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Hospital spending represents approximately one third of total national health spending, and the majority of hospital spending is by public payers. Elderly individuals with long-term care needs are at particular risk for hospitalization. While some hospitalizations are unavoidable, many are not, and there may be benefits to reducing hospitalizations in terms of health and cost. This article reviews the evidence from 55 peer-reviewed articles on interventions that potentially reduce hospitalizations from formal long-term care settings. The interventions showing the strongest potential are those that increase skilled staffing, especially through physician assistants and nurse practitioners; improve the hospital-to-home transition; substitute home health care for selected hospital admissions; and align reimbursement policies such that providers do not have a financial incentive to hospitalize. Much of the evidence is weak and could benefit from improved research design and methodology.

The influence that short-time economic fluctuations in western Europe presumably had on the development of the Swedish timber trade during the latter half of the nineteenth century must, to an American audience, seem to be a rather specialized subject, and I think a few introductory words giving a background might be useful.

Discusses President George W. Bush's political and economic policies, the war in Iraq, student organizing, the labor movement, and other issues, in context of upcoming 2004 presidential election; 8 articles. Contents: Students rock the vote: talking with USSA; Guide to a one-term Bush, by Jarvis Tyner; Texas: a one-party state, by Jeremy Ryan; It's a family affair: Bush's war for Rockefeller oil, by Wadi'h Halabi; Balancing act: walking a tight rope in occupied Iraq; A dim view: the world looks at Bush, by Shelley Delos; The other superpower: an interview with Voices in the Wilderness' Mike Ferner; Labor reaches out, by David Trujillo.

Chronicling Cultures: Long‐Term Field Research in Anthropology. Robert V. Kemper and Anya Peterson Royce, eds. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press, 2002. 353 pp.

First published in 1989, Combating Long-Term Unemployment follows on from, and is a companion to, Local Authorities and New Technologies. The book seeks to inform debate by analysing policy responses to the problem of long-term unemployment and by focusing on the role of local initiatives in a European context. Long-term unemployment in Europe is a complicated and multifaceted problem, the policy responses to which need to be studied against various contexts. It is designed to appeal to all those interested in policies to combat long-term unemployment: local and central government officials, private sector organizations whose work is relevant to locally based initiatives, and interested academics.

This study investigated self image, depression, hopelessness and locus of control in 30 adolescents who had lived away from home for at least six months, together with relationships between maladjustment and poor experiences at home and at school prior to leaving home. Comparisons were made with 120 adolescents living at home who were employed, unemployed, at school or at tertiary institutions. It was found that the homeless youth were more depressed and hopeless, with poorer self image than all groups excepting unemployed adolescents. Maladjustment was correlated with negative home and school experiences. These results are discussed in terms of the debate between psychological and sociological approaches to runaway behaviour, as well as the need for assessment and treatment services to be provided for long term homeless youth.

David B ResnikNational Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS)/National Institutes of Health (NIH)Abstract: Critics of the drug safety system have discussed many different potential reforms, ranging from mandatory registration of clinical trials to increasing the power of regulatory agencies, but few have discussed one of the most important ways of enhancing safety: increasing the number of long-term studies of medications. Long-term studies of the risks and benefits of drugs can provide useful information for regulators, healthcare professionals, and patients. Government funding agencies should lead the effort to conduct long-term studies of drugs, but private companies should also be required to lend financial support. Because cost-effectiveness is likely to be an important consideration in conducting this research, funding agencies should focus, at first, on drugs that are used to treat common, chronic conditions.Keywords: drug safety, FDA, post-marketing studies, MedWatch, long-term studies

Does government spend too little or too much on child care? How can education dollars be spent more efficiently? Should government's role in medical care increase or decrease? In this volume, social scientists, lawyers, and a physician explore the political, social, and economic forces that shape policies affecting human services. Four in-depth studies of human-service sectors?child care, education, medical care, and long-term care for the elderly?are followed by six cross-sector studies that stimulate new ways of thinking about human services through the application of economic theory, instit.

Digital preservation is a fast-moving and growing community of practice of ubiquitous relevance, but in which capability is unevenly distributed. Within the research community, digital preservation has a close alignment to the FAIR principles and is delivered through a complex specialist infrastructure comprising technology, staff and policy. Capacity erodes quickly, so skills, technology, and policy need to remain fit for changing purpose. To address this challenge, the Digital Preservation Coalition (DPC) conducted the FAIR Forever study, commissioned by the European Open Science Cloud (EOSC) Sustainability Working Group and funded by the EOSC Secretariat Project in 2020, to assess the current strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats to the preservation of research data across EOSC, and the feasibility of establishing shared approaches, workflows and services that would benefit EOSC stakeholders. The study involved three stages of research: 1. a desk-based assessment of the emerging EOSC vision, 2. interviews with representatives of EOSC stakeholders, and 3. focus groups with digital preservation specialists and data managers in research organizations. This report documents the study. It summarizes key findings on the need for clarity on digital preservation in the EOSC vision and for elucidation of roles, responsibilities, and accountabilities to mitigate risks of data loss, reputation, and sustainability. To better ensure that European Open Science can be FAIRer for longer, nineteen recommendations are made and tabulated with respect to owners, and five candidate services are delineated to address use cases that were identified. ; EOSCsecretariat.eu has received funding from the European Union's Horizon Programme call H2020-INFRAEOSC-05-2018-2019, grant Agreement number 831644