Suchergebnisse

This article addresses the significance of the recent global trend toward liberalization of foreign direct investment (FDI), showing the importance of Latin America in the process and analyzing the regulation of FDI in three countries (Brazil, Chile, and Peru) and one integration movement (the Andean Group) of the region. The evolution of these four FDI regimes, from the 1970s to 1996, reflects the great changes in economic policy that have taken place in Latin America. After presenting some theoretical background concerning levels of FDI regulation in the world economy, the main aspects of the national regulation of FDI, and traditional conflict issues between multinational enterprises and host governments, the author proceeds to outline, on the one hand, the rise and fall of economic nationalism in Latin America (between 1970 and the mid-1980s), and, on the other, the central tenets of the so-called "Washington Consensus" (among the U.S. government, the International Monetary Fund, and the World Bank), which guide the liberalization of FDI in the 1990s. The article describes and analyzes the evolution of the four FDI regimes comparing them among themselves as well as with the World Bank Guidelines on FDI and NAFTA investment provisions, in order to establish their degree of convergence with the liberal rules supported by capital-exporting nations. ; Este artículo destaca la significación de la reciente tendencia mundial de liberalización de la inversión extranjera directa (IED), mostrando la importancia de América Latina dentro del proceso y analizando la reglamentación de la IED en tres países (Brasil, Chile y Perú) y un movimiento de integración (Grupo Andino) de la región, cuya evolución desde la década de los años setenta hasta 1996 es representativa de los grandes cambios en política económica operados en América Latina. Después de presentar algunos antecedentes teóricos sobre los niveles de reglamentación de la IED en la economía mundial, los principales aspectos de la reglamentación nacional de la IED y las tradicionales áreas de conflicto entre empresas multinacionales y gobiernos anfitriones, el trabajo delinea, por un lado, el ascenso y caída del nacionalismo económico en América Latina entre 1970 y mediados de los años ochenta y, por otro lado, las premisas fundamentales del llamado "Consenso deWashington" (entre el gobierno estadounidense, el Fondo Monetario Internacional y el Banco Mundial), que es el que orienta en los años noventa la liberalización mundial de la IED. El artículo describe y analiza la evolución de los cuatro regímenes de inversión extranjera, comparándolos entre sí, así como con las Directivas sobre IED del Banco Mundial y las provisiones sobre IED del Tratado de Libre Comercio deNorteamérica (que representan la posición del "Consenso de Washington"), con el objeto de establecer el grado de convergencia de los regímenes latinoamericanos con las normas liberales propugnadas por los países exportadores de capital.

Includes bibliographical references (p. [291]-309) and index ; China's legal system is characterized by the gap between law and reality. Focusing on regulatory law, and with reference to the foreign investment area, this book identifies the functional and structural problems within China's administrative legal system that perpetuate this gap. Topics examined in depth include China's unusual hierarchy of legislation, the lack of clear delineation between legal and policy norms, the great scope of discretion accorded to bodies charged with legal interpretation and implementation, the limited scope of judicial review, and the resulting problems of legislative inconsistency and haphazard legal enforcement. The book contends that China's legal system is being built on a faulty and incomplete basis, and that if these problems remain unaddressed, China's legal future is at risk ; published_or_final_version ; List of Diagrams ; Foreword ; Acknowledgments ; List of Abbreviations ; Bibliography p291 ; List of Statutes p311 ; Glossary of Chinese Words p321 ; Index p327 ; Ch. 1.Law and Reality ; Ch. 2.China's Administrative Legal Structure ; Ch. 3.Legal Flexibility ; Ch. 4.Legal Consistency ; Ch. 5.Implementation of Law ; Ch. 6.Legal Supervision ; Ch. 7.Conclusion ; The Role of Law and Its Contribution to Social Cohesion p4 ; The Basic Consensus Underpinning Social Order in Imperial China p17 ; Legal Reform 1904-1949: The Beginning of Normative Dislocation p20 ; The Manufacture and Breakdown of Consensus Underpinning China's Social, Political and Legal Order - 1949-78 p21 ; The Era of Reform (1978-Present) - The Attempt to Reconstruct Consensus Through Law p33 ; Law and Policy as Agents of Social Change p42 ; Renewal of Legitimacy Through Law p46 ; Lawmaking and Discretion p54 ; Hierarchy of Legislative Authority p55 ; Inherent and Conferred Power of State Power Organs and Administrative Bodies to Make Law p56 ; Lawmaking at the National Level p59 ; Lawmaking at the Local Level p83 ; Characteristics of Legal Drafting p95 ; Bringing Law Down to Reality - Specification and Administrative Interpretation p104 ; Normative Documents p105 ; Specification by State Council Departments p110 ; Specification by Local Government and Local Functional Departments p124 ; Legal Interpretation p135 ; Constitutional Supervision p148 ; Legislative Supervision p153 ; The Legal Status of Administrative Rules, Administrative Interpretations and Normative Documents p159 ; The Non-Application of Conflicting Rules and Normative Documents by Judicial and Quasi-Judicial Bodies p172 ; Tools of Legal Enforcement: Types of Specific Administrative Acts p190 ; Normative References Underlying the Policies of Legal Implementation Adopted by Administrative Bodies p222 ; Judicial Review and China's Lack of an Independent Legal Tradition p244 ; Administrative Review Organs and Their Ability (or Inability) to Perform Impartial Reviews of Administrative Action p260 ; Supervision by the Supreme People's Procuratorate p261 ; Supervision of Legal Implementation by Legislative, Administrative and Party Organs p263 ; The Implications of Continued Legal Dislocation p284 ; Preconditions for Further Development and Reform p285

Urban travel survey methods: measuring the present, simulating the future. – The quality of data from urban travel surveys has always been a major pre-occupation of survey designers and managers. This issue has become even more acute now that most urban areas face the triple dilemma of reconciling urban travel demand with the problems of financing, congestion and environmental quality. In this context, the search is on for innovative solutions, notably improved demand management measures. The evaluation of these measures call for more detailed and reliable survey data, and for a better understanding of the processes underlying shifts in travel behaviour; both are needed to build and feed models which are sensitive to policies aimed at modifying travel demand. The papers presented at the colloquium "Urban Travel Survey Methods: Measuring the Present, Simulating the Future", part of the ENTRETIENS JACQUES CARTIER held on 6-8 December 1995, offer the reader a rich and stimulating set of reflections upon this theme. The participation of researchers and practitioners from several European countries and North America made it possible to confront the state of the art and practice of travel surveys in many countries to the directions taken by recent survey research. This selection of the papers focuses primarily on the design issue involveld in: achieving integrated strategies for data collection and processing; the production of high quality data; and the parallel use of methods which explore and simulate changes in travel behaviour. ; La connaissance des mécanismes des comportements quotidiens de mobilité, et la compréhension de leur fonctionnement à l'aide d'instruments de modélisation ou de simulation, est à la base de la formulation de politiques de transport plus efficaces. Cette question se pose avec encore plus d'acuité aujourd'hui, alors que la plupart des agglomérations sont confrontées à une triple crise des déplacements concernant le financement, la congestion et l'environnement. Les agglomérations cherchent à apporter de nouvelles solutions qui passent par une meilleure régulation de la demande. L'évaluation de ces mesures nécessite des données plus fines et fiables et une meilleure compréhension des processus de changement de comportement pour construire et alimenter des modèles plus sensibles aux politiques d'orientation de la demande. Les articles de ce livre, tirés des communications présentées au colloque « les enquêtes de déplacements urbains : mesurer le présent, simuler le futur », qui s'est déroulé dans le cadre des 8èmes Entretiens Jacques Cartier du 6 au 8 décembre 1995, ainsi que les synthèses des débats qui les accompagnent, apportent au lecteur des pistes de réflexion riches et stimulantes. La participation de chercheurs et de praticiens de diverses origines (Europe et Amérique du Nord) permet de confronter l'état de l'art et de la pratique et les pistes de recherches développées dans de nombreux pays. Cette sélection d'articles est principalement centrée sur les questions de conception d'enquête et notamment : la nécessité d'une stratégie globale de production des données, la qualité des données produites, et l'utilisation conjointe de méthodes d'exploration et de simulation des changements de comportement.

The intermunicipal, cross-border co-operation in the European border regions has experienced a dynamic thrust of development in the last few years. This was facilitated by the changes in the political, legal and financial framework conditions, to which the community initiative INTERREG provided a considerable contribution. An additional factor in the Saar-Lor-Lux region is that subunits form in the actual border regions within the generously measured, regional work areas of the interregional co-operation, characterised by a fairy homogenous regional structure. Using three case examples, it is demonstrated that cross-border organisation structures have developed within these small regions on a municipal level. These are being institutionalised more and more. Using the regional development model of the network of cities, which is being discussed with regards to its cross-border applicability, we can in this context speak of local co-operation networks. In the case of the Agglomération Transfrontalière du Pôle Européen de Développement (PED) in the Belgian-French-Luxembourg state triangle, the participating local authority districts and government authorities have joined together to form an association and maintain a joint Observatoire de l'Urbanisme, responsible among other things since 1996 for the registration and processing of regional data as well as for the development of land use concepts. The M eeting of Mayors and/or the Ronde des Trois Frontières, responsible for the development of tourism in the German-French-Luxembourg Moselle Valley, are considerably less formal network structures. The co-operation between the border local authority districts was institutionalised in the Saar-Rosselle region in the form of the Intermunicipal Association for Work. The latter maintains a co-operation office with the Saarbrücken city association, principally responsible for co-ordination tasks with regards to current and developing, cross-border projects. Despite the depicted structural and legal impediments, an increased institutionalisation of the co-operations can be observed; this goes hand in hand with a topical diversification, which deincreasingly covers subject areas which have been avoided up until now because of the potential conflicts found therein, as demonstrated by the example of the joint commercial area development in the case of the Agglomération du PED. These observed case examples deal with increasingly integrated core regions within a border region which can provide important impulses for the interregional and also international dialogue. At the same time, practical measures were implemented on this level, which are perceived by the local population in day to day life and therefore have greater identity-forming effects. In this context, these measures can provide an essential or even exemplary contribution to overcoming the interior borders of the EU. These approaches can be understood as being a basis for integration "from the bottom up" which make a greater sustainability and acceptance in the various sectors of day to day living more probable, unlike the top-down forces which dominate the realisation of the European common market or the currency union.

AbstractSmall and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs) innovate and invest in new technologies much more than was thought until recently. Some do so in a radical way, others in an extensive way. They can easily be compared to large enterprises if we exclude SMEs in specific niches, and those which are not in a competitive environment.The perception that SMEs were slow to innovate or use new technologies compared to large enterprises stems from the belief that SMEs were short of resources, and in particular, short of financial resources. Many studies have shown that the financial structure of SMEs is not significantly different from that of large enterprises, except for the importance of short‐term financing. Such financing, taking into account the seesaw cost evolution of R&D and technological improvements, might prove problematic for very innovative or high‐technology SMEs, particularly in the R&D stage of the innovation development, or in the structural technological change phase, where the level of uncertainty eliminates access to regular financial markets. In this case, state intervention would be appropriate. The state could work in association with SMEs and financial institutions, to adapt programs and to inform SMEs of the range of risk financing possibilities at every stage of the innovation process. Similarity, financial institutions should review the way they participate in the financing of SMEs and revise their risk‐appraisal models.RésuméLes PME font beaucoup plus d'innovation et recourent beaucoup plus aux nouvelles technologies que l'on croyait il y a encore quelque temps. Quelques‐unes le font de façon radicale et un bon nombre de façon importante. Elles peuvent ainsi mieux se comparer aux grandes entreprises si on exclut les petites firmes oeuvrant sur des créneaux spécifiques ou échappant plus ou moins aux pressions concurrentielles.La croyance dans le retard des PME venait notamment du fait que l'on disait qu'elles manquaient de ressources, financières en particulier, comparées aux grandes entreprises; ce manque de ressources présumé venant agir comme un frein à leur développement. Plusieurs études ont montré que la structure financière des PME n'est pas tellement différente de celle des grandes, ce qui contredirait un bon nombre de préjugés à l'égard des PME, sauf quant à l'importance du financement à court terme. Mais, un tel financement, compte tenu de l'évolution en dents de scie des coûts de R et D et de la modernisation des procédés, peut poser un problème chez les PME particulièrement innovatrices ou de haute technologic notamment dans la phase de recherche et de développement ou de changement structurel technologique, alors que l'incertitude qui s'en suit exclut tout recours aux marchés financiers réguliers. Il convient dans ce dernier cas que l'État, de concert avec les entreprises, présente des programmes mieux adaptés et s'applique avec le système financier à mieux diffuser auprès des PME l'énsemble des possibilités de financement de risque disponibles aux différents stades du processus d'innovation. De même, le système financier doit revoir ses façons de participer au financement de ces entreprises, en révisant ses modèles d'appréciation des risques.

The aim of the research is to describe the emergent process of the local public sphere at la Reunion island (France) in a social change context. The first part of the dissertation develops the theoretical perspective of the concept of public sphere. What is finally focused as a central hypothesis is that two major dimensions are constitutive of the public sphere. One is, along with habermas work, the procedural dimension. But the public sphere may also be considered as a social scene where social interactions, events, and social actors emerge as public ones. Moreover, the public sphere is socially diffracted into several social segments of the society : political, media, urban and school ones. The data, issued from la reunion secondary school (1970-1995) are collected in a diachronical and ethnographical perspective. The analysis (in the second part of the work) focuses on the evolution of the news produced by pupils; the third part is an ethnographical observation of the urban experience recently made by the "new" secondary school pupils. If the emergent point of the public sphere appears in the school context, the analysis shows that this social space is so deeply connected with the other social segments mentionned above, that they constitute a strong socio-political system. Finally, as one of the main result of this research, it seams to be easier to discuss the relevance of the analytical categories from which the concept of public sphere is based; their theoretical validity may be questionned when they are applied within so different social context from that one within which they were elaborated the western developed countries. ; Cette thèse tente de décrire le processus d'émergence de l'espace public dans une société en mutation : l'île de la Réunion. La première partie propose une présentation et une mise en perspective de la double conception de l'espace public - la " sphère de discussion" et la "scène d'apparition" - que la littérature tend à opposer. Cette recherche montre que ces deux dimensions sont constitutives d'un espace public multidimensionnel et fragmente en émergence en de multiples lieux : l'espace politique, l'espace médiatique, l'espace urbain et l'espace scolaire, ce dernier constituant le point d'observation sur lequel se concentrent les travaux. La démonstration s'appuie sur une approche chronologique (1970-1995) et une description ethnographique du lycée à la Réunion, focalisée sur l'étude de la presse lycéenne dans une deuxième partie, sur l'expérience de la citadinité dans une troisième partie. Le point d'émergence de l'espace public se situe dans l'espace scolaire, mais l'étude montre combien les différents lieux ou s'élabore l'espace public réunionnais font système et apparaissent comme profondément articulés. A partir de cette analyse il devient possible d'interroger les catégories qui définissent le concept d'espace public, et de poser la question de leur validité dans des contextes différents des sociétés occidentales développées dans lesquelles elles ont été élaborées.

Over the past 40 years, the city of San Jose, in the Santa Clara Valley of northern California, has experienced explosive population and economic growth, fueled by the development of the high-technology industries. Along with the need for large numbers of engineering, technical, and managerial workers, the rapid industrialization of the Santa Clara Valley generated a huge demand for workers in unskilled, low-wage occupations, especially in the manufacturing assembly and maintenance service sector. This vast supply of unskilled, low-wage jobs played a central role in attracting immigrant workers to the region, especially from Mexico and Central America. As Latino immigrant workers have settled in San Jose, there has been an expansion of low-income urban enclave, especially in the Eastside where most of these workers live. In contrast to urban slums resulting from economic decline, these poor immigrant enclaves are the relatively new result of the successful, but highly unequal, economic development generated by the so-called Silicon Valley's high-technology industries. This study is based on ethnographic fieldwork; it seeks to describe and analyze the experiences of a group of Mexican immigrant workers and families who live in low-income barrio in San Jose that we call Benfield. The study reveals that Mexican immigrant workers, both legal and undocumented, in Benfield are concentrated in precisely those labor-intensive, low-income jobs that since the early 1980s have proliferated at one of the highest growth rates in the region. We argue that the use of immigrants as a source of flexible, disposable labor in several light-manufacturing and service industries in Silicon Valley is the primary factor that keeps a large segment of immigrant families trapped in poverty, despite there being more than one full-time worker in the family. We show that the subsistence of immigrant workers and their families depends on several strategies for coping with poverty: extended households and dense social networks; informal income-generating activities supplementing the low wages in the formal sector; and material and economic assistance from charities and, residents are eligible, government institutions. We argue that in the absence of state and local government policies, today's Latino immigrant poor could become further impoverished and their communities evolve into areas of concentrated poverty. The challenge is to develop a comprehensive set of coherent, well-orchestrated state policies that address not only the complex consequences but also the root causes of the problems that afflict working poor immigrant families and the barrios where they live. Our policy recommendations have two goals: first—and this is the main front where the battle against the growth in the number of working-poor immigrants must be fought—to decrease the comparative advantage of exploiting undocumented immigrant labor, second, to develop specific state policies tailored to low-income Latino immigrant communities, policies that, in light of the economic and demographic changes that have been taking place in California over the past few decades, are long overdue.

The article attempts to track political debate as it occurred during the days of Peru's Independence, using a source that has been analyzed relatively little in Peruvian history. The theater, beyond its formal or artistic, representations, provides a unique perspective on the concerns and tensions affecting society, especial/y against a backdrop of political revolt. The city of Lima, the final scenario of the freedom movement was a stage for political debate between monarchists and republicans. The proposals of the day needed a public space where a crowd could gather and messages be transmitted lo the elite and society at large. The theater served this purpose during tire stormy years of the Independence. This analysis, therefore, concentrates on political proposals presented in plays, fully aware that it ignores other viewpoints. What we find is the freedom movement's message molded to the schemes and needs of the Lima elite. From that point of view, political discourse tended more toward a continuation of the colonial system rather than radical change. Furthermore, the elite had put up with several social reforms in recent decades and, with the memory of Tupac Amaru still fresh, would naturally have been more receptive lo the peace-and-unity-for-all theme, as this would help them maintain a grip on the country that was shaking perilously. ; El presente artículo intenta seguir la discusión política producida durante los días de la Independencia del Perú, y paro ello partimos de la aproximación a una fuente relativamente poco analizada desde la historia en el Perú. El teatro, más allá de las referencias formales o artísticas, refleja de una manera peculiar las preocupaciones y tensiones que atraviesa la sociedad, más aun cuando esto ocurre en un contexto de revolución política. La ciudad de Lima, punto final de los movimientos libertarios, es escenario del debate político entre los partidarios de la monarquía y los que propugnaban el sistema republicano. Las propuestas necesitan de un espacio público capaz de convocar y trasmitir estos mensajes a las élites y el gran público. El teatro cumplió esa función durante los tumultuosos años de la Independencia. Por ello, el análisis privilegia la revisión de las propuestas políticas presentadas en las obras, a riesgo consciente de no tomar en atenta otras perspectivas. Lo que encontraremos es la adecuación del mensaje libertario a los esquemas y necesidades de la élite limeña. Desde esta perspectiva los discursos políticos tienden mucho más a la continuidad colonial que al cambio radical. Además, una élite que había sufrido en las últimas décadas varios movimientos sociales, y aún con el latente recuerdo de Túpac Amaru, seguramente era mucho más receptiva al tema de la unión de todos y la paz, que asegurarían mantener el control de 1111 país que se tambaleaba peligrosamente.

In talking about the presence of Italian in Malta one needs to look at the linguistic influence of a succession of many foreign rulers. After the Arabic domination (870-1092) that marked the semitic base of the Maltese language, the Normans who took over Malta in 1091 introduced Latin as the administrative language. From around 1400 onwards the official language used between the local Maltese government and the Central government in Sicily was not only Latin but also the Sicilian dialect (Wettinger 1993). The taking over of the Maltese Islands by the Knights of the Order of St. John and their long domain (1530-1798) marks a fundamental stage in Maltese linguistic history. The Tuscan dialect adopted by the Knights as their official language became the language of culture on the Islands. From the second half of the XVI century, official documents were written in Italian. This, however, did not hamper Maltese writers from making use of other Italian dialects, especially Sicilian and Neapolitan (Eynaud 1979). The brief period of French rule (1798-1800) does not entail important changes from a linguistic point of view. However, the primacy of the Italian language is put in jeopardy during the English domain (1800-1964). After the relative calmness of the first years, the English rulers started to make reservations against the use of the Italian language, perceived with suspicion following the Unification ofltaly. These events brought about the much discussed issue of The Language Question that characterised the socio-political history of Malta up to the Second World War. The year 1934 was decisive: the Constitution of Malta was modified so that the Maltese language became an official language alongside Italian and English. At a successive stage the Italian language was ousted from the University and the law courts. The definite degrading of Italian from official language came about in the month of May 1936. The subsequent entrance of Italy in the war of 1940 closes definitely the Language Question. The 1964 Maltese Constitution elevates the status of the Maltese language, promoting it to National Language, with English as the other Official language. Paradoxically the Italian language again gains position, at least, as to the number of Italian speakers in Malta. Today, all political controversies of the first half of this century are forgotten, and Italy has become the greatest partner of the island, not only in the political and economic fields but also in the cultural spheres. The diffusion of television programmes by RAJ and other private Italian networks has rendered the Maltese viewers almost completely dependent on Italian television, at least until the recent arrival of cable television. As a consequence, the young generation not only absorb and reproduce Italian modes of saying, but look up to Italy as a way of life to admire and imitate. ; peer-reviewed

The article attempts to track political debate as it occurred during the days of Peru's Independence, using a source that has been analyzed relatively little in Peruvian history. The theater, beyond its formal or artistic, representations, provides a unique perspective on the concerns and tensions affecting society, especial/y against a backdrop of political revolt. The city of Lima, the final scenario of the freedom movement was a stage for political debate between monarchists and republicans. The proposals of the day needed a public space where a crowd could gather and messages be transmitted lo the elite and society at large. The theater served this purpose during tire stormy years of the Independence. This analysis, therefore, concentrates on political proposals presented in plays, fully aware that it ignores other viewpoints. What we find is the freedom movement's message molded to the schemes and needs of the Lima elite. From that point of view, political discourse tended more toward a continuation of the colonial system rather than radical change. Furthermore, the elite had put up with several social reforms in recent decades and, with the memory of Tupac Amaru still fresh, would naturally have been more receptive lo the peace-and-unity-for-all theme, as this would help them maintain a grip on the country that was shaking perilously. ; El presente artículo intenta seguir la discusión política producida durante los días de la Independencia del Perú, y paro ello partimos de la aproximación a una fuente relativamente poco analizada desde la historia en el Perú. El teatro, más allá de las referencias formales o artísticas, refleja de una manera peculiar las preocupaciones y tensiones que atraviesa la sociedad, más aun cuando esto ocurre en un contexto de revolución política. La ciudad de Lima, punto final de los movimientos libertarios, es escenario del debate político entre los partidarios de la monarquía y los que propugnaban el sistema republicano. Las propuestas necesitan de un espacio público capaz de convocar y trasmitir estos mensajes a las élites y el gran público. El teatro cumplió esa función durante los tumultuosos años de la Independencia. Por ello, el análisis privilegia la revisión de las propuestas políticas presentadas en las obras, a riesgo consciente de no tomar en atenta otras perspectivas. Lo que encontraremos es la adecuación del mensaje libertario a los esquemas y necesidades de la élite limeña. Desde esta perspectiva los discursos políticos tienden mucho más a la continuidad colonial que al cambio radical. Además, una élite que había sufrido en las últimas décadas varios movimientos sociales, y aún con el latente recuerdo de Túpac Amaru, seguramente era mucho más receptiva al tema de la unión de todos y la paz, que asegurarían mantener el control de 1111 país que se tambaleaba peligrosamente.

The Agbiotech Bulletin, Volume 2, Issue 6, October 1994 Code Number: NL95015 Size of Files: Text: 69K No associated graphics files AG-WEST 5TH ANNUAL MEETING An Industry in Transition AgCanada Goes to Market Knowledge-based Banking REGULATORY AFFAIRS One-Window Environmental Assessment Service Biotech Guidelines & Regs Coming Agriculture and Agri-food Canada guidelines for biotechnological products based on plants and animals are expected to be done by December, 1995. Biodiversity Strategy Nearing Completion Quality Control Eases Regulatory Process TRENDS Science and Technology Important to Future Agriculture: Goodale Government Review Targets Science and Technology FINANCE ADF Approves $2.7 Million in Projects LEGAL NOTES Importance of Patent Date a Mystery Canadian Biotech Law Text Released ATTITUDES Fear of Change BUSINESS Sask. Soil Testing Privatized The UofS and Ag-Spec Analytical Services of Saskatoon have announced the formation of Plains Innovative Laboratory Services to replace the University's Soil Testing Laboratory. Biovail UofS Collaboration RECENT DEVELOPMENTS New Potato Virus Test Saves Time Oats Without Hulls Plastic from Canola First Genetically Engineered Wheat Rumen Booster NETWORK NOTES Technology Transfer Information Made Easy B.C. Joins Ag Education Council New Director for Ag in the Schools When a Weed is Not a Weed Minerva Animal Health Launched Calgary Canola Research Company Seeking Partners Alberta Company Strikes at Hamburger Disease New Facility for UofM Ag Research Fourth Pacific Rim Biotech Conference Nature Versus Crop Land Microbial Sleuths Meet A microbial detection workshop was recently held in Saskatoon for representatives from industry, science and government. Prime Minister Releases NABST Report Canadian Technology Network Innaugerated RESOURCES The Ultimate Reference Centre An International Knowledge Powerhouse Environmental Tech Booster A Guide to Disease and Pests Reaching Out to Farmers in Developing Countries A History of Biotechnology 477-PIGS If you have questions about swine, call the Prairie Swine Centre's "Pig Line." The Centre also provides information through its newsletter, Centred on Swine, and through fact sheets, scientific papers, magazine artricles and proceedings. Biotechnology Information Source Available at Ag-West Biotech in Saskatoon is a list of National Agricultural Library quick-referrence bibliographies substantial resources for recent research on such topics as plant nutrition, gene expression in horticultural and field crops, transgenic animals, and biofuels. PEOPLE WATCH AgriCapital Corporation Ag-West Biotech Awards Received National S&T Advisory Board IPGRI Biomira Inc. BIOSTAR Canadian Institute of Biotechnology BIO Calgene Cangene Corporation Connaught Laboratories Ltd. Industrial Biotechnology Association of Canada National Research Council Pacific Forestry Research Centre Prizm Pharmaceuticals Quorum Growth Inc. Articles, announcements and suggestions are welcome. The AgBiotech Bulletin is published by Westcross House Publications 608 Duchess Street Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7K 0R1 Phone: (306) 934-1772 fax: (306) 664-6615 October 21, 1994 Agbiotech Newsflash Canadian Regulatory Progress Greeted with Optimism

The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of Regulation 1 of CLIA '88 on personnel needs in clinical laboratories of acute care hospitals in Virginia, resulting from proficiency testing, complexity level of testing and personnel standards. Because the legislation was enacted and passed with the intent of improving the quality of laboratory testing in every setting, the problem of the study was to determine the effects Regulation 1 of CLIA 88 had on personnel needs for the delivery of quality clinical laboratory services in acute care hospitals of Virginia. A survey was sent to 140 acute care hospital laboratories in Virginia. There were 107 respondents, with 75 respondents providing usable data for this study. The remainder did not provide full laboratory services. Demographic information was obtained regarding bed capacity, educational levels of current personnel serving in different capacities, test volume, and percent of tests performed by different complexity levels. Comparisons were made among small, medium, and large facilities. The majority of respondents were representative of a facility with a bed capacity of 200 or less. The level of test complexity performed was similar regardless of the facility size. The majority of facilities did not anticipate an increase in personnel needs as a result of CLIA personnel standards. All facilities had personnel at all capacities that met required educational levels at this time. The majority of facilities did not anticipate an increase in personnel as a result of increased proficiency testing; however, when a projected need was indicated, there was a greater need indicated for AS degree level personnel followed by BS level personnel with a decline indicated in non degreed personnel. Staffing pattern changes related to increased proficiency testing indicated differences in the projected needs of small, medium, and large facilities. Barriers for implementing CLIA 88 personnel standards were identified from the literature review and the pilot study. Respondents were asked to identify the barriers that were most Significant; they are in order as ranked: cost, availability of qualified personnel, and CLIA not reflecting the depth of knowledge and judgment needed to make independent competent judgment. The barriers were also reviewed by hospital bed size. It was concluded that as the number of tests being sent out increased, the number of tests being performed in-house have increased at the moderate complexity level, a level which requires less qualified personnel. The intent of the law to improve the quality of laboratory testing has not occurred in every setting. If the intent of the law is implemented, a need exists to provide educational opportunities at the AS and BS level for experienced personnel. Respondents did not perceive criteria as established by CLIA 88 as being adequate to determine the qualifications of personnel, who are responsible for quality patient test results in all settings. ; Ed. D.

After experiencing success in reforming 'rural economy' Chinese reformers shifted their policy target to 'urban economy' in 1984. The basic lever which should had been pushed by this reform was 'awaking' of initiative of the enterprises, as well as of the every individual in production process. The most important basis of 'urban reform', but at the same time, the ideal model of all its' defects of the previous system, as well as the corn of the resistance to the changes, are state industrial enterprises (8.000 giant and medium size enterprises and 85.000 small ones, which gave 70% of total country's industrial product). The main aim of economic reform has been to make every enterprise relatively independent economic unit which takes the responsibility for production's results. Nearly 40% of these enterprises have been producing nothing but losses and their mutual debts worth from 200-300 billion yuan. Shutting them down is crucial economic, political social and ideological question. With the current unemployment of 4% of urban labor force, 'fluctuating population' of rural unemployed of nearly 130 million, serious 'dissatisfaction' of urban population with these, and inflation of 27% in 1984, this problem is emerging as crucial question of 'urban reform' and maybe reform as a whole. In spite of numerous negative cases with selling such unsuccessful enterprises to foreigners and mainland Chinese, it seems to be the only way out of current blockaded situation. Hesitation to make such very decision could have the same negative consequence. ; Posle uspešno sprovedene 'reforme na selu' kineski reformatori su od 1984. usredsredili svoju reformsku politiku na 'gradsku reformu'. Osnovna podloga koju je trebalo da pokrene ova reforma je 'buđenje' inicijative kako preduzeća, tako i svakog pojedinca u proizvodnom procesu. Najvažnije uporište 'gradske reforme', ali u isto vreme, i idealni model svih manjkavosti ranijeg sistema, kao i srž otpora promenama, su državna industrijska preduzeća (8.000 gigantskih i srednjih preduzeća i 85.000 malih, koja daju oko 70% ukupne industrijske proizvodnje zemlje). Glavni cilj ekonomske reforme je da načini svako preduzeće relativno nezavisnim privrednim subjektom koji preuzima odgovornost za proizvodne rezultate. Gotovo 40% ovih preduzeća proizvodi samo gubitke, a njihova međusobna dugovanja iznose između 200 i 300 milijardi juana. Njihovo gašenje je krucijalno ekonomsko, političko, socijalno i ideološko pitanje. Sa sadašnjom stopom nezaposlenih od 4% gradske radne snage, 'lutajućom populacijom' koju čine nezaposleni seljaci od gotovo 130 miliona ljudi, inflacijom od 27% u 1984, ozbiljnim 'nezadovoljstvom' gradskog stanovništva svim ovim, ovaj problem se nameće kao ključno pitanje 'gradske reforme' i možda, reforme uopšte. Uprkos brojnim negativnim slučajevima sa prodajom ovakvih neuspešnih preduzeća strancima i domaćim Kinezima, izgleda daje to jedini put iz trenutne pat-pozicije. Oklevanje da se donese upravo ovakva odluka može imati jednake negativne posledice.

Relationship of international law and municipal law — Crimes against international law — Punishment by municipal courts — Shooting of persons at Berlin Wall by border guards of German Democratic Republic — Prosecution of border guards for homicide following re-unification of Germany — Whether shooting justified to prevent escape to the West under Border Law of German Democratic Republic — Whether shootings at Berlin Wall comparable to mass murder by Nazis — Test of whether acts committed on order of the State exceeded limits set by universally recognized general principles of law — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 — Whether providing yardstick for universally accepted minimum standards365Human rights — Right to life — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 — Article 6(1) — Arbitrary deprivation of life — Border regime of German Democratic Republic — Instructions to border guards to shoot to kill if necessary in order to prevent escapes to the West — Whether constituting arbitrary deprivation of life — Principle of proportionality — Whether interest of German Democratic Republic in preventing escape of its citizens ever justifying use of firearmsHuman rights — Freedom of movement — Right to leave one"s country — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 — Article 12(1) and (3) — General denial of right to nationals of German Democratic Republic — Whether violation of International CovenantHuman rights — Procedure for enforcement — Fundamental rights under Basic Law of Federal Republic of Germany — Article 103(2) — Non-retroactivity of criminal law — Scope of rule — Exception for acts which are criminal according to general principles of law recognized by the community of nations — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966, Article 15(2)Relationship of international law and municipal law — Act of State and justiciability — Whether act of State doctrine a general rule of international law — Whether applicable in Federal Republic of Germany — Whether acts of foreign State subject to judicial review in Federal Republic — Whether Unification Treaty, 1990, preventing acts of authorities in German Democratic Republic from being reviewed by courts of Federal RepublicState immunity — Jurisdictional immunity — Foreign armed forces — Prosecution in Federal Republic of Germany of former border guard of German Democratic Republic for murder — Whether soldier acting as agent of foreign State entitled to jurisdictional immunity — Demise of German Democratic Republic following re-unification of Germany — Whether constituting a bar to assertion of jurisdictional immunityTerritory — Effects of change of sovereignty — Re-unification of Germany — Legal consequences — Whether border guards of former German Democratic Republic subject to criminal prosecution in Republic of Germany following re-unificationTreaties — Effect in municipal law — Conflict with municipal law — Whether treaty provisions taking precedence — Duty of courts to interpret municipal law consistently with treaty provisions if possible — International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 — Effect of ratification by German Democratic Republic — Conflict with Border Law of German Democratic Republic, 1982 — The law of the Federal Republic of Germany

[ES] El estudio de la diferentes perspectivas en los modelos de organización es el mayor interés para profundizar en el conocimiento de la evolución de la enseñanza y de la escuela. La teoría "socio-crítica" se encuadra entre los modelos "políticos". En estos modelos subyace el paradigma del conflicto, el cual se entiende como un proceso derivado del poder y de la interacción que se produce en el seno de las organizaciones. J. Habermas —representante de la Escuela de Francfort— y, en general, la llamada Nueva Sociología de la Educación, constituyen fuentes claves en su inspiración, que es de raíz marxista y psicoanalítica. El enfoque "socio-crítico" recibe la objeción de que no es conocimiento verdaderamente científico, sino una forma dialéctica de predicar el cambio y la alteración del orden social existente, en función de criterios de "emancipación" y concienciación. Otro problema que se le plantea es que no resuelve la cuestión del paso de las teorías que propugna a su realización práctica. ; [EN] The study of the different perspectives in the organization models is of great interest to go deeply into the knowledge of teaching and school education. The "Socio-Critical" theory fits into the "political" models. Int these models, the paradigm "conflict" is underlying. Conflict is to be understood as a process derived from the power and interaction produced within organizations. J. Habermas, —representative of the School of Fracfurt—, and, in general, the so called New Sociology of Education, constituye its key sources of inspiration, which is of a Marxsit and Psychoanalitic origin. It is objected that the "Socio-Critical" aproach is not a real scientific knowledge but a dialectical way of preaching the change and alteration of the existing social order in terms of 'emancipation and consciousness criteria. Another objection to this approach is the fact that it does not provide a soluction for and appropiate transition from theory to practice. ; RESUME: L'étude des différentes perspectives des modeles d'organization est du plus importan intérét pour approfondir dans la connaissance de l'evolution de l'enseignance et de l'école. La téorie "socio critique" s'encadre dans les modeles "politiques". Dans ees modeles, on retrouve le paradigme du "conflict", qui peut se compendre comme un processus derivé du pouvoir et de l'intéraction qui se produit au sein des organisations. J. Habermas, —représentant de l'Ecole de Frankfurt—, et, en general, la connue Nouvelle Sociologie de l'Education, sont les sources principales de son inspiration, qui se base sur le marxisme et la psicoanalitique. Le point de vue "socio critique" recoit l'objetion de ne pas étre tout á fait scientifique, mais plutót une facón dialectique d'aborder le changement et la peturbation de l'ordre social existant, en fonction des critéres d'émancipation et de prise de conscience. Un autre probléme qui se pose c'est que l'on ne resout pas le passage de téories a la mise en pratique.