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The New Public Management failed to present significant changes in the patterns of relations between the centralizing state and society. This research proposes an analytical approach based on the interactions between collaborative governance (CG) and communicative action theory (CAT), in order to study communicative collaboration (CC) practices involving the state and society. When looking for intersections among the theoretical assumptions in CG and CAT, the study identified four theoretical constructs that contribute to a collaborative scenario: multiplicity of actors, interdependence, inclusive deliberative process, and seeking consensus. The findings based on cutting-edge CG theory and on Habermas' classic works demonstrate that CC assumptions enable environments conducive to inclusive social participation. The article argues that it is possible to build spaces conducive to communicative collaboration between the state and society, where there is equal participation among actors seeking shared understanding leading to practical solutions to public problems. ; Los esfuerzos del gerencialismo no pudieron presentar grandes cambios en los patrones de las relaciones entre Estado centralizador y sociedad. El objetivo de esta investigación es proponer un enfoque analítico, a partir de las aproximaciones entre la gobernanza colaborativa (GC) y la teoría de la acción comunicativa (TAC), para la investigación de prácticas de colaboración comunicativa (CC) entre Estado y sociedad. En la búsqueda por las intersecciones de los presupuestos teóricos de la GC y de la TAC, se identificaron cuatro constructos teóricos para un escenario colaborativo: multiplicidad de actores, interdependencia, proceso deliberativo inclusivo y búsqueda del consenso. Los hallazgos de las obras clásidas de Habermasian y de vanguardia de GC demostraron que los supuestos de CC permiten entornos propicios para la participación social inclusiva. Se discute que es posible construir espacios propicios a una CC entre Estado y sociedad, donde haya igualdad de participación entre los interesados, en la búsqueda de un entendimiento compartido capaz de apuntar soluciones prácticas para problemas públicos. ; Pode-se dizer que os esforços do gerencialismo não conseguiram apresentar grandes mudanças nos padrões das relações entre Estado centralizador e sociedade. Com isso em vista, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi propor uma abordagem analítica, a partir das aproximações entre governança colaborativa (GC) e teoria da ação comunicativa (TAC), para investigar práticas de colaboração comunicativa (CC) entre Estado e sociedade. Na busca pelas intersecções entre os pressupostos teóricos da GC e da TAC, identificaram-se quatro constructos teóricos para um cenário colaborativo: a) multiplicidade de atores; b) interdependência; c) processo deliberativo inclusivo; e d) busca pelo consenso. Os achados do estado da arte da GC e das obras clássicas habermasianas demonstraram que os pressupostos de uma CC viabilizam ambientes propícios a uma participação social inclusiva. Discute-se que é possível construir espaços propícios a uma CC entre Estado e sociedade, onde haja igualdade de participação entre os interessados, na busca por um entendimento compartilhado capaz de apontar soluções práticas para problemas públicos.

Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit den Lebenswelten von Frauen in ländlichen peripheren Räumen, deren Lebens- und Erwerbsbiographien von unbezahlten und bezahlten Sorgetätigkeiten geprägt sind. Daher erfolgte zunächst eine theoretische Auseinandersetzung mit bisherigen Diskursen zur Sorge bzw. Care-Arbeit, feministischer Ökonomie und der Rolle des Wohlfahrtsstaates. Eine ergänzende Annäherung zum (sozial-)räumlichen Raumverständnis, unter Bezugnahme auf Bourdieus Konzeption des sozialen Raums, bis hin zur (De-) Konstruktion dichotomer oder ländlicher peripherer Raumkonzepte, sollte die in diesem Kontext immanente Bedeutung der (sozial-)räumlichen Dimension untersuchen. Die zugehörige Datenerhebung bzw. -auswertung erfolgte mittels qualitativer Befragungen und einer hermeneutischen Inhaltsanalyse, die durch die Berücksichtigung der Analysefelder Raum/Arbeit/Gender gerahmt wurde. Die empirischen Ergebnisse verstärken einerseits die Bedeutung der Verinnerlichung und dadurch oft unbewussten Reproduktion von geschlechtsspezifischen Rollenbildern und einer ebensolchen Arbeitsteilung durch die betroffenen Selbst. Gleichsam verweisen sie auf die Heterogenität der Kategorie Frau in ländlich (peripheren) Räumen, die in Form von alters- und klassenspezifischen Differenzen manifest wird und in weiterer Folge die Anerkennungs(spiel)räume von Frauen und schließlich deren Handlungsmacht beeinflussen. Dies findet sich zudem eingebettet in einen ländlich peripheren Raum, der durch Strukturwandel, Landflucht, eine ausgedünnte Infrastruktur und einen engmaschigen Sozialraum gekennzeichnet ist. Diese sozialräumliche Überschaubarkeit stellt sowohl Herausforderung als auch Chance zugleich für eine sozialraumorientierte Sozialarbeit dar, da für deren nachhaltige Arbeit die Vernetzung mit lokalen Ressourcen unabdingbar ist. Abseits von lokalen und regionalen Anknüpfungspunkten stellt sich für die Profession der Sozialen Arbeit auch die Frage nach einer kritischen und politischen Positionierung hinsichtlich einer gesellschaftlich gerechten Organisation und Verteilung von Sorgearbeit. ; This work deals with the lives of women in rural peripheral areas, whose life and work biographies are characterized by unpaid and paid care work. Therefore, at first a theoretical examination of previous discourses on care or care work, feminist economy and the role of the welfare state took place. A complementary approach to (social) spatial understanding of space, with reference to Bourdieu's conception of the social space, to the (de-) construction of dichotomous or rural peripheral spatial concepts, should investigate the immanent meaning of the (social) spatial dimension in this context. The associated data collection and evaluation was carried out by qualitative surveys and a hermeneutic content analysis, which was framed by the consideration of the analysis fields space / work / gender. On the one hand, the empirical results reinforce the importance of internalization and the often unconscious reproduction of gender-specific role models and thus division of paid and unpaid care labor by the affected self. At the same time, they refer to the heterogeneity of woman in rural (peripheral) spaces, which manifests itself by means of age and class-specific differences and subsequently decisively shapes the scope of women and, ultimately, their agency. This finds itself additionally embedded in a rural peripheral space, characterized by structural change, rural exodus, a thinned-out infrastructure and a dense social space. This socio-spatial comprehensibility states both challenge and opportunity for social space-oriented social work, as networking with local resources is regarded indispensable for achieving impact. Apart from local and regional points of reference, social work as a profession and discipline needs to address the subject of care work, gender and remote rural spaces as well on a critical and a political level. ; vorgelegt von: Sabine Maria Scharf ; Wien, FH Campus Wien, Masterarb., 2019 ; (VLID)4676765

On 23 January 2019, Juan Guaido's self-proclamation as the interim legitimate president of Venezuela had a global impact and fuelled hope for change in a country in the midst of an economic, humanitarian and social crisis. However, five months after this event, the political situation has not changed, unlike the daily lives of Venezuelans, which are getting worse. The emigration of this population is therefore a response to these imbalances, which is becoming an important phenomenon affecting several dozen countries around the world. While the first Venezuelan emigrants appeared in the 1990s, the evolution was constant but sporadic until the 2010s before really intensifying since 2015, the year in which the country's economic collapse began. Today, the 3 million emigrants mark has been reached in 90 different countries. Consequently, the question of the organization and structuring of these flows is legitimate. Can we currently talk about a Venezuelan diaspora ? ; El 23 de enero de 2019, la autoproclamación de Juan Guaido como presidente interino legítimo de Venezuela tuvo un impacto global y alimentó la esperanza de cambio en un país en medio de una crisis económica, humanitaria y social. Sin embargo, cinco meses después de este acontecimiento, la situación política no ha cambiado, a diferencia de la vida cotidiana de los venezolanos, que están empeorando. La emigración de esta población es, por tanto, una respuesta a estos desequilibrios, que se están convirtiendo en un fenómeno importante que afecta a varias docenas de países de todo el mundo. Si bien los primeros emigrantes venezolanos aparecieron en la década de 1990, la evolución fue constante pero esporádica hasta la década de 2010, antes de intensificarse realmente a partir de 2015, año en que comenzó el colapso económico del país. Hoy en día, la marca de los 3 millones de emigrantes se ha alcanzado en 90 países diferentes. En consecuencia, la cuestión de la organización y estructuración de estos flujos es legítima. ¿Podemos hablar de una diáspora venezolana ? ; Le 23 Janvier 2019, l'auto proclamation de Juan Guaido en tant que président légitime intérimaire du Vénézuéla a eu un retentissement mondial et a nourri un espoir de changement dans un pays en pleine crise économique, humanitaire et sociale. Pourtant, cinq mois après cet évènement, la situation politique n'a pas évolué contrairement au quotidien des Vénézuéliens qui ne cesse de s'aggraver. L'émigration de cette population est donc une réponse à ces déséquilibres, qui devient un phénomène important touchant plusieurs dizaines de pays du monde. Alors que les premiers émigrants vénézuéliens sont apparus dans les années 1990, l'évolution fut constante mais sporadique jusque dans les années 2010 avant de s'intensifier réellement depuis 2015, année de départ de l'effondrement économique du pays. Aujourd'hui, la barre des 3 millions d'émigrants a été franchie, répartis dans 90 pays différents. Par conséquent, la question de l'organisation et de la structuration de ces flux est légitime. Peut-on actuellement parler d'une diaspora vénézuélienne ?

The article deals with the peculiarities of the activity of the budgetary institution; the importance of estimating the implementation of the budget as the main planning-financial, controlling, regulating document of the budget organization is proved. It is noted that in the context of budget deficits, control over their use in institutions and organizations financed by the state budget is relevant. An important role in managing the activities of budgetary institutions is played by a rational organization and methodology of accounting and analysis of the results of budget implementation. The methodology of analysis of revenues and expenditures of the budgetary institution based on the analysis of the implementation of the budget of the health care institution is considered. The data of the statistical analysis of the dynamics of the consolidated budget of Ukraine for health care in the last three years and separately the dynamics of the expenditures of the consolidated budget of Ukraine for clinics, outpatient clinics and ambulance by functional classification are presented. The peculiarities of formation and use of such components of the budget and general fund special budget fund are considered. The forms of financial and budgetary reporting of the municipal non-profit enterprise "City Children's Clinic №4" are presented. An analysis of the structure and dynamics of budgetary institution financing over the last three years has been carried out. The results of the analysis are substantiated by appropriate conclusions. Directions of possible improvement of methodological aspects of analysis of budget institutions' budget execution are also suggested. An algorithm for analyzing the formation and use of the budget institution's budget has been developed, which allows for quantitative and qualitative characterization of changes, to find out the reasons for deviations from the planned indicators, to identify the reserves for improving the efficiency of the institution's activities, and therefore is an effective way of controlling the efficient and rational use of budget funds. Each of the five stages of the proposed algorithm for the study of the formation and execution of the budget organization's budget is present as an independent unit, which requires more detail and elaboration. The results obtained in the individual steps can be economically significant both in themselves and for use as input for further analysis. ; У статті розглянуто методику аналізу доходів і видатків бюджетної установи на основі аналізу виконання кошторису закладу охорони здоров'я. Наведено дані статистичного аналізу динаміки видатків зведеного бюджету України на охорону здоров'я у 2013–2018 роках та окремо динаміки видатків зведеного бюджету України на поліклініки, амбулаторії та швидку допомогу в розрізі функціональної класифікації. Наведено форми фінансової та бюджетної звітності комунального некомерційного підприємства «Міська дитяча поліклініка №4». Розроблено алгоритм проведення аналізу формування та використання кошторису бюджетної установи, який дозволяє здійснити кількісну та якісну характеристику змін, з'ясувати причини відхилень від планових показників, виявити резерви підвищення ефективності діяльності установи, а отже є дієвим способом контролю за ефективним та раціональним використанням бюджетних коштів.

The object of research in the article is the creative individuality of Vasyl Stus ‒ such as it is presented in the documentary film of Stanislav Chernilevs'ky. His film "Bright road candle is black. In memory of Vasyl Stus" (1989‒1992) began the process of interpreting the life and work of Stus in the cinema. Work on the film "Bright road candle is black. In memory of Vasyl Stus" began in 1988, when Chernilevs'ky began to consider the script, after reading one of the new publications of the writer. Thinking first film-portrait, the director changes the original design and collects documentary material. In the film about Stus, he is interested in several lines: a chronicle, an interview, a self-portrait. At the same time, the director defends the idea that there is no integral image of Vasyl Stus in the trilogy, since it is impossible to embrace the entire writer. The structure of the film "Bright road candle is black. In memory of Vasyl Stus" is: a conditional prologue, three films, an epilogue. In the prologue, the director accentuates the image of the tunnel and the waterway. In the first film we are talking about childhood, becoming a writer until the 70's. Biographical Vasyl Stus submitted in the foreshortening of his formed aesthetic, moral and ethical and national postulates. The second film covers the period from the first arrest in 1972 to the death of his father in 1978. An interview with a son, wife, friends, former political prisoners reveals the details of Stus's life in prison. The main opposition in this part of the film is the opposition of the system and free man. In the third film we are talking about the years of Stus's life from the moment he came from exile to death (murder) and reburial. Stus as a creator is the keynote of this part of the film. In the epilogue, emphasis is placed on the revival of the writer, his new life. The personality of Stus is read in the film "Bright road candle is black. In memory of Vasyl Stus" with the help of the expressionistic category of the boundary: it lies between the worlds of God and the system. One of the main things in this case are images of the tree, experiences, God, the river, the road. Stanislav Chernilevs'ky in his own way approaches the processing of documentary material, inscribing a person in a figurative structure. ; В статье ключевым объектом исследования выступает творческая индивидуальность Васыля Стуса, какой ее видит режиссер Станислав Чернилевский в документальной кинотрилогии «Просветлой дороги свеча черная. Памяти Васыля Стуса». Выявлено, что кинорежиссер трактует индивидуальность писателя не только как документалист, его интересует формат представления личности «на границе» документального и художественного. ; У статті ключовим об'єктом дослідження постає творча індивідуальність Василя Стуса, якою її бачить режисер Станіслав Чернілевський у документальній кінотрилогії «Просвітлої дороги свічка чорна. Пам'яті Василя Стуса». Виявлено, що кінорежисер трактує постать письменника не лише як документаліст, його цікавить формат подання творчої особистості «на межі» документального і художнього.

BACKGROUND: Anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity is a major clinical problem, and early cardiotoxicity markers are needed. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to identify early doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity by serial multiparametric cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) and its pathological correlates in a large animal model. METHODS: Twenty pigs were included. Of these, 5 received 5 biweekly intracoronary doxorubicin doses (0.45 mg/kg/injection) and were followed until sacrifice at 16 weeks. Another 5 pigs received 3 biweekly doxorubicin doses and were followed to 16 weeks. A third group was sacrificed after the third dose. All groups underwent weekly CMR examinations including anatomical and T2 and T1 mapping (including extracellular volume [ECV] quantification). A control group was sacrificed after the initial CMR. RESULTS: The earliest doxorubicin-cardiotoxicity CMR parameter was T2 relaxation-time prolongation at week 6 (2 weeks after the third dose). T1 mapping, ECV, and left ventricular (LV) motion were unaffected. At this early time point, isolated T2 prolongation correlated with intracardiomyocyte edema secondary to vacuolization without extracellular space expansion. Subsequent development of T1 mapping and ECV abnormalities coincided with LV motion defects: LV ejection fraction declined from week 10 (2 weeks after the fifth and final doxorubicin dose). Stopping doxorubicin therapy upon detection of T2 prolongation halted progression to LV motion deterioration and resolved intracardiomyocyte vacuolization, demonstrating that early T2 prolongation occurs at a reversible disease stage. CONCLUSIONS: T2 mapping during treatment identifies intracardiomyocyte edema generation as the earliest marker of anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity, in the absence of T1 mapping, ECV, or LV motion defects. The occurrence of these changes at a reversible disease stage shows the clinical potential of this CMR marker for tailored anthracycline therapy. ; This study was partially supported by grants from the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion y Universidades through the Carlos III Institute of Health-Fondo de Investigacion Sanitaria (P116/02110), the European Regional Development Fund (SAF2013-49663-EXP), and the Spanish Society of Cardiology (FEC basic science in cardiology grant). This research program is part of an institutional agreement between the CNIC and FIIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz. This study forms part of a Master Research Agreement between the CNIC and Philips Healthcare, and is part of a bilateral research program between Hospital de Salamanca Cardiology Department and the CNIC. The CNIC is supported by the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion y Universidades, and the Pro-CNIC Foundation, and is a Severo Ochoa Center of Excellence (MEIC award SEV-2015-0505). Drs. Galan-Arriola and Villena-Gutierrez are P-FIS fellows (Instituto de Salud Carlos III). Dr. Fernandez-Jimenez has received funding through the European Union Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation program under grant MSCA-IF-GF-707642. Dr. Sanchez -Gonzalez is an employee of Philips Healthcare. All other authors have reported that they have no relationships relevant to the contents of this paper to disclose. ; Sí

The contemporary society is characterized by technological and scientific processes, among others, that have triggered the creation of new social, economic and cultural contexts with repercussions in the way of life. Among the major changes in current society's behavior patterns, there are an increase in the levels of sedentarism and hypercaloric diets, on detriment of physical activity (PA) practice and healthy eating habits. The aims of this study were to characterize, and to compare between sexes, the baseline values of overweight, PA levels, hours of sleep, time spent on screen activities and the nutritional value of the snacks in pre-school children. METHODS: The sample consisted of 241 pre-school children (121 boys and 120 girls), aged between 3 and 6 years old (4.49±0.69), from Bragança city. Several anthropometric variables were evaluated and the nutritional value of the snacks was calculated based on photographic record. The PA levels were monitored using the New-Lifestyles NL-2000 pedometer. A questionnaire was used to categorize the sedentary behaviors and the sleeping hours. To compare between sexes, it was used a chi-square test for the nominal variables and a t-test for continuous variables. The results showed that 6.7% of the children had lower weight, 79.1% normal weight and 14.2% overweight. Regarding the levels of PA, the results showed that: on weekdays, 8.1% had low levels of PA, 52.0% were physically active and 39.8% were very active; on weekends, 25.7% had low levels of PA, 52.9% were physically active and 21.4% were very active. On screen activities, it was found that 50.6% of the children spent more than 2 hours/day in weekdays and 88.3% at the weekend. Regarding the snacks that children took to kindergarten, 24.8% were considered healthy, 44.4% little healthy and 30.8% unhealthy. 74.5% of children slept less than 10 hours/day. None of these variables presented statistically significant differences between sexes. The Table 1 shows mean values comparisons of the different variables, by sex. Only significant differences were found in the percentage of fat (girls=24.38±2.53 and boys=22.07±3.83; p<0.05). The prevalence of overweight in pre-school children in Bragança is high. The PA levels are lower on weekend compared to weekdays, and only 1/4 of the children took healthy snacks to the kindergarten. These results highlight the importance of a structured intervention on pre-school level to increase children's PA, through active transportation to school and promote healthy lifestyles through meetings and lectures with their parents. ; This project was supported by the National Funds through FCT - Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (UID/DTP/0445/2013) and the European Fund for regional development (FEDER? allocated by European Union through the COMPETE 2020 Programme (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-006969) ; info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Yaks sind sehr gut an die Umweltbedingungen des kirgisischen Hochgebirges angepasst und sind seit Jahrhunderten ein Bestandteil dieses Ökosystems. Politische und wirtschaftliche Veränderungen haben in den letzten 60 Jahren dazu geführt, dass die Yakbestände in Kirgistan zurückgegangen sind. Seit einigen Jahren gibt es Bestrebungen diese wiederaufzubauen. Dabei müssen die ökologischen Ansprüche der alpinen Landschaft berücksichtigt werden. Das Ziel der Arbeit bestand darin, in einem engen zeitlichen Raster, das Verhalten der Yaks im Herdenverband zu analysieren, die Lebendmasseentwicklung von Yakfärsen im Zusammenhang mit dem saisonalen Einfluss zu untersuchen und den Weideertrag zu schätzen. Dazu wurden im Osten Kirgistans Verhaltensuntersuchungen an 12 Yakkühen durchgeführt sowie die Lebendmasseentwicklung von 20 Yakfärsen analysiert. Für die Analyse der Vegetation wurden 10 Plots genutzt. Das Habitatsverhalten der Yaks ist von verschiedenen Faktoren abhängig, die vor allem im Zusammenhang mit dem großen Weidegebiet stehen: die Variation im Futterangebot, die geografischen Gegebenheiten sowie die Witterungsverhältnisse. Die Untersuchungen zeigten, dass das Verhalten der Yaks stark durch die Jahreszeiten beeinflusst wird. Das bezieht sich auf die Nutzung von Flächen und Höhenlagen sowie auf das Bewegungsverhalten. Es zeigte sich, dass bestimmte Weideareale permanent stärker frequentiert werden. Die Lokomotion der Yaks ist im Winter stärker ausgeprägt als im Sommer. Die Vegetationsanalyse weist darauf hin, dass Ertrag und Futterwert der Weidepflanzen, eindeutig durch die Höhenlage beeinflusst werden. Die Untersuchungen zur Lebendmasseentwicklung zeigten den gravierenden Einfluss der Jahreszeiten und damit des Futterangebotes auf die Lebendmasseentwicklung der Yakfärsen. Ein detailliertes Wissen über das Verhalten von Yaks kann dazu beitragen, die Bewirtschaftung von Hochgebirgsweideflächen zu verbessern und vorhandene Ressourcen schonend und nachhaltig zu nutzen. ; Yaks are very well adapted to the environmental conditions of the Kyrgyz high mountains and have been part of this ecosystem for centuries. Political and economic changes over the past 60 years have led to a decline in yak stocks in Kyrgyzstan. For some years, there have been efforts to rebuild them, to this end the ecological demands of the alpine landscape must be taken into account. Within this context, the objectives of the PhD – thesis were to analyse the behaviour of the yaks in the herd, to investigate the development of the body weight of yak heifers in connection with the seasonal influence and to estimate the grazing yield in a tight time grid. In the eastern part of Kyrgyzstan, 12 yak cows were selected for the behavioural studies and 20 yaks heifers for the development of the body weight. For the analysis of the vegetation, 10 plots were used. The habitat behaviour of the yaks depends on various factors, which are mainly related to the large grazing area: the variation in the forage supply, the different geographical conditions as well as the weather conditions. The investigations showed that the behaviour of the animals is strongly influenced by the seasons, specifically regarding use of areas and altitudes; as well as to exercise behaviour. It was found that certain pastures are permanently more frequented than others. The locomotion of the yaks is more pronounced in winter than in summer. The research on the development of the body weight showed the serious influence of the seasons and thus of the food supply on the development of the yak heifers. Results showed that body growth takes place despite the losses in winter. The vegetation analysis indicates that the yield and feed value of the pasture plants are clearly influenced by the altitude. A detailed knowledge of the behaviour of yaks can help to improve the management of high mountain pastures and thus to use the available resources sparingly and sustainably.

This article aims to reveal the hermeneutical meaning behind the flags Liwa and Rayah. The two flags by Hizbu Tahrir Indonesia (HTI) are seen as the flag of the Prophet. However, this view was denied by other Islamic groups because the flags of Liwa and Rayah were the flags used by Taqiyyudin An-Nabhani when declaring the government of Khilfah Islamiyah. Flags Liwa and Rayah black and white, which Black called Rayah and white called Liwa'. The two flags read Laa illaaha illaa Allah Muhammad Rasul Allah. In making interpretations, the author uses Paul Ricoeur's hermeneutical theory. The interpretation debate is heating up when Hizbu Tahrir wants to replace the Pancasila ideology into the ideology of the Caliphate. The difference in interpretation, point of view and context of hadith is the main problem why researchers want to reinterpret. The hermeneutic approach according to researchers is appropriate if it is used for the method of interpreting hadith texts and religious symbols. This research includes qualitative research. Qualitative research is a type of library research that collects data from books, books, and journals. The results of this study are symbols in the HTI flag that have ideological and political movements. In this study, the flag symbol turned out to be a symbol of identity which led to the Islamic political movement. the movements and practices carried out by HTI are nothing but the change of the democratic system and the ideology of the Pancasila into the ideology of the Islamic Shari'a with the Khilafah Islamiyah system Abstrak Artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengungkap makna hermeneutis di balik bendera Liwa dan Rayah. Kedua bendera tersebut oleh Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia dipandang sebagai bendera rasulullah. Namun pandangan tersebut dibantah oleh kelompok Islam lainya karena bendera liwa dan rayah adalah bendera yang digunakan oleh Taqiyyudin An-Nabhani ketika mendeklarasikan sistem pemerintahan Khilfah Islamiyah. Bendera liwa dan rayah berwarna hitam dan putih, yang Hitam dinamakan Rayah dan putih dinamakan Liwa'. Kedua bendera tersebut bertulisan Laa illaaha illaa Allah Muhammad Rasul Allah. Dalam melakukan interpretasi, penulis menggunakan teori hermeneutika Paul Ricoeur. Perbedaan penafsiran, sudut pandang dan konteks hadis menjadi masalah utama kenapa peneliti ingin menafsirkan kembali. Pendekatan hermeneutika menurut peneliti sesuai jika digunakan untuk metode menafsirakan teks hadis dan simbol-simbol keagamaan. Penelitian ini termasuk penelitian kualitatif. Penelitian kualitatif jenis penelitian pustaka yang mengumpulkan data-data dari kitab, buku, dan jurnal. Adapun hasil dari penelitian ini adalah simbol dalam bendera HTI mempunyai makna ideologi dan gerakan politik. Dalam penelitian ini, simbol bendera tersebut ternyata sebagai lambang identitas yang berujung pada gerakan politik Islam. gerakan dan praktek yang dilakukan oleh HTI tidak lain adalah mengangganti sistem demokrasi dan ideologi Pancasila menjadi ideologi syari'at Islam dengan sistem pemerintahan Khilafah Islamiyah

Purpose of the study: We analyze the specifics of modern information wars and their impact on the spiritual sphere of Russian society. The innovative technologies of modern information warfare have a huge destructive potential. These technologies have an impact on the minds of people and may change their value orientations, impose alien cultural systems and destructive ideas forming models of social behavior. All that determines the need to study the main spiritual security threats that faces Russian society and strategies to resist them. Methodology: The methodological basis of the study is the concept of the information society, which allows understanding the specifics of new information reality. The risk logical approach is methodologically significant for the study of threats associated with the new information reality. All that gives an opportunity to analyze the new social spiritual security threats associated with development and operation of new information technologies. The theory of information warfare is conceptual for the study, as it considers the modern ways and means of information impact on individual and social consciousness. Information warfare is treated as a new type of geopolitical confrontation in the modern world. Results: The study concludes that in the context of modern geopolitical confrontation, the spiritual sphere of Russian society becomes one of the main objects of destructive information impact, manifested in the devaluation of traditional cultural values, introduction of Western liberal ideas, spread of mass culture and consumerism ideology. Such a destructive information impact leads to atomization of society, to a socio-cultural split on social, intergenerational and ethnocultural grounds. Substitution of the national spiritual and moral tradition with the values of Western mass culture leads not only to destruction of historically developed social behavior models but to reformatting the cultural code of society. Applications of this study: The results allow us to understand the destructive potential of information impact on spiritual sphere of Russian society and the need to develop an effective strategy to resist information threats that undermine the foundations of Russian statehood. The limiting strategy of information risks should include not only legal measures implemented by the state, but social reflection on the principles of transparency, borders, and mechanisms of its compliance and, above all, the mechanisms of protection from destructive impact of information for the individuals. Novelty/Originality of this study: The spiritual sphere of Russian society is characterized by extreme instability and lack of ideas, able to integrate it. The society faces a crisis evidenced by such trends as the mutual alienation of society and state, political indifference of citizens; weakening of social solidarity, ethnic tension, underdevelopment of civil society institutions. The main survival condition for the Russian society in new historical realities associated with globalization of the information sphere is restoration of stable spiritual life, preservation of the value-ideological core, formation of ideology shared by the majority of citizens.

Küresel değer zincirleri, ulaşım ve iletişim teknolojilerinin ilerlemesi, ticaret politikalarındaki değişiklikler ve yeni pazarların ortaya çıkması gibi birçok gelişme sonucu son yıllarda uluslararası ticaretin önemli bir parçası haline gelmiştir. Üretimin uluslararası parçalanması, ticaretin etkisinin doğrudan analiz edilmesini zorlaştırmaktadır. Ticaretin daha karmaşık hale gelmesi, küresel değer zincirlerinin farklı özelliklerini analiz etmekte kullanılacak yeni yöntemlere ihtiyaç duyulmasına neden olmuştur. Bu yapıyı anlamak adına yaygın olarak kullanılan yöntemlerden biri girdi-çıktı analizidir.Küresel değer zincirlerine daha yüksek katılım, özellikle gelişmekte olan ülkeler için birçok fırsat yaratmaktadır. Bunlardan en önemlisi, ülkelerin ürünlerini farklı pazarlarda satmalarına ve küresel ekonomi ile bütünleşmelerine olanak sağlamasıdır. Gelişmekte olan ülkelerin küresel değer zincirleri aracılığı ile belirli bir üretim aşamasında uzmanlaşmaları, rekabet güçlerine de katkı sağlayabilmektedir. Bu tezin amacı küresel değer zincirlerine entegrasyonun gelişmekte olan ülkelerin rekabet gücüne olan etkisini analiz etmektir. Gelişmekte olan altı ülkenin 1995 ve 2011 yılları arasında küresel değer zincirlerindeki performanslarını ölçmek için WIOD data seti ve panel veri analizi kullanılmıştır. Koopman, Wang and Wei(2011) tarafından tanıtılan küresel değer zinciri katılım ve pozisyon endeksleri hesaplanmıştır. Bu doğrultuda, ülkelerin rekabet gücünün bir göstergesi olarak reel efektif döviz oranları analize eklenmiş ve küresel değer zincirlerine katılım ve pozisyon endeksleri ayrı olarak incelenmiştir. Tahmin sonuçları, küresel değer zincirlerine katılımın, yerel paranın değer kaybetmesinin ihracat büyümesi üzerindeki pozitif etkisini bir miktar azaltarak ülkelerin rekabet gücünü olumsuz yönde etkilediğini göstermektedir. --- Global value chains (GVC) have become an essential part of international trade in recent decades as a result of various developments such as transportation and communication technologies, changes in trade policies, and the emergence of new markets. The international fragmentation of production has made it more difficult to analyze the effect of trade directly. The complexity of trade has generated a necessity for a new method that is going to be used in the evaluation of different features of emerging GVC. One of the methods that are widely used to understand this complexity is input-output analysis.Higher participation in GVC generates many opportunities for the countries, especially for developing ones. The most important of them is that it enables them to sell their products in different markets and integrate the global economy more. Specialization of developing countries on specific production stages via GVC can also contribute their competitiveness in international trade. The aim of thesis is to analyze the effect of GVC integration on developing countries' competitiveness. It uses the World Input-Output Database (WIOD) for the period of 1995-2011 to analyze the GVC performance of six developing countries by construction a panel framework. It calculates the GVC participation and position indices introduced by Koopman, Wang, and Wei (2014). In this direction, it includes REER as an indicator for export competitiveness and examines the effect of participation and position index separately. The results of the estimations point out that higher GVC integration cancels out some part of the positive effect of depreciation on export growth and effects competitiveness of countries negatively.

Örgüt araştırmalarında ilk olarak kurumları ve kurumsallaşmayı merkeze alan eski kurumsal kuram ortaya çıkmış, daha sonra yerini kurumların aktör davranışlarını nasıl şekillendirdiğini gözlemleyen yeni kurumsal kurama (YKK) bırakmıştır. Zaman içerisinde aktörlerin kurumlar karşısında sınırlı da olsa hareket alanlarının bulunduğu yönündeki tartışmalar sonucu kurumsal girişimcilik ve kurumsal iş yazını ortaya çıkmıştır. Kurumsal girişimcilik ve kurumsal iş yazını ile birlikte daha önce aktörlerin kurumlar karşısındaki tepkilerini inceleyen YKK, aktörlerin kurumların ortaya çıkması, sürdürülmesi ve değiştirilmesindeki rollerini de incelemeye başlamıştır. Bu çalışmada kurumsal kuramda yaşanan söz konusu gelişmelerin ışığında Osmanlı Devleti'nde uzun yıllar faaliyet gösteren İlmiye Teşkilatı'nın Mülazemet (Atama-Yükseltme) Sistemi mercek altına alınmıştır. Osmanlı Devleti'nde yargı ve eğitim öğretimin (kaza ve tedris) esasını oluşturan katı şeriat hükümlerinin yanı sıra padişahlar tarafından kanunnamelerle ortaya konan işleyiş usulleri ve fetvalarla desteklenen Mülazemet Sistemi'nin neden olduğu zorlayıcı kurumsal baskılara rağmen, İlmiye Teşkilatı'nda bu hükümlere ters düşen payeli tayinlerin kimi zaman farklı biçimlere bürünerek varlığını sürdürmesi oldukça dikkat çekici bir husustur. Bu tez çalışmasında, kurumsal aktörlerin payeli tayin kurumunun sürekliliğini sağlayabilmek amacıyla hangi kurumsal işlere başvurdukları incelenmiştir. Çalışmanın en önemli bulgusu, aktörlerin söz konusu kurumun sürekliliğini sağlamak üzere farklı dönemlerde farklı söylemler geliştirmeleri ancak bu söylemlerin meşruiyet kaynağı olarak daima dinin temel alınmasıdır. Böylelikle bu çalışmada kurumların sürdürülmesi sürecinde dini söylemin rolü Mülazemet sistemi örneği üzerinden tarihi bağlam içerisinde ortaya konmaktadır. --- The old version of institutional theory, which is based on institutions and institutionalism, emerged in organization studies at first. Later on, new institutional theory that observes how institutions shape actor behaviours has taken its place. Institutional entrepreneurship and institutional work literature emerged as a result of discussions over time that although it is limited, actors have areas of action. Together with institutional entrepreneurship and institutional work literature new institutional theory, which previously examined actors' reactions, also began to examine the roles of actors in the processes of emergence, maintenance and change of institutions. In parallel with this perspective, within the scope of this thesis, the Mulazemet (Appointment) System of Ilmiye Organization, which has been active in the Ottoman Empire for many years, is examined. Although coercive institutional pressures caused by various practices established by the rulers' code of laws and appointment system reinforced by religious fetwas as well as the rigid sharia law which underlies the foundation of jurisdiction and education system, existence of favourable appointments within Ilmiye Institution contrary to these provisions is highly remarkable. In this study, which institutional works were used to maintain favourable appointments as an institution is examined. The most important finding of the study is that actors develop different discourses in different periods in order to ensure the maintenance of an institution but these discourses are always based on religion as a source of legitimacy. Thus, the role of religious discourse is revealed within the historical context through the example of Mulazemet System in this study

The legal sources and features of education issues regulation in the Western Ukrainian People's Republic (further – ZUNR) are researched. The historical preconditions of statehood formation on the territory of Western Ukraine are shown; the role and features of the State Secretariat of Education and Creed are determined. The activity of the heads of the Secretariat – O. Barvinsky and A. Artymovych, are analyzed. Under their governance former Austrian educational institutions were declared state-owned and a number of national Ukrainian educational institutions and teachers' seminaries were nationalized and Ukrainian was used as an instruction language at schools. The secretariat was divided into four divisions: special (professional) schools, public schooling, secondary schools and gymnasiums as well as the division of confessional affairs. It published «The Herald of the State Secretariat of Education and Creed» which contained the Secretariat's orders on appointment and promotion at work, as well as projects of predictable changes in the education system, etc.The law «On the basis of schooling» of February 13, 1919, was one of the most important legal acts regulating educational issues. It stipulated that all public schools in the Western region of the Ukrainian People's Republic were state-owned, and teachers were civil servants. Ukrainian was determined to be the instruction language in all public schools, as well as the state language in all governmental institutions, moreover, national minorities were allowed to teach in their mother tongue.The lack of experienced teaching staff was sharply felt, and therefore, people without university degree were hired frequently.The authorities of ZUNR as well paid attention to the social protection of teachers, and for this purpose a number of legislative acts concerning wages, pensions and various benefits were adopted.All teachers of public schools were supposed to make an official oath of allegiance to the state and the people.In conclusion, the leaders of the Western Ukrainian People's Republic understood the significance of education in the creation of Ukrainian statehood, took care of its development, and ensured its legal regulation in the form of laws and orders. Though, they were lacking skilled personnel, material resources and funds for the effective development of education. ; Досліджено правові джерела та особливості регулювання освіти в ЗУНР. Показано історичні передумови формування державності на території Західної України. З'ясовано роль Державного Секретаріату – уряду ЗУНР та діяльність у його складі секретаріату освіти і віросповідань. Проаналізовано значення особистого вкладу в розвиток освіти керівників секретаріату освіти і віросповідань – О. Барвінського та А. Артимовича.Досліджено зміст та значення законів – «Про основи шкільництва» від 13 лютого 1919 року, «Про уповноваження державного секретаріату освіти і віросповідань одержавити українські приватні гімназії та учительські жіночі семінарії» від 14 лютого 1919 р., резолюції УНРади «Про підвищення зарплати учителям середніх шкіл» від 15 лютого 1919 р. та ін.Зроблено висновки, що регулювання освіти в ЗУНР відбувалося за допомогою належної правової бази, однак гострою залишалася кадрова проблема.

ÖZETKÖRFEZ ARAP İŞBİRLİĞİ KONSEYİ ÜLKELERİNİN EKONOMİK VE SOSYAL GELİŞİMLERİNİN İNCELENMESİ: TÜRKİYE-KİK İLİŞKİLERİKörfez İşbirliği Konseyi'ne (KİK) üye ülkeler Basra Körfezine kıyısı olan 6 Arap ülkesinden oluşmaktadırlar. Petrol ihracatçısı olarak bilinen bu ülkeler gelir seviyeleri açısından Ortadoğu'daki ülkelere göre daha zengin ülkelerdir. Monarşi sistemiyle yönetilen bu Arap ülkeleri özellikle dış yatırımlarıyla dikkat çekmektedirler.Türkiye, KİK üyeleriyle 2000'li yıllardan sonra ciddi anlamda ekonomik ve siyasi ilişkiler geliştirmeye başlamıştır. Özellikle Katar, Birleşik Arap Emirlikleri (BAE) ve Suudi Arabistan ile ekonomik ve ticari ilişkiler her geçen gün daha çok gelişmektedir. KİK ülkeleri Türkiye'de özellikle emlak, turizm, finans ve değerli madenler sektöründe önemli yatırımlar yapmaktadır. Türkiye ise Körfez ülkelerine yapılan ihracat tekstil-konfeksiyon, gıda, makine ve birçok sektörde ürün ve hizmet pazarlamaktadır.Ancak Ortadoğu'nun doğası gereği siyasi ilişkiler her zaman olumlu seyir izlememektedir. Özellikle Suriye ve Irak iç savaşları, Arap Baharıyla meydana gelen siyasi değişimler ülkelerin taraf olmalarında ya da birlikte hareket etmelerinde birçok zorluklar çıkarmıştır. Bu çalışmada Türkiye'nin Körfez İşbirliği Konseyine bağlı altı ülke ile ekonomik ve siyasi ilişkileri ele alınmıştır. Çalışmada KİK üyesi ülkeler olan Suudi Arabistan, Birleşik Arap Emirlikleri, Kuveyt, Katar, Umman ve Bahreyn'in ekonomik ve siyasi yapıları incelenmiş, bu ülkelerin 2000 sonrası Türkiye ile ilişkilerine yer verilmiş ve Türkiye'nin bu ülkelerle olan ilişkilerinde dikkate alması gereken faktörler sıralanmıştır --- ABSTRACTECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENTS OF THE COUNTRIES OF THE GULF COOPERATION COUNCIL: TURKEY-GCC RELATIONSThe Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) is composed of six Arab countries in the coastal region of the Persian Gulf. These countries, known as oil exporters, are richer in terms of income levels regards the other countries in the Middle East region. These Arab countries, managed based on the monarchy system, attract enormous attention on their foreign investments.By 2000s Turkey began to enhance economic and political relations with JCC members seriously. Especially, the economic and commercial relationships with Qatar, United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Saudi Arabia are developing more and more. GCC countries are conducting significant investments in Turkey particularly in various sectors such as, real estate, tourism, finance and precious metals. As well, Turkey provides essential cooperation in service and marketing sectors to Gulf countries through the exportation of the required textile-clothing, food, machinery, etc.However, due to their nature, political relations with the Middle East are not always conducted in a positive manner. Regards the current Syria and Iraq civil wars, the political changes that took place in Arab Spring sessions, resulted in difficulties to the aforementioned relationships. In this study, Turkey's economic and political relations with these six countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council are discussed. Accordingly, the economic and political structures of these GCC members including, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Qatar, Oman and Bahrain are evaluated. As well, the relation of these countries with respect to Turkey after 2000s are involved and details of the essential aspects for an efficient relation with these countries are proposed.

The research problem addressed in this paper is the issue of the process of the accession of the Republic of Lithuania to the Soviet Union in the summer of 1940 and the political context of this event. There is much historical and political controversy nowadays around the history of Kremlin politics in 1939–1941, but recently the subject of annexation of Lithuania has not been discussed, and the issue of relations and diplomatic relations between the two countries has not been described in detail so far in Polish historiography. The research question was formulated as follows: why, in spite of the October 1939 Mutual Assistance Treaty, did Moscow decide to change the status quo and directly annex the neighbouring country, disregarding the considerable number of alternative scenarios and extensive possibilities of controlling Lithuania's policy? The research was conducted by analysing the documents of the diplomatic services of both countries (among which diplomatic correspondence occupies a special place), the then Soviet press from the point of view of the propaganda message used, as well as using memoiristic sources. As a result of the conducted research, no definite reasons for initiating the process of annexation of Lithuania by the USSR were defined, but a number of factors that may have a significant impact on the Kremlin's move were revealed. These include the successes of the Third Reich in the Second World War at that time, which, according to Moscow, could threaten the position of the USSR in the Baltic States and the achievements made, as well as the Kremlin's far-reaching imperial plans and the search for borders in the region. ; Problemem badawczym poruszonym w niniejszej pracy jest zagadnienie procesu przyłączenia Republiki Litewskiej do Związku Radzieckiego latem 1940 r. oraz kontekst polityczny tego wydarzenia. Współcześnie wokół historii polityki Kremla w latach 1939–1941 istnieje dużo kontrowersji historycznych i politycznych, niemniej w ostatnim czasie w polskiej historiografii temat aneksji Litwy nie był poruszany, a zagadnienie relacji i zależności dyplomatycznych między obydwoma państwami nie było dotąd wyczerpująco opisane. Pytanie badawcze sformułowano następująco: dlaczego, mimo obowiązywania Układu o przyjaźni, współpracy i pomocy wzajemnej z października 1939 r., Moskwa zdecydowała się na zmianę status quo i bezpośrednią aneksję sąsiedniego państwa mimo znacznych alternatywnych szerokich możliwości kontroli polityki Litwy? Badanie przeprowadzono analizując opracowane dokumenty służb dyplomatycznych obydwu państw (wśród których szczególne miejsce zajmuje korespondencja dyplomatyczna), ówczesną prasę radziecką pod kątem stosowanego przekazu propagandowego, a także wykorzystano źródła memuarystyczne. W wyniku przeprowadzonych badań nie zdefiniowano jednoznacznych przyczyn zapoczątkowania procesu aneksji Litwy przez ZSRR, natomiast ujawniono szereg czynników mogących mieć znaczący wpływ na takie posunięcie Kremla. Należą do nich zarówno sukcesy III Rzeszy w II wojnie światowej w tym czasie co, zdaniem Moskwy, mogłoby zagrozić pozycji ZSRR w krajach bałtyckich i osiągniętym zdobyczom, jak również dalekosiężne plany imperialne Kremla i dążenie do rewizji granic w regionie.