacer sentir su presencia en el escenario político nacional. Una de las características de este movimiento social es que su acción colectiva se consolida en momentos de crisis sociales, políticas y económicas. La conquista de los derechos sociales y políticos: libertad sindical, seguro social, jornada salarial, entre otros es uno de las grandes aportes del sindicalismo a la historia contemporánea nicaragüense. Con la derrota electoral del FSLN en 1990, la estructuras de oportunidades cambian, y con ello los repertorios de confrontación. En este nuevo escenario se producen alianzas, negociaciones y huelgas como tambiénun debilitamiento del movimiento sindical ante las políticas de ajuste estructural de la época. En estos últimos años se dan expresiones novedosas de sindicalismo: Confederación de trabajadores por cuenta propia y el Movimiento de Mujeres de las maquilas, importantes en la historia reciente del sindicalismo, presentando con ello nuevas formas de acción colectiva en un nuevo contexto de la realidad nacional.Palabras claves: Movimiento sindical, Revolución Popular Sandinista, Movimiento de mujeres de la maquila, Confederación de trabajadores por cuenta propia.

In my thesis, I discuss and analyze William Shakespeare's utilization and adaptation of source texts within three of his dramas: Henry IV, Part I, a history; Twelfth Night, a comedy; and Julius Caesar, a tragedy. By comparing Shakespeare's adaption of sources to the contemporary United Kingdom intellectual property policies, it becomes possible for me to determine whether Shakespeare's extensive and popular dramas would violate modern copyright law. The first chapter, "Printing and Writing in the Early Modern Period," discusses the development of proprietary interests among the Elizabethan people. I break down the individual components of the printing process in the early modern period and further consider how its creation affected writers and impacted the world at large. Additionally mentioned within this chapter are the United Kingdom's initial attempts at regulating printed materials among publishers. The availability, pricing, and evolution of printed material is all discussed, as well as the imitative and collaborative writing process among Elizabethan dramatists and poets. The second chapter, "An Introduction and Brief History of Intellectual Property and Copyright," addresses the United Kingdom's current legislation on borrowing and infringing upon creative works. After an introduction to key terms within the intellectual property field, I provide a brief history on the evolution of copyright within the United Kingdom. After a discussion on property protection and rights for literary, dramatic, and artistic works, I cite the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 as the key document from which I draw my conclusions on Shakespeare's infringement of source texts within his plays. Chapters three, four, and five, focus on the individual analyses of source texts used by Shakespeare within each of his selected plays. While Shakespeare did borrow from a multitude of source texts, I strive to analyze his utilization of content within only his most primary source texts. Each chapter begins with a brief synopsis of the play, characters, and major themes. After each introduction, I devote multiple pages of text to comparing and contrasting Shakespeare's imitation and utilization of primary source texts within his own works. At the end of each chapter, I calculate the age of each source text as it relates to the public domain and intellectual property law. Following chapter five, I use the combination of my analyses and personal understanding of copyright to render three separate verdicts on Shakespeare's infringement of source materials within each of his plays. Alongside each verdict, I provide lawful reasoning for the individual outcome of each case. In the final pages, I draw a conclusion concerning Shakespeare's infringement of source texts within his plays. It looks like one play clearly breaks the United Kingdom's copyright laws, one play may or may not depending on further studies, and a third drama clearly does not constitute infringement. Furthermore, I offer a brief commentary on the reigning United Kingdom intellectual property laws based upon my analyses and verdicts.

Обращение к анализу учебной исторической литературы позволяет более углубленно и всесторонне изучить проблемы, связанные с развитием отечественной культуры и науки XVIII - первой половины XX в., и такие дискуссионные вопросы, как становление и смена различных исторических концепций. Исследование содержания учебников предполагало создание нескольких временных срезов, на основании анализа которых делался вывод об общих тенденциях, связанных с изменениями парадигм исторического развития России, транслируемых учебниками массовому историческому сознанию с начала XVIII в. и до событий 1917 г. Временные срезы были тесно связаны с конкретными политическими и историко-экономическими изменениями, которые пережила Российская империя за исследуемый период, а также с господством определенных учебных пособий в рассматриваемую эпоху. При отборе учебников учитывался факт включения их в школьную программу, количество выдержанных изданий учебника (10 изданий и более), а также равномерность количества взятых изданий по разным периодам отечественной истории. Для анализа использовалось 19 учебников, учебных пособий и руководств для низших и старших курсов средних учебных заведений, и начальных училищ. Все источники по учебной литературе были условно сгруппированы по двум концепциям - официально-государственная (патриотическая) и либеральная. В каждом издании была выделена доминирующая концепция, которая принималась за основную концепцию всего учебника. В исследовании также приведена характеристика выявленных концепций, которые представлены в соответствии с хронологией русской истории. Проведенный анализ представил школьную историческую литературу в качестве ценного источника по формированию государственной политики в области представления исторической действительности, и, что еще важнее - для создания государственной концепции русской истории. ; The analysis of historical literature allows to consider profoundly the development of national culture and science of the 18th-first half of the 20th centuries and the formation and change of different historical concepts. With the analysis of historical periods that are highlighted in the research, general trends in the changing of paradigms about Russian historical development were concluded, which were translated to mass historical consciousness from the beginning of the 18th century up to 1917. The periods were closely connected with the specific political, historical and economic changes in Russian Empire and with the dominance of certain textbooks during this time. The books were selected because of a number of factors: their inclusion to the school curriculum, the number of publications (10 and more), the equal number of textbooks devoted to different historical periods. For the analysis were used 19 textbooks, schoolbooks for different courses of secondary schools and primary schools. All the sources of educational literature were grouped into two concepts officially-state (patriotic) and the liberal. Each publication was highlighted the dominant concept as a base for the whole textbook. There is also a characteristic of the concepts that are presented chronologically. The analysis represents school history books as an important source for the formation of state policy in the representing of Russian history, and, that is more important, for creation of the concept of the state of Russian history.

Туризм обладает значительной воспитательной функцией. Поэтому включение потенциала историко-культурного наследия в маршруты активного туризма и в воспитательную деятельность является первоочередной педагогической задачей планирования туристско-экскурсионной работы с молодежью. Таким образом, возможно говорить о мировоззренческой платформе воспитательной деятельности в туризме. Территория Московской области обладает значительным потенциалом для развития и расширения сети маршрутов активного туризма. Важные точки туристского притяжения находятся, в частности, на территории Клинского и Волоколамского муниципальных районов. На основе полевых туристских исследований, выполненных совместными усилиями сотрудников ФГБОУ ВПО «РГУТиС» и «Музея-заповедника «Усадьба «Мураново» имени Ф. И. Тютчева» разработан межмуниципальный военно-исторический велосипедный маршрут «Мураново Абрамцево». Разработанный и описанный в статье велосипедный туристский маршрут предполагает посещение ряда объектов, связанных с событиями различных эпох в истории Российского государства, в частности: музея-усадьбы «Мураново», с. Данилово, с. Артёмово, селений Калистово и Василёво, пос. Академиков, усадьбы Трубецких в Ахтырке, музея-заповедника «Абрамцево». Также программой маршрута предусматривается ознакомление с историей краеведческой работы в Софринской волости и Сергиевском крае, природными особенностями Сергиевского края, разворачивавшимися на территории региона событиями Великой Отечественной войны. Важно, что в процессе подготовки мероприятий активного туризма в полной мере реализуется воспитательный феномен туризма, становится нравственно-эффективным самобытное содержание программного обеспечения. Предлагаемый туристский велосипедный маршрут является жизненно необходимым социальным событием, формирующим историческую память у подрастающего поколения и вносящим свой вклад в воспитание молодёжи. ; Tourism has a significant educational function. Therefore, the inclusion of potential historical and cultural heritage routes into active tourism and educational activities is a priority objective of educational planning of tourist-excursion work with the youth. Thus, it is possible to talk about the ideological platform of educational activities in tourism. The territory of Moscow region has a considerable potential for development and expansion of the route network of active tourism. Important points of tourist attraction are, in particular, on the territory of Klinskiy and Volokolamskiy municipal districts. On the basis of the field of tourism research carried out jointly by employees of RSUTS and State Tyutchev Memorial estate «Mouranovo» Intermunicipal developed military-historical cycle route «Muranovo Abramtzevo» is suggested. The cycling tourist route developed and described in the article includes visits to a number of objects related to the events of different eras in the history of the Russian state, in particular: Museum-Estate «Muranovo», villages Danilovo and Artyomovo, villages Kalistovo and Vasilevo, town Akadimikov, estate of Trubetskoys in Akhtyrka, Museum «Abramtsevo». The program also provides a route to familiarize with the history of local history work in the municipalities of Sofrino and Sergievskiy regions, natural features of Sergievskiy region, unfolding events in the region during the Great Patriotic War. It is important that in the preparation of active tourism activities are fully implemented is a moral educational tourism phenomenon, and effective distinctive content is emphasized. The proposed tourist cycle route is a vital social event, forming the historical memory of the younger generation and contributing to the education of the youth.

В статье предпринята попытка проследить роль обращения к урокам европейской истории в системе взглядов видного представителя просвещенного абсолютизма прусского короля Фридриха II Гогенцоллерна (1712-1786). Предметом рассмотрения стало не только отношение короля к отдельным историческим личностям или фактам, но и его понимание исторического процесса, предшествующих эпох. Исторические представления монарха вполне вписываются в дискурс Просвещения: уничижительные характеристики Средневековья и превозношение Античности. Ценности собственной эпохи он ставит выше, чем достижения предшественников. Но в отличие от просвещенных писателей обращение к прошлому европейской истории могло быть продиктовано прагматическими мотивами. Внешняя политика Пруссии в годы его правления (1740-1786) была направлена на изменение политических границ в Центральной и Восточной Европе. Потребность в легитимации территориальных приращений заставляла короля довольно часто прибегать к методу исторических ассоциаций, устанавливая параллели между современными и историческими событиями. Рационалистически настроенный правитель был вполне готов расстаться с религиозной основой «старого порядка», но не с доктриной «просвещенного деспотизма». Защищая апогей абсолютной монархии во Франции, эпоху «короля-солнца» Людовика XIV, Фридрих ограждал от критики прусский политический режим. История Европы для просвещенного короля это своеобразный учебник большой политики и одновременно средство репрезентации собственной политической линии как служения обществу и государству. ; Trying to trace the role of addressing to the lessons of the European history in the ideas of the Enlightenment Absolutism eminent representative Frederick II, the Hohenzollern king, reigning over the Kingdom of Prussia in 1712-1786 has been made in the article. Not only the attitude of the king to certain historical figures or facts, but also his understanding of the historical process, of previous eras has been the subject of consideration. Historical representation of the monarch quite fit into the discourse of the Enlightenment: derogatory characteristics of the Middle Ages and the exaltation of Antiquity. He puts the value of his own era higher than the achievements of the predecessors. But, unlike the enlightened writers, in King Frederick, appealing to the past of European history could be dictated by pragmatic motives. Prussia's foreign policy during his reign (1740-1786) was aimed at changing the political borders in Central and Eastern Europe. Need to legitimize territorial increments often forced the king to resort to the method of historical associations, establishing parallels between modern and historical events. This rationally minded ruler was quite ready to part with the religious basis of the "old order", but not with "benevolent despotism" doctrine. Defending the apogee of the absolute monarchy in France, the Sun King's (Louis XIV's) epoch, King Frederick shielded the Prussian political regime from criticism. The history of Europe for this enlightened king is a kind of textbook of big politics and at the same time a Вестник КГУ им. Н.А. Некрасова № 2, 2015 201 SUMMARY means of representation of his own political line as a service to society and the state.

Попытки фальсификации истории и итогов Второй мировой войны 1939-1945 гг. выступают важной составляющей идеологического противоборства в информационном пространстве неолиберальных сил российского общества с патриотическими и являются инструментом ненасильственного характера для достижения геополитических целей ряда государств. США, страны Европейского союза и Украина стремятся извратить итоги Второй мировой войны, убрать из истории Великую Отечественную войну, подвиг советского народа, спасшего мир от фашизма, а Советский Союз (Российскую Федерацию) вместе с гитлеровской Германией посадить на скамью подсудимых истории, обвинив во всех бедах XX столетия. При этом попытки реабилитации фашизма и подмены послевоенных реалий ведут к разрушению всей системы современных международных отношений и, как следствие, к обострению борьбы за передел мира, в том числе и военными мерами. Китай активно внедряет в историографию утверждение, что Вторая мировая война началась 7 июня 1937 г. и связана с открытой агрессией Японии против Китая. С учётом данных обстоятельств в Военной доктрине Российской Федерации [2] отмечено, что наметилась тенденция смещения военных опасностей и военных угроз в информационное пространство и внутреннюю сферу Российской Федерации. К основным внутренним опасностям отнесена деятельность по информационному воздействию на население, в первую очередь, на молодых граждан страны, имеющая целью подрыв исторических, духовных и патриотических традиций в области защиты Отечества. ; One of the negative phenomena of the modern world are attempts to falsify history and the results of the Second World War, 1939-1945., is an important component of the ideological confrontation in the information space of neoliberal forces of Russian society with patriotic and non-violent, is a tool for achieving geopolitical goals of a number of states. United States, European Union and Ukraine tend to distort the results of the Second World War to remove the history of the Great Patriotic War, the feat of the Soviet people, who saved the world from fascism, and the Soviet Union (Russian Federation), together with Nazi Germany put in the dock of history, accusing all the troubles of the XX century. At the same time attempts to rehabilitate fascism and substitution postwar realities lead to the destruction of the entire system of contemporary international relations and, as a consequence, to the intensification of the struggle for the redivision of the world, including military measures. China is actively implementing the historiography of the statement that World War II began June 7, 1937 and is linked to an open aggression of Japan against China. Given these circumstances, the Military Doctrine of the Russian Federation noted that the trend of displacement of military dangers and military threats in the information space and the inner sphere of the Russian Federation. The main internal risks attributable activity information impact on the population, especially young citizens of the country, which has the aim of undermining the historical, spiritual and patriotic traditions in the field of defense of the Fatherland.

В статье показан процесс становления и развития отечественной историографии, посвященной проблеме взаимодействия власти и общества в развитии общего образования в России ХIХ-ХХ вв. На основе анализа основных трудов по проблеме показана эволюция взглядов отечественных ученых на роль власти и возможности общества в развитии образовательной сферы. Рассмотрены различные подходы к периодизации развития общего образования, в основу которых положено то или иное понимание заслуг власти и усилий общества. Выявлен ряд перспективных направлений историко-педагогических исследований в этой предметной области. ; Various aspects of the interaction between the authorities and society about the development of general education in Russia over the preceding two centuries are a part of civil and political history, educational and cultural ones. More than one generation of scientists comprehended and interpreted these aspects, and further development of scientific knowledge is impossible without ordering and systematization of knowledge on this issue. Genre of historiography allows to sum up and to perform further scientific work, taking into account the achievements and gaps in scientific knowledge. The subject of our study is Russian historiography on the problem of interrelations between late Imperial Russian / early and mature Soviet government and Russian society in general education development (second half of 19 th c. 1980s). We have investigated the significant body of scientific work on the processes in social, political and educational spheres using the methods of historical, legal, and discourse analysis, and we have shown the evolution of Russian scientists' views on role of power and opportunities of society in the development of the education. We have shown that by the end of the 19th century Russian history of pedagogy has formed two main approaches to periodization of the development of general education. Basis of both approaches was the understanding of efforts of authorities and society as a determining factor in the educational process. The first approach considers the state apparatus main driving force in the development of primary and secondary schools. The second approach is assigned a leading role of social institutions in this process. Despite the ideologization of history in the Soviet period, Soviet pedagogical historiography has become a form of revival of nineteenth-century trend, which was based on understanding of central government's fundamental contribution to educational process. Analysis of pre-revolutionary and Soviet historiography of general education in Russia as an object of efforts of government and society has allowed us to identify some promising areas of historical and educational research in this subject area. Such promising objects of study are: (i) the reaction of subjects of pedagogical process on political action authorities, the public mood and actions of the participants of the pedagogical process, forms of pressure on the authorities from the "bottom" with aims to express public estimate of some policy aspects; (ii) demonstrative escapades of pupils, through which they inform the authorities about their real attitude towards it; (iii) duality of the public response to the state control in educational sphere.

Стаття присвячена аналізу особливостей церковної політики Речі Посполитої 1788-1791 рр., законодавчих актів, які визначали юридичне становище православної церкви в цій державі, а також інтерпретації тогочасних подій та змісту документів відомим істориком церкви В. Бідновим. Окремо наголошено на тих заходах польської влади, яких слід було б уникати при формуванні сучасної церковної політики або, навпаки, було б бажано використовувати з метою збереження в країні суспільної злагоди та міжконфесійного порозуміння. ; Статья посвящена анализу особенностей церковной политики Речи Посполитой 1788-1791 гг., законодательных актов, которые определяли юридическое положение православной церкви в этом государстве, а также интерпретациям тех событий и содержания документов, осуществленных историком церкви В. Бедновым. Показано, что в своем освещении автор акцентирует внимание на тех действиях польской власти, которых следовало бы избегать при формировании современной церковной политики или, наоборот, было бы желательно использовать с целью сохранения в стране общественного мира и межконфессионального взамопонимания. ; The history of the church, inter-confessional relations and religious policies of the state is one of the developing areas of today's historical studies. An increasing number of special historical researches, papers, articles devoted to these issues, covering different periods in the history of our country, were a proof to that. Such interest is well justified as Ukraine is a country with complex ethnical and confessional set-up. This calls for deep insight into the history of relations between different confessions in the past. The article analyses specific features of the church policies of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth during the four year parliament (Sejm) of 1788-1791, acts of law adopted in that period that set legal grounds for the status of the Orthodox Church in the state, and studies the interpretation of those events and documents by church historian V. Bednov. Special attention was paid to the analysis of the actions of the Polish authorities to be avoided in today's church policies or, alternatively, to be encouraged today to maintain public peace and inter-confessional dialogue in the country. In his work, V. Bednov described in details all clauses of the Resolution of the General Congregation held in Pinsk, which were later legitimised by the Polish parliament (1791) and confirmed in the special Sejm constitution. This document was intended to dramatically change the status of the Orthodox Church in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Yet, time was lost, and prejudices that prevented the document from being adopted without limitations became one of the factors further resulting in the disappearance of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth as an independent state after the second (1793) and third (1795) partitions. These prejudices did not help to resolve controversies between Catholic, Uniate and Orthodox Christians either. The work of V. Bednov analysing the above issues was highly praised by his contemporaries. Yet, the scholar never returned to this topic in his studies, which makes this area very promising for modern researchers.

Период начальной истории общественных музеев на территории Томской области полностью совпадает с общегосударственными тенденциями. В период «развитого социализма» в Томской области было создано пять общественных музеев. В статье представлено авторское видение типологии общественных музеев. ; The museum network of the country in the 1960-80s included the state museums of the Ministry of Culture and their local departments, the state museums of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR and the Ministry of Higher and Vocational Secondary Education, as well as public museums. In the 1960-70s the museum network experienced a rapid growth due to public museums. Establishment of public museums became more intensive after the resolution of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the USSR "On the greater role of museums in the communist education of the working people" of May 1964. The resolution defined the procedure of opening new museums. A new museum could be opened only under the following conditions: when it was really needed, when the room and authentic valuable exhibits for future museums were available. Furthermore, the resolution included the tasks of strengthening links between the museums and industrial and agricultural enterprises, educational institutions, scientific and creative organizations; expansion of local history movement and all forms of museum work, especially in the villages. In 1980 it was decided to assign the honorary title of "National Museum" to the most worthy public museums in order to improve their work and to create a reserve for state museums on their bases. This title was awarded by the application of the local (republican or regional) authorities of culture and was to be confirmed every 5 years. The author grouped public museums as following in the paper: 1) public museums established by the initiative of society with the support of the authorities such as Soviet and Party organizations, as well as local culture departments of district and city executive committees; 2) museums of enterprises, collective farms and organizations established by the initiative of employees or trade unions; 3) museums of educational institutions (schools, colleges, vocational schools, universities) established by the initiative of teaching staff representatives. The period of the early history of public museums in Tomsk Oblast completely coincides with national trends. In this period four public museums and one room-museum were open in the oblast. These institutions were initiated by society and supported by the party. The resolutions of the Central Committee of the CPSU of 1964 and 1982 and of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR of 1983 encouraged this process. All public museums were of different types: for example, Tomsk had a museum of historical and revolutionary character, Podgorny District had a museum of art, Asino District had a literary museum, Verkhneketskiy District had a local history museum, Tomsk-7 (now Seversk) had a museum of military and historical character.

Автором статті схарактеризовано сутність та взаємозв'язок ключових понять дослідження; проаналізовано історичні тенденції та закономірності розвитку благодійності; систематизовано події, пов'язані з меценатством; виокремлено ключові суб'єкти благодійної діяльності в кожен із визначених періодів; обґрунтовано основні етапи генезису благодійності в Україні; з'ясовано актуальний стан фандрейзингової діяльності в національній системі вищої освіти; а також окреслено перспективи розвитку освітнього фандрейзингу, як інструменту диверсифікації джерел ресурсного забезпечення університету в контексті неоліберальної ідеології сучасних освітніх реформ. ; The American system of higher education is admired around the world, both for its quality and diversity. Despite criticisms that are sometimes directed toward U.S. universities, they are regarded as models by many institutions elsewhere around the world. Ukraine is undergoing a dramatic transition in its higher education system. Previously reliant entirely on the government, Ukrainian universities now face declining government funding and are being encouraged to develop alternative sources of support. At the same time, strengthening higher education is viewed as a critical national strategy for growth in a global economy based on information technology. In this time of change, many universities are seeking to emulate higher education in the United States, especially with regard to the development of philanthropic support. Ukraine has also got deeply rooted giving traditions, which we find useful to understand in order to determine how or whether to adapt successful national practices, combined with progressive American experience, to our contemporary situation in higher education. Thus, the following paper introduces definitions of the key terms used in the research, and analyses their etymology as well as the way they relate to each other in an integrated whole. The establishment of common definitions is a criterion of science. The fields of institutional advancement and educational fundraising have yet to achieve such commonality, and although the paper does not resolve that problem, it offers some important distinctions. In the paper the author provides an overview of the historical tendencies and models of philanthropic giving in Ukrainian society that shed the light on why people give and on the factors and processes that influenced that behavior. Moreover, the timeline of key philanthropic events in Ukraine that refer to patronage of education and culture, beginning with the Paleolithic age up to the present days, is compiled; and the list of benefactors, set in their social context, in each of the specified periods is presented in the paper. Furthermore, the paper places contemporary educational fundraising in the context of history. It is not only a history of philanthropy, but rather a brief history of organized fundraising in Ukraine. Eventually, the focus is on the actual state of fundraising practices in the national system of higher education. The evolution of the professional field and the prospects for the development of educational fundraising as a tool to diversify sources of extramural support for university, in the context of neoliberal ideology of modern educational reforms, are discussed.