Due to the process of European integration in Ukraine, the demand for highly qualified specialists, with a fairly high level of language skills is constantly increasing. This demand concerns not only foreign philology specialists but also specialists in other fields of knowledge as humanities or techniques. The development of Ukraine's cooperation with French-speaking countries in different cultural, educational, economic, social, and political spheres is possible only in the presence of the French-speaking Ukrainian specialists. Teaching foreign languages has undergone various changes associated with the development of many methods and different approaches to the study of a foreign language. Nowadays, the traditional study of the French language, without taking into consideration peculiarities of learner specialty, fades into the background, giving way to the studying of a foreign language for learner's needs and purposes. The article is an attempt to highlight the emergence of a special approach to the study of French – franзais sur objectifs spйcifiques, identify the main stages of its development, give their characteristics, describe the current state of this approach and perspectives of its development. Also, attention is focused on the main difficulties associated with teaching and learning of the French language within the FOS. References Morska, L.I. 2012. "Anhliiska Mova dlia Spetsialnykh Tsilei (ESP): Istoriia Vynyknennia Pidkhodu ta Yoho Spetsyfika. Naukovyi Visnyk Uzhhorodskoho Universytetu, 25: 136–138. Pechatnova, E. G. 2015. "K Voprosu o Prepodavanii Frantsuzskoho Yazyka dlia Spetsyalnykh Tselei". Myr Nauki i Innovatsyi / World of science and innovation, 1(1): 12–15. Carras, Catherine, et al. 2007. Le franзais sur objectifs spйcifiques et la classe de langue: techniques et pratiques de classe. Paris: CLE International. Holtzer G. 2004. "Du franзais fonctionnel au franзais sur objectifs spйcifiques : histoire des notions et pratiques". Le franзais dans le monde, Recherches et applications: De la langue aux mйtiers, CLE international et FIPF, 8–24. Lehmann, Denis. 1993. Objectifs spйcifiques en langue йtrangиre. Vanves : Hachette FLE. Mangenot, Franзois. 2003. "Approches mйthodologiques actuelles en franзais sur objectifs spйcifiques". Les cahiers de l'ASDIFLE, 14: 101–106. Mangiante Jean-Marc, et Parpette, Chantal. 2004. Le franзais sur objectif spйcifique: de l'analyse des besoins а l'йlaboration d'un cours. Paris, Hachette. Mangiante, Jean-Marc, et Parpette, Chantal. 2011. Le franзais sur objectif universitaire. Presses Universitaires de Grenoble (PUG). Le FOS. http://www.le-fos.com ; У зв'язку з процесом євроінтеграції в Україні постійно зростає попит на висококваліфікованих працівників із достатньо високим рівнем володіння іноземною мовою. Цей попит стосується не лише підготовки фахівців з іноземної філології, але й з інших галузей знань (гуманітарних, технічних тощо). Розвиток співпраці України з франкомовними країнами у різних культурно-освітніх, економічних і соціально-політичних сферах можливий лише за наявності франкомовних українських спеціалістів. Викладання іноземних мов зазнало різних змін, пов'язаних з розробкою численних методик і різними підходами до їх вивчення. На сьогодні традиційне вивчення французької мови (без урахування особливостей спеціальності того, хто її вивчає) відходить на другий план, віддаючи першість вивченню іноземної мови для забезпечення цілей та потреб цільової аудиторії. У статті зроблено спробу висвітлити появу особливого підходу до вивчення французької мови – FOS (franзais sur objectifs spйcifiques), визначено основні етапи його розвитку, зважаючи на їх особливості, окреслено сучасний стан і перспективи розвитку цього підходу. Увагу звернено й на основні труднощі, пов'язані з викладанням і вивченням французької мови у рамках FOS. Джерела та література 1.Морська Л. І. Англійська мова для спеціальних цілей (ESP): історія виникнення підходу та йогоспецифіка / Л. І. Морська // Науковий вісник Ужгород. ун-ту. Сер. «Педагогіка. Соціальна робота» / гол. ред.І. В. Козубовська. – Ужгород : Говерла, 2012. – Вип. 25. – С. 136–138.2. Печатнова Е. Г. К вопросу о преподавании французского языка для специальных целей / Е. Г. Печатнова// Мир науки и инноваций / World of science and innovation. – 2015. – T. 11, № 1(1). – С. 12–15.3.Carras C. Le franзais sur objectifs spйcifiques et la classe de langue / Catherine Carras et d'autres. – Paris : CLEInternational, 2007. – 208 p.4. Holtzer G. Du franзais fonctionnel au franзais sur objectifs spйcifiques / Gisиle Holtzer // Le Franзais dans lemonde, CLE international. – 2004. – P. 8–24.5.Lehmann D. Objectifs spйcifiques en langue йtrangиre : les programmes en question / Denis Lehmann. –Vanves : Hachette FLE, 1993. – 223 p.6.Mangenot F. Approches mйthodologiques actuelles en franзais sur objectifs spйcifiques / Franзois Mangenot //Les cahiers de l'ASDIFLE. – 2003. – No 14. – P. 101–106.7.Margiante J.-M. Le franзais sur objectif universitaire / Jean-Marc Margiante, Chantal Parpette. – PressesUniversitaires de Grenoble, 2011. – 252 p.8.Margiante J.-M. Le franзais sur objectifs spйcifiques : de l'analyse des besoins а l'йlaboration d'un cours / JeanMarc Margiante, Chantal Parpette. – Paris : Hachette, 2004. – 160 p.9. Prйsentation du FOS [Source elйctronique] // Le FOS. – Mode d'accйs : http://www.le-fos.com.
The article is devoted to the 250th anniversary of the Ukrainian rebellion, known as the «Koliivshchyna». The most significant burst of this uprising took place in the late 60's of the XVIII century. The reason for the dissatisfaction of the people was the merciless exploitation of the Ukrainian peasantry by the Polish invaders. The Polish exploitation was carried out on the basis of social origin, nationality and religious confession. The most significant events connected with the above rebellion took place in Uman and its surroundings in 1768. The fight of the rebels was tough and bloody, obviously this particular feature of the rebellion called «Koliivshchyna» (from the word «koloty» – to thrust). The author of the article notes that for 250 years, separating us from the apogee of the rebellion, the accumulation of primary historical materials had to be completed, on the basis of which historians would have to determine the way of interpretation and to conduct a moral and legal evaluation of the events associated with the uprising. But we must admit that this is not the case. The reasons for this situation are sought by the author in an inadequate application of the Western historians' achievements.The author takes into account the spirit of the uncertainty of positions in the way of treating the events associated with the rebellion in many publications of contemporary media, and this gives the right to conclude that there exists a problem of unity in the way of interpreting the purpose of the uprising and the actions of the rebels. The author sees the reason for this situation in the fact that Ukrainian historical experts in the historical studies of the above mentioned events connected with the «Koliivshchyna» rebellion, do not sufficiently apply the intellectual achievements of the historic school «New Historians», well known in the West (this school is also called the «Annales» school, the founders the schools are Mark Bloch and Lucien Febvre). The researchers also ignore the contemporary critique of the paradigms of Leopold von Ranke «Objectivist School». The achievements of famous Western epistemologists, such as Allan Megill, also fail to achieve optimum effect. The author points out the advantages of the «New Historians» School in constructing the results of historical research, but, on the background of the advantages and achievements of Western historians, the author of the proposed article proves the benefits of studies of Ukrainian historians.The widespread use in Western historical research the works of the New Historians School supporters has had a significant positive impact on the development of the historical science of these countries. The application of the scientific development of the supporters of this school (the school «New Historians» arose in 1929) was the reason for a qualitative step in the process of historical research in the West. In Ukraine, the widespread use in studies related to historical science subjects such as oral history, history of concepts, bottom history, visual history and many other related subjects of great popularity have not yet gained popularity, although some successes can already be seen.In the article the author provides the achievements of Ukrainian historian, professor Vasyl Shevchuk, which he gained during the study of the history of Ukrainian statehood, as an example of the successful development of the latest approaches to the study of Ukrainian history. V. Shevchuk in the early 90's of the twentieth century became the founder of the definition of the statehood characteristics, which become apparent after the first victories of the rebels. According to V. Shevchuk, there are eight such characteristics. The process of acquiring statehood characteristics during the uprising usually occurs in the process of achievement by the rebels the success in the fight against the oppressors. So, the expansion of the tools of the study of the Ukrainian history related to historical subjects, such as that introduced by the school «New Historians», will definitely expand the possibilities for interpreting the events that took place during the uprising in 1768. At the very least, the use of the latest methods of studying the history of Ukraine gives such an opportunity to the researcher.New methods of studying the history of Ukraine, successfully used by the Ukrainian historians, will surely lead to an understanding and tolerant attitude to the fact that the history of Ukraine will not be perceived by Ukrainian in the same way as by a Pole or Russian, or anyone else with a distinct national identity. National systems of traditions, customs, peculiarities of the mentality and many other factors are the obstacle that will never let the Pope and the German or the Pole and Ukrainian perceive the truth of the story with the same emotions. The text of the article proved the existence of a problem of interpretation of the purpose and issues of the «Koliivshchyna» rebellion. The solution to this problem will take place in any case. To do this, you only need to perceive historical events with a sense of mutual respect and avoid single-ended estimates and uncompromising attitude.
Background: Breakfast is often described as the most important meal of the day. The regularity of wholesome, daily meal patterns comprised of healthy foods is important for the physical and mental development of children and adolescents. One way to make sure that children and adolescents eat breakfast on a regular basis is to serve it at school. Several published reviews have examined the effects of eating breakfast and studied effects of school breakfast programmes on children and adolescents. Informed decisions of whether to promote eating breakfast or to introduce a school breakfast programme require a broader perspective. The aim was to conduct a systematic review of scientific publications that study the effects potentially relevant for economic evaluations of eating breakfast or implementing school breakfast programmes for children and adolescents. Method: In the systematic literature review, studies were identified by searching the electronic databases PubMed, CINAHL, Web of Science and PsycINFO from January 2000 through October 2017. The following inclusion criteria guided the selection of the identified studies: published articles from peer-reviewed journals with full text in English, studies collecting primary data, quantitative studies, studies performed in countries comparable to Sweden in terms of access and quality of nutrients, economic and social conditions and publications studying at least one of the topics; academic achievement, quality of life and wellbeing, risk factors/morbidity or cognitive performance. Results: Twenty-six studies on eating breakfast and eleven studies on school breakfast programmes fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were judged to be of at least moderate quality were included in the analysis. The results of the review of studies on eating breakfast showed positive and conclusive effects on cognitive performance, academic achievement, quality of life, well-being and risk factors/morbidity. This indicates that eating breakfast is important. The results of the studies on school breakfast varied. Minor positive effects were seen on cognitive performance and academic achievement. Most studies showed no effects and all studies suffered from different methodological weaknesses. Conclusions: The overall assessment of the studies on eating breakfast indicated positive effects. The studies on school breakfast programmes showed minor positive effects, but the majority of the studies showed no effects and all studies suffered from different methodological weaknesses. In order to assess the cost-effectiveness of eating breakfast and of school breakfast programmes we need to know more about how the identified affects influence the societal cost and the individuals gain in quality-adjusted life years both in the short and the long term. ; Bakgrund: Frukost beskrivs ofta som dagens viktigaste måltid och flera studier har visat att kostintag har en positiv effekt på barn och ungdomars såväl fysiska som mentala utveckling. Ett sätt att öka barn och ungdomars frukostintag är att servera frukost på skoltid. Idag finns flera publicerade översiktsatiklar som har granskat effekterna av att äta frukost såväl som effekterna av skolfrukostprogram. För att kunna fatta ett beslut om huruvida man ska lägga resurser på att främja frukostätand eller servera frukost på skoltid krävs dock ytterligare information. Syftet med rapporten är att systematiskt granska de vetenskapliga publikationer som studerar effekter av att äta frukost eller effekter av implementering av skolfrukostprogram potentiellt relevanta att inkludera i en ekonomisk utvärdering. Metod: En systematisk litteratursökning genomfördes. Studierna identifierades genom att söka de elektroniska databaserna PubMed, CINAHL, Web of Science och PsycINFO från januari 2000 till oktober 2017. De inklusionskriterier som tillämpades var: artiklar på engelska publicerade i granskade tidskrifter, artiklar som presenterar primärdata, kvantitativa studier, studier jämförbara med Sverige gällande näringsintag, ekonomiska och sociala förhållanden samt publikationer som studerar minst ett av ämnena; akademisk prestation, livskvalitet och välbefinnande, riskfaktorer/morbiditet eller kognitiv prestanda. Resultat: Tjugosex artiklar som studerade effekter av att äta frukost samt elva studier som studerade effekter av skolfrukostprogram uppfyllde de uppsatta inklusionskriterierna och bedömdes vara av minst måttlig kvalitet inkluderades i analysen. Studierna som studerade effekter av att äta frukost var samstämmiga. De visade att frukostätande hade positiva effekter på kognitiv prestanda, akademisk prestation, livskvalitet och välbefinnande samt på morbida riskfaktorer. Artiklar som studerade effekter av skolfrukostprogram visade på varierande resultat. Ett fåtal studier fann att skolfrukostprogram hade positiva effekter på kognitiv prestanda och akademisk prestation men majoriteten av studierna kunde inte påvisa några effekter. Flertalet av studierna var dock behäftade med metodologiska svagheter. Slutsats: Äta frukost har överlag positiva effekter på de studerade utfallsmåtten. Skolfrukostprogram har små till måttliga effekter på de studerade utfallsmåtten. Majoriteten av studierna som undersökte skolfrukostprogram visade dock inga effekter och alla studier var behäftade med metodologiska svagheter. För att kunna bedöma kostnadseffektiviteten av att äta frukost och skolfrukostprogram, behöver vi mer kunskap om hur de identifierade effekterna påverkar samhällets kostnader och en individs livskvalitet och levnadsår, på såväl kort som lång sikt.
Problem setting. An important problem mankind has become the global climate change, which in reality today there is no doubt.Recent research and publications analysis. An analysis of recent studies and publica- tions has revealed a clear lack of research in the field of climatic diplomacy in the na- tional scientific tradition, although in the documents devoted to the issue of climate change, this term is used. To date, there are not enough scientific papers to address the main aspects of the theory and practice of climate diplomacy. Researches devoted to the consideration of climate change problems in political science, as presented by modern Western political science, are practically absent.Paper objective. The purpose and tasks of this article are related to the conceptualiza- tion of climate diplomacy in the aspect of international-political issues regarding its es- sence, structure and analysis of its methodological significance for the improvement of modern practices in the management of international relations or foreign policy in the field of climate change.Paper main body. In the article is realized the conceptualization of climate diplomacy in the aspect of international political problems regarding its essence, structure and stages of evolution, its methodological significance for improving modern practices of managing international relations or foreign policy in the sphere of climate change is ana- lyzed. The content of the terms «climate diplomacy», «climatic regime», «climate confer- ences» is disclosed, the object and subject of climate diplomacy, the main elements of climate diplomacy, the some documents of climate diplomacy are analyzed. The influence of those changes, which take place in diplomacy, on the formation and features of climate diplomacy is traced. The problem of climate change is actualized on social and human consequences, which, possibly, can have the risks of conflict and instability. Particular attention is paid to the empirical level of climate diplomacy, which analyzes the architec- ture of climate change, as well as the analytical level of climate diplomacy, which is de- termined by the transition from the club to the network forms of climate diplomacy on a wider background of discussions about the nature, relevance and adequacy of climate diplomacy in a complex global world.The author considers the criterial signs of climate diplomacy: belonging to the sphere of international relations and the foreign policy of the state; application of negotiations as the main instrument for establishing relations between subjects of international relations in the field of climate change; the presence of the institute of professionals who directly conduct climate talks and implement climate cooperation, preventing not only climate change, but also the consequences of measures taken to respond to climate change.Conclusions of the research. Consequently, climate diplomacy is proposed to be de- fined as the theory and practice of creating an international climatic regime, climate change through multilevel, collective and public diplomacy, which is based on soft power tools that are owned and actively used by officials of states, international organizations, informal institutions, transnational structures and civil society, among which a special role belongs to the negotiation process and the result of which is the clear legal and organizational design of architecture for climatic changes. ; В статье осуществлена концептуализация климатической дипломатии в аспек- те международно-политической проблематики относительно ее сущности, струк- туры и этапов эволюции, анализируется ее методологическое значение для совер- шенствования современных практик управления международными отношениями или внешней политикой в сфере изменения климата. Раскрыто содержание понятий«климатическая дипломатия», «климатический режим», «климатические конфе- ренции», проанализированы объект и предмет климатической дипломатии, основ- ные элементы климатической дипломатии, некоторые документы климатической дипломатии. Прослежено влияние тех изменений, что имеют место в дипломатии, на формирование и особенности климатической дипломатии. Актуализировано проблему изменений климата на социальные и человеческие последствия, которые, вероятно, могут иметь риски конфликта и нестабильности. Особое внимание уделяется эмпирическому уровню климатической дипломатии, что анализирует архитектуру изменения климата, а также аналитическому уровню климатической дипломатии, который определяется переходом от клуба к сетевым формам климатической дипломатии на более широком фоне дискуссий о природе, актуальности и адекватности климатической дипломатии в сложном глобальном мире. ; У статті здійснено концептуалізацію кліматичної дипломатії в аспекті міжнародно-політичної проблематики щодо її сутності, структури та етапів еволюції, аналізується її методологічне значення для удосконалення сучасних практик управління міжнародними відносинами або зовнішньою політикою у галузі змін клімату. Розкрито зміст понять «кліматична ди- пломатія», «кліматичний режим», «кліматичні конференції», проаналізова- но об'єкт та предмет кліматичної дипломатії, основні елементи кліматич- ної дипломатії, деякі документи кліматичної дипломатії. Простежено вплив тих змін, що мають місце в дипломатії, на формування та особливості кліматичної дипломатії. Актуалізовано проблему змін клімату на соціальні та людські наслідки, які, ймовірно, можуть мати ризики конфлікту та не- стабільності. Особлива увага приділяється емпіричному рівню кліматичної дипломатії, що аналізує архітектуру зміни клімату, а також аналітичному рівню кліматичної дипломатії, який визначається переходом від клубу до мережевих форм кліматичної дипломатії на більш широкому фоні дискусій про природу, актуальність та адекватність дипломатії у складному глобальному світі.
Problem setting. An important problem mankind has become the global climate change, which in reality today there is no doubt.Recent research and publications analysis. An analysis of recent studies and publica- tions has revealed a clear lack of research in the field of climatic diplomacy in the na- tional scientific tradition, although in the documents devoted to the issue of climate change, this term is used. To date, there are not enough scientific papers to address the main aspects of the theory and practice of climate diplomacy. Researches devoted to the consideration of climate change problems in political science, as presented by modern Western political science, are practically absent.Paper objective. The purpose and tasks of this article are related to the conceptualiza- tion of climate diplomacy in the aspect of international-political issues regarding its es- sence, structure and analysis of its methodological significance for the improvement of modern practices in the management of international relations or foreign policy in the field of climate change.Paper main body. In the article is realized the conceptualization of climate diplomacy in the aspect of international political problems regarding its essence, structure and stages of evolution, its methodological significance for improving modern practices of managing international relations or foreign policy in the sphere of climate change is ana- lyzed. The content of the terms «climate diplomacy», «climatic regime», «climate confer- ences» is disclosed, the object and subject of climate diplomacy, the main elements of climate diplomacy, the some documents of climate diplomacy are analyzed. The influence of those changes, which take place in diplomacy, on the formation and features of climate diplomacy is traced. The problem of climate change is actualized on social and human consequences, which, possibly, can have the risks of conflict and instability. Particular attention is paid to the empirical level of climate diplomacy, which analyzes the architec- ture of climate change, as well as the analytical level of climate diplomacy, which is de- termined by the transition from the club to the network forms of climate diplomacy on a wider background of discussions about the nature, relevance and adequacy of climate diplomacy in a complex global world.The author considers the criterial signs of climate diplomacy: belonging to the sphere of international relations and the foreign policy of the state; application of negotiations as the main instrument for establishing relations between subjects of international relations in the field of climate change; the presence of the institute of professionals who directly conduct climate talks and implement climate cooperation, preventing not only climate change, but also the consequences of measures taken to respond to climate change.Conclusions of the research. Consequently, climate diplomacy is proposed to be de- fined as the theory and practice of creating an international climatic regime, climate change through multilevel, collective and public diplomacy, which is based on soft power tools that are owned and actively used by officials of states, international organizations, informal institutions, transnational structures and civil society, among which a special role belongs to the negotiation process and the result of which is the clear legal and organizational design of architecture for climatic changes. ; В статье осуществлена концептуализация климатической дипломатии в аспек- те международно-политической проблематики относительно ее сущности, струк- туры и этапов эволюции, анализируется ее методологическое значение для совер- шенствования современных практик управления международными отношениями или внешней политикой в сфере изменения климата. Раскрыто содержание понятий«климатическая дипломатия», «климатический режим», «климатические конфе- ренции», проанализированы объект и предмет климатической дипломатии, основ- ные элементы климатической дипломатии, некоторые документы климатической дипломатии. Прослежено влияние тех изменений, что имеют место в дипломатии, на формирование и особенности климатической дипломатии. Актуализировано проблему изменений климата на социальные и человеческие последствия, которые, вероятно, могут иметь риски конфликта и нестабильности. Особое внимание уделяется эмпирическому уровню климатической дипломатии, что анализирует архитектуру изменения климата, а также аналитическому уровню климатической дипломатии, который определяется переходом от клуба к сетевым формам климатической дипломатии на более широком фоне дискуссий о природе, актуальности и адекватности климатической дипломатии в сложном глобальном мире. ; У статті здійснено концептуалізацію кліматичної дипломатії в аспекті міжнародно-політичної проблематики щодо її сутності, структури та етапів еволюції, аналізується її методологічне значення для удосконалення сучасних практик управління міжнародними відносинами або зовнішньою політикою у галузі змін клімату. Розкрито зміст понять «кліматична ди- пломатія», «кліматичний режим», «кліматичні конференції», проаналізова- но об'єкт та предмет кліматичної дипломатії, основні елементи кліматич- ної дипломатії, деякі документи кліматичної дипломатії. Простежено вплив тих змін, що мають місце в дипломатії, на формування та особливості кліматичної дипломатії. Актуалізовано проблему змін клімату на соціальні та людські наслідки, які, ймовірно, можуть мати ризики конфлікту та не- стабільності. Особлива увага приділяється емпіричному рівню кліматичної дипломатії, що аналізує архітектуру зміни клімату, а також аналітичному рівню кліматичної дипломатії, який визначається переходом від клубу до мережевих форм кліматичної дипломатії на більш широкому фоні дискусій про природу, актуальність та адекватність дипломатії у складному глобальному світі.
This article is devoted to the development of the noospheric approach to the development of education in the knowledge economy based on the teachings of V. Vernadsky about the noosphere. The role of education, in the knowledge economy, is greatly expanded, and the significance of education is repeatedly increased. However, modern education is full of problems and not only material, but more significant - existential problems. The education development is connected with the methodology development of cognition and management processes. The study goal is to explain the features of the noospheric approach to the education development and the relationship with models of paradigmatic innovation development and vertical integration of knowledge. The semantics of the word "noosphere" is the sphere of humanitarian, in other words, political, cultural, legal, cognitive, religious and other social phenomena. The noosphere is a logical continuation of a variety consisting of the sphere of physical and chemical (geosphere) and biological (biosphere) phenomena. The phenomena of which the noosphere consists are integrated through information phenomena (the infosphere).The noospheric approach to the development of education is based on noospheric thinking, as well as the conceptual model of paradigmatic innovation development and the vertical integration of knowledge methodology.Noospheric thinking is replacing the existential thinking that currently dominates. The model of paradigmal innovation development considers three phases: the empirical-heuristic phase, the paradigmatic and the scientific.The methodology of vertical integration of knowledge includes: practice (business), construction and technology, applied theories, fundamental theories, philosophy. The parabola of knowledge become a model of learning based on the knowledge integration from philosophy to practice. One of the most important conditions for implementing the noospheric approach to the cognition development and economy is a high-quality education. Therefore the main ideas of its development in the part of submitting material, understanding the goal, additional education, bridging the gap between the natural and human sciences are put forward. The importance of teaching philosophy, as well as close connection with practice, is grounded. The ways of strengthening interaction between science, education and business are considered. ; На основе учения В. И. Вернадского о ноосфере разработан ноосферный подход к развитию образования в экономике знаний, которому посвящена настоящая статья. В экономике знаний роль образования значительно расширяется, а значимость его многократно возрастает. Однако современное образование полно проблем и не только материальных, а более значимых – экзистенциальных и содержательных проблем. Развитие образования увязывается с развитием методологии познания и процессов хозяйствования. Семантикой слова ноосфера является сфера гуманитарных, то есть политических, культурных, правовых, познавательных, религиозных и других социальных явлений. Ноосфера является логическим продолжением ряда, состоящего из сферы физико-химических (геосфера) и биологических (биосфера) явлений. Явления, из которых состоит ноосфера, объединены посредством информационных явлений (инфосфера). В основу ноосферного подхода к развитию образования лежит ноосферное мышление, а также концептуальная модель парадигмального инновационного развития и методология вертикальной интеграции знаний. Ноосферное мышление приходит на смену доминирующему сегодня экзистенциальному мышлению. Модель парадигмального инновационного развития рассматривает 3 фазы: эмпирико-эвристическая, парадигмальная и научная. В методологию вертикальной интеграции знаний входят: практика (бизнес), конструкции и технологии, прикладные теории, фундаментальные теории, философия. Парабола знаний может стать моделью обучения на основе интеграции знаний от философии к практике. Одним из важнейших условий реализации ноосферного подхода к развитию познания и хозяйства является высококачественное образование. Поэтому выдвинуты основные идеи его развития в части подачи материала, понимания цели, дополнительного образования, преодоления разрыва между естественными и гуманитарными науками. Обоснована важность преподавания философии, а также тесной связи с практикой. Рассмотрены пути усиления взаимодействия между наукой, образованием и бизнесом. ; На основі вчення В. І. Вернадського про ноосферу розроблено ноосферний підхід до розвитку освіти в економіці знань, якому присвячена ця стаття. В економіці знань роль освіти значно розширюється, а значимість його багаторазово зростає. Однак у сучасній освіті повно проблем і не тільки матеріальних, а більш значущих – екзистенційних і змістовних. Розвиток освіти пов'язується з розвитком методології пізнання і процесів господарювання.Семантикою слова ноосфера є сфера гуманітарних, тобто політичних, культурних, правових, пізнавальних, релігійних та інших соціальних явищ. Ноосфера є логічним продовженням ряду, що складається зі сфери фізико-хімічних (геосфера) і біологічних (біосфера) явищ. Явища, з яких складається ноосфера, об'єднані за допомогою інформаційних явищ (інфосфери).В основу ноосферного підходу до розвитку освіти лежить ноосферне мислення, а також концептуальна модель парадигмального інноваційного розвитку і методологія вертикальної інтеграції знань. Ноосферне мислення приходить на зміну домінуючому сьогодні екзистенційному мисленню. Модель парадигмального інноваційного розвитку розглядає 3 фази: емпірико-евристичну, парадигмальну і наукову. У методологію вертикальної інтеграції знань входять: практика (бізнес), конструкції і технології, прикладні теорії, фундаментальні теорії, філософія. Парабола знань може стати моделлю навчання на основі інтеграції знань від філософії до практики.Однією з найважливіших умов реалізації ноосферного підходу до розвитку пізнання і господарства є високоякісна освіта. Тому висунуті основні ідеї його розвитку в частині подачі матеріалу, розуміння мети, додаткової освіти, подолання розриву між природними і гуманітарними науками. Обґрунтовано важливість викладання філософії, а також тісний зв'язок із практикою. Розглянуто шляхи посилення взаємодії між наукою, освітою і бізнесом.
In this thesis, theoretical and methodological basis of the study of informational direction of policy on protecting national interests of the state are systematized; the experience in this very area of foreign countries and Ukraine is generalized.It is proved that the informational direction of policy on protecting national interests is an integral part of state policy, which ensures the promotion and protection of interests in public political-informational, political-figurative and political-semantic fields. It has been pointed on synergistic specificity of implementing such a policy in the conditions of non-linear development of the world.The substantial difference between the concepts «political territory» and «political space», which are used as synonyms in political science, was justified. Political territory should be considered as states-nations and its associations, which have publicly recognized and legally secured borders, institutions of governance, system of legislation and regulation, and monopoly to use force. They are focused on ensuring stability, maximum protection, inviolability of borders and preservation of sovereignty. Political space is a set of interrelated political phenomena and processes which go beyond borders, but initiated by certain state in order to establish economic, political, cultural, linguistic, informational, etc. control on internal and external space. The author proposed the following indicators of divergence: geographic (border), regulatory, institutional (presence/absence of a single decision-making center). Such concepts as «political-figurative field» and «political-semantic field», which are the components of a constructed reality, were identified. They also define the entire set of images and meanings, which the national interests of the state are articulated in. Political-figurative field is a component of a constructed reality, a set of authentic values of the people, symbols and simulacrum, in which the national interests of the state are articulated. Moreover, it is the totality of tangible and intangible images that identify territory (emblem, anthem, flag, personalities, goods, historical places, etc.). They also create an emotional connection with target audiences for the promotion and protecting national interests.Political-semantic field refers to totality of essential characteristics of different phenomena, which form interpretations of reality and create a political-relevant knowledge for the promotion and protecting national interests of the state. The author added the list and the scope of the methods and techniques of research the informational direction of protection on national interests of the world states in terms of modern non-linear political processes. Forms of its manifestation in modern politics were added too.The study of information-communication activities in the field of protecting national interests as a part of political science and methodological understanding of the essence of this direction has gained further development in this thesis. It is proved, that influence of modern nonlinear socio-political processes contributed to the redefinition the role and place of informational direction of protecting on national interests, its appearance on the same level with power instruments of protection state sovereignty and interests.Based on generalized experience of formation and implementation the informational direction of policy on protecting national interests of the states and supranational organizations the author formed two models – subsidiary (US, UK, EU and NATO) and vertical (Russia).Clarified and systematized the experience of formation and implementation of information policy for the protecting of national interests of Ukraine in the conditions of nonlinear social and political processes. Improved and expanded approaches to the assessment of external and internal perception of the state based on analysis of rating indicators of the state development and polls that indirectly reflect the state of understanding, support of the national interests of target audiences in informationcommunication sphere.The author proposed the transitional model of the development and implementation of the informational direction of policy on protecting national interests of Ukraine in the conditions of nonlinear processes, which reflects modern transformation and transition from a vertical to a subsidiary model. ; Проведен комплексный анализ информационного направления политики защиты национальных интересов государства в условиях нелинейных политических процессов. Определена специфика его текущего состояния и перспективы развития. Систематизированы теоретико-методологические основы исследования данного направления. Обобщен опыт формирования и реализации информационного направления политики защиты национальных интересов стран мира (США, Великобритания и РФ) и надгосударственных объединений (ЕС и НАТО. Выяснены особенности формирования и реализации информационного направления политики защиты национальных интересов Украины. Предложены модели информационного направления политики защиты национальных интересов – субсидиарная, вертикальная и переходная. ; Здійснено комплексний аналіз інформаційного напряму політики захисту національних інтересів держави в умовах нелінійних політичних процесів. Визначено специфіку його поточного стану та перспективи розвитку. Систематизовано теоретико-методологічні основи дослідження цього напрямку. Узагальнено досвід формування та реалізації інформаційного напряму політики захисту національних інтересів країн світу (США, Великобританія та РФ) та наддержавних організацій (ЄС та НАТО). З'ясовано особливості формування та реалізації інформаційного напряму політики захисту національних інтересів України. Запропоновано моделі інформаційного напряму політики захисту національних інтересів – субсидіарну, вертикальну та перехідну.
Исследвано соотношение и взаимодействие государственной власти и научного сообщества. Формы, степень, интенсивность влияния подготовленных правоведами научных выводов и предложений на государственно-правовую практику, равно как их содержательное наполнение, так или иначе зависят от государственной власти, а именно от существующего государственно-политического режима. Анализ зарубежного и отечественного опыта свидетельствует о том, что продуктивный диалог между властью и правоведами, наличие свободного рынка идей, свобода научной деятельности, независимость академического сообщества, которые должны признаваться и защищаться государством, являются необходимыми условиями создания эффективных и полезных обществу научных положений ; Problem Setting. Legal doctrine is an integral part of any developed legal system, where class of professional lawyers has been formed, complex of special legal texts has been created and there are professional legal practices secluded from other spheres of social activity. At the same time, the degree, forms and a legal doctrine intensity of influence on processes of state and law-making, the development of society as a whole depend on the state of the development of the legal system, existing legal traditions and the character of the sources of law system. As known, the legal doctrine is created, reconstituted, developed as the result of intellectual and creative efforts of the professional community of lawyers (primarily scientists-lawyers), that always are in the specific economic, legal, cultural and political conditions. Substantial filling of the results of scientific researches, necessity in them and implementation in legal practice one way or another depend on power, in particular, the existing state and political regime. These and relevant to them questions have not been investigated sufficiently till now in Ukrainian jurisprudence, are acquiring actuality for the Ukrainian legal system, large-scale reforms of which are to be provided on the scientific grounds. This, in its turn, causes the necessity in revision or reconsideration of the role and significance of scientific legal community in contemporary national state and society. The actuality of the topic. The main purpose of the article is conducting analysis of foreign and domestic (Soviet) experience of the interaction between the scientific community and power, revealing of peculiarities (intensity, form) of influence of the latter on a legal doctrine formation. The purpose of the article. On the European continent attitude to public authorities and the scientific community legal doctrine has not always been positive: it had been changing from recognizing doctrine at the official level as source of law, for example, in Ancient Rome, until its denial in some periods. Sometimes authoritarian regimes had been trying to control, or even subordinate the development of scientific thought, educational and cultural space. At last, conclusions from the negative experience have been done and came the realization that such a policy is not only harmful but also dangerous. Today, in the western law orders the results of scientific research have been accepted by the state and legal practice in connection with deep, thorough and objective cognition of the essence of the state-legal phenomena and processes and revealing of regularities of their origin and development. The basis of such researches are methodological pluralism, real scientific discussion, free exchange of ideas, which is a prerequisite of working out of effective and useful to society scientific conclusions and proposals. Only a productive dialogue between the authority and lawyers, the existence of a free market of ideas, freedom of scientific creativity, independence of the academic community which is to be recognized and protected by the state and it is under such conditions working out of effective and useful to society scientific provisions is possible. Such dialogue, as it is known, is possible only in the case when subjects interact on an equal partnership footing, excluding the service function of legal science and the implementation of it by representatives of «political orders». Conclusions. If you analyze the Soviet period, the interaction between the scientific community and power, which has always strictly controlled all spheres of socio-political and legal life (except for short phase of liberalization of state policy), resembling moving of one-way street. From time to time the street name has been changed, but the rules and basic approaches were without any changes. Adding, that government dictated (most frequently) to the science and its representatives which questions and problems must be investigated, what to be criticized and what ideas are to be supported and which to be denied and rejected. Therefore, we can make the conclusion that, as a whole, the legal doctrine under such conditions was just being created by power but by the «hands» of lawyers
В статье рассматриваются вопросы возникновения и исторические этапы развития общественной географии (официальное название «экономическая, социальная, политическая и рекреационная география»). Первый этап, политико-географо-статистический, был связан с возникновением в 1730-е г. в Императорской Академии наук и Академическом университете благодаря трудам немецких географов на российской службе политической географии как комплексного описания государств. Одновременно происходило становление камеральной (политической) статистики, систематизировавшей количественные и качественные характеристики государств. В 1819 г. создается первая в СПбУ преимущественно общественно-географическая кафедра географии и статистики. Наряду со страноведческим направлением формируется общественно-географическое районирование России и зарубежного мира, общественно-географическое регионоведение России, география населения и городов, первые геополитические построения. Во второй половине ХIХ в. происходит кризис и распад описательной политической географии. Главными особенностями второго, антропогеографического этапа (с 1880-х по 1920-е гг.) стали: создание в СПбУ кафедры географии и этнографии (1884), развивавшей антропогеографическое страноведение России, Евразии и мира; формирование «новой», научной политической географии. Третий, экономико-географический этап (с 1920-х гг. до последней четверти ХХ в.) связан со становлением новых общественно-географических направлений экономической географии (отраслево-статистической и районной направленности), критики «западной» политической географии и геополитики, развитием собственной «советской» политико-географической тематики, географии мирового хозяйства, теории экономической географии, экономико-географического страноведения (зарубежные страны, СССР) и географии населения. В 1918 г. при активном участии университетских ученых создаеется первый в стране Географический Институт как специализированный научно-образовательный центр, интегрированный в 1925 г. в состав университета в качестве Научно-исследовательского географо-экономического института и географического факультета, включившего первую в стране университетскую кафедру экономической географии. Четвертый, общественно-географический этап развития (с последней четверти ХХ в. по настоящее время) связан с ускоренной дифференциацией экономической географии, ее трансформацией в экономическую и социальную и далее в общественную географию. Наряду с продолжением ранее сложившейся тематики, новыми направлениями становятся этнология и этногеография, география Мирового океана, международное разделение труда и география мирового хозяйства, политическая география, возрожденная после периода забвения 1930-1960-х гг. геополитика и геополитическая мысль, социальная география, социальная экология, региональная политика, территориальное планирование, геоглобалистика, общественно-географическая проблематика постсоветского пространства, географическое страноведение для международного туризма, рекреационная география и туризм, управление землепользованием, геоурбанистика и др. Создаются новые лаборатории (пространственного планирования) и кафедры страноведения и международного туризма, региональной политики и политической географии. Происходит переход от подготовки «универсальных» экономико-географов к специализированной подготовке по бакалаврским и магистерским общественно-географическим профилям. В заключение обозначены актуальные направления и формы дальнейшего развития общественной географии и подготовки университетских географов-обществоведов. Библиогр. 42 назв. ; The article discusses historical stages of development of Societal (Human) Geography as а branch of geography at St. Petersburg University. The first stage, the political-geographical-statistical, was associated with the emergence of political geography as a comprehensive description of states in 1730s in the Imperial Academy of Sciences and the Academic University thanks to the works of the German geographers at the Russian service G. V. Kraft and H.-N. Wunzheim. Simultaneously there was the emergence of statistics, organized qualitative and quantitative characteristics of states. In 1819 the first predominantly socio-geographical Department of Geography and Statistics was created. Other key scientists included M. Lomonosov, E. Zyablovskiy, K. Arseniev. The second, antropogeographical phase lasted from the 1880s to the 1920s. Its main feature is the creation of a university Department of geography and ethnography (1884) with societal-geographical country studies on the base of antropogeography (regional studies of Russia, Eurasia, the World, «scientific» political geography). E. Petry, V. Lamanskiy, P. Semenov-Tyan-Shansky, A. Voeykov, D. Mendeleev, V. Semenov-Tyan-Shansky. Third, economicogeographical stage (1920s the last quarter of 20 th) is associated with the emergence of such societal-geographical areas as economic geography ("branch-statistical" and "regional"); political geography and geopolitical representations, geography of population; theory of economic geography. Since 1925 Geographical-EconomicInstitute, Geographical faculty and Department of Economic Geography became new organizational forms of societal-geographical science and education at the University. Key scientists: V. Den, V. Semenov-Tyan-Shansky, G. Mebus, V. Chetyrkin, B. Semevskiy, L. Gumilev. Fourth, the societal-geographical stage (the last quarter of 20 th to the present) is associated with accelerated differentiation of economic geography. New areas of research and education step to the fore, such as ethnogeography, geopolitics and geopolitical thought, social geography, socio-geographical problems of indigenous people of the Arctic, regional policy, spatial planning, geoglobalistics, socio-geographical problems of post-Soviet space, recreational geography and tourism, land use management, geo-urbanistics, geo-economics, the theory of societal geography. Two new Departments were created; of regional geography and international tourism and of regional policy and political geography. Key scientists: S. Lavrov, L. Gumilev, A. Anohin, V. Lachininskiy, A. Chistobaev, N. Kaledin, K. Aksenov, D. Sevastiynov, A. Alekseev, K. Klokov, S. Khruschev. In conclusion actual directions and forms of further development of societal geography discussed. Refs 42.
A multitude of research studies have provided an important shift away from classic perspectives of why women are prone to encounter significant hurdles in the advancement of their scientific or academic careers, and why "leaky pipelines" are of the order in many scientific fields (SSH/STEM). Instead of presuming that professional trajectories are shaped purely by "subjective factors" of women that lead to a kind of auto-elimination, by opting for something else rather than a scientific career (maternity, family life, following their spouses to another country for his job, etc.) (Beaufays and Krais, 2005:52/53; Grant et al., 2000), the attention has been drawn to looking at research institutions as gendered organisations (Acker, 1990), that translate the social division of work between the sexes in distinctive ways in the practice of scientific work. We would like to underpin the approach that examining gender in the making can contribute to researching science in the making and questioning the norms of science and scientific careers (from Beaufays and Krais, 2005). We argue that these norms are shaped by discourses (Fairclough, 2009; Kuhn, 2006), in the sense of référentiels (Muller, 2006), that are both constructing and constructed by actors' (both womens' and mens') hierarchical articulation, in a process of sense making (Weick, 1995) and referencing of an array of discursive ressources (Kuhn, 2006) in their everyday professional and personal/family lives, which constitutes an important form of identity work (Antaki & Widdicombe, 1998; Jenkins, 1996; Kuhn, 2006). This sensemaking (Weick, 1995) process, we argue shapes institutional practices and feeds on, as much as from discourses in the different research locales (Pred, 1990; Keenoy & Oswick, 2003) or local orders (Friedberg, 1997). Amongst others, one fundamental issue to be tackled is that there is still prevalent in today's postindustrial society a "myth of separate worlds" (Kanter, 1977), and an out-dated symbolic and pratical persistance of the "bread-winner" and "carer" models (despite important shifts in the dynamics of family roles and constellations), which is also present in the university environment. In the context of a precarity of jobs, of the high demands for a competitive game and an accent upon hyper-productivity, this does not create identitical spatio-temporal agency for researchers (Fusulier & Rio del Carral, 2012). Moroever, the enrolment in "greedy institutions" (Coser, 1974), such as research/academia but also the family, is on voluntary basis (Hermanowicz, 1998; Grant et al., 2000), and the nature of scientific/academic work has its or should be having its own unique mission and orientations (Stengers, 2011), albeit shaped by today's changing public and political discourses (Musselin, 2005). Our hypotheses regarding these enrolments are that there are important tensions as much between a) different discourses of demands from the postdoctoral phase and demands of entering a permanent (tenured) position at a given European university, and b) different discourses of demands in family/private life and demands of the professional scientific/academic career. In this paper, we propose a conceptual approach and an empirical application in the Belgian french-speaking institutional context, that tests these hypotheses and has four aims; A) examining what kind of discursive ressources researchers, in the early stages of their scientific/academic careers (after obtaining PhDs and before obtaining a tenured position), use to articulate their professional and private lives; B) how these actors (both women and men) hierarchically use, negotiate and prioritize an array of discursive ressources (Kuhn, 2006); C) if there are and if yes, what kind of gendered logics and dynamics exist in this identity work and finally D) how does this articulation contribute in shaping today's practice of scientific/academic work and mission of research institutions. Bibliography Acker, J. (1990) Hierarchies, jobs, and bodies: A theory of gendered organizations. Gender & Society, 4:139-58. Beaufaÿs, S. et Krais, B. (2005) « Femmes dans les carrières scientifiques en Allemagne : les mécanismes cachés du pouvoir », Travail, genre et sociétés, 2005/2 No 14, p. 49-68 Coser, L. A. (1974) Greedy Institutions: Patterns of Undivided Commitment. New York: Free Press. Fairclough, N. (1995) Critical Discourse Analysis: The Critical Study of Language, London: Longman Fusulier, B., Del Rio Carral, M., 2012. Chercheur-e-s sous haute tension !. Presses de l'université de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve. Grant, L., Kennelly, I. And Ward, K.B. (2000) Revisiting the Gender, Marriage, and Parenthood Puzzle in Scientific Careers, Women's Studies Quarterly, 28 (1/2), pp. 62-85 Kanter R.M. (1977) Men and Women of the Corporation. Basic Books, New York. Kuhn, T. (2006). A "demented work ethic" and a "lifestyle firm": Discourse, identity, and workplace time commitments. Organization Studies 27, 1339–1358. Weick, K. (1995) Sensemaking in Organizations. SAGE Publications: Thousand Oaks, California
Оборонная промышленность функционирует в непривычных для нее рыночных условиях и имеет значительный объем нерешенных задач. Одной из главных задач ОПК является воссоздание высококвалифицированного персонала. За прошедшие два десятилетия произошла невосполнимая утеря кадровых работников. Причины разные: сокращение персонала, отсутствие работы, невысокая зарплата, отсутствие престижности труда, выход на пенсию и т. д. Образовательные учреждения не обеспечивают требования рынка труда необходимыми специалистами. Молодые специалисты не спешат связывать свою трудовую деятельность с военной промышленностью, несмотря на то, что этих специалистов ждут предприятия ОПК. ; The Defence Industry operates in unusual market conditions and has a significant amount of unsolved problems. One of the main tasks is to recreate a pool of highly qualified personnel. Over the past two decades, there has been an irreparable loss of personnel due to a number of reasons: personnel cuts, lack of jobs, low wages, lack of prestige value of labour, retirement, etc. Educational institutions do not provide specialists with necessary qualifications for the labour market. Young professionals do not rush into pursuing a military industry career, despite the fact that defence companies are ready to employ such specialists. At the time, the military industry had a strong network of Institutions of Advanced Training (IAT) with different focus areas. IAT had a good logistical base and qualified staff. IAT studied the most progressive methods of leading enterprises and passed these innovations to students. Thus, new developments would come into the domain of related companies of the industry. Specialists of different focus areas and levels of education are involved in the defence industry. Professionals with basic vocational education and specialised secondary education, and higher education, and scientists who develop new military equipment and technology, i.e. professionals at all levels of production of military equipment and technology are important there. Only in close collaboration of educational institutions, public authorities and MIC organisations is it possible to generate the most essential qualities that defence industry specialists should possess and to train them. It is common practice for educational institutions, science and defence industry organisations to combine efforts on joint projects and produce good results but currently cooperation of this kind is becoming a rarity. For the formation of the educational system of training, retraining and advanced training required by the defence industry, it is necessary to plant appropriate educational institutions at the same location as defence industry enterprises experiencing shortage of specialists. For greater efficiency of such educational institutions, they should be provided with all the advanced technologies and equipment for training students. It is time to create the Ministry of the Defence Industry, which would provide the necessary training and forecasting of required specialisation and expertise for MIC organizations. The primary role in predicting the necessary number of specialists required for MIC organisations is reserved for government agencies which would consider the complexity of refresher training of managers, scientists, engineers and technical staff, as well as training of working professions and young professionals at all levels of education, id est design a viable system of multistage continuous-action training for military industry specialists. A transition to a trilateral agreement between high school, student and MIC organisation could contribute to resolving the issue of defence personnel shortage. Such agreements should motivate young people to quality learning for their chosen profession in the defence industry, as well as generate opportunities for a young professional to build career, have a decent salary and an attractive job, including benefits for the acquisition of property, social benefits, and more. Training programs of educational institutions, producing young personnel for the defence industry should comply with the requirements of job descriptions applied to the staffing at defence enterprises will further serve as platform for future workplaces reserved for young professionals. It is necessary to start developing students' interest in the technical knowledge from the time of elementary school. It is necessary to create projects related to the development of children's technical creativity, popularise and highly promote technical creativity. It is necessary to teach pupils, showing capacity to exact sciences, using individualised, more complex curriculums. Currently, poorly trained applicants with poor knowledge in Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics seek to obtain a technical profession. For educating future generations of engineers needed for the innovation economy in Russia, it is necessary to have a targeted financial and legal assistance. The current state of the defence industry experiencing an acute shortage of skilled workers is a real threat to national and economic security. It is unrealistic to remedy the situation by using market mechanisms only, we need effective government support, legislation, control of defence industry processes, as well as the political will.
Spring oilseed rape is an important oilseed crop, the area of which has increased significantly in northern Europe, including Estonia. Spring oilseed rape is predominantly autogamous but cross-pollination can have several positive effects, including higher seed yield and better quality. Hence, it is profitable to encourage high number of bees as the main pollinators in oilseed rape fields. On the other hand the expansion of oilseed rape growing area in Europe has increased the number of pests. This has resulted in the need to use more pesticides which have negative effects also on useful organisms, including pollinators. The aims of the current thesis were from one side to study the impact of oilseed rape (as crop which has high nutrient demand) foliar fertilization with different microfertilizers on the number of flower visiting bees (honey bees, bumble bees and solitary bees) and on the other hand the repellency of insecticide Fastac 50 EC on honey bees and the effect of sub-lethal doses of insecticide on respiratory pattern of bumble bees as it is a good indicator of their physiological state. The results of the study showed that to secure a higher number of pollinators for achieving higher seed yield and other benefits deriving from cross-pollination spring oilseed rape should receive proper complex fertilization. Applied microfertilizers turned out to be useless in terms of increasing the number of pollinators. In addition, the study tended to confirm that Fastac 50 EC does not show repellency for honey bees in field conditions. Flower density seemed to be the main signal for bees and might override the repellent effect. Even solutions with ten times lower concentrations of Fastac 50 EC than registered field rate in Estonia affected significantly the respiratory patterns of bumble bees and decreased the longevity. The study shows that as in field conditions additional factors may affect the choices of bees, laboratory and semi-field studies often do not reflect the situation in field conditions. The sub-lethal doses of pesticides bees encounter do affect the physiological state of the pollinators, being thus one possible reason for global pollination crisis. At the same time the application of pesticides is quite new phenomenon from the evolutionary perspective and pollinators have not learned to recognize the hazards. Pesticides should not be used routinely and prophylactically without regard to pest incidence but the need for the application should be previously monitored. The protection of pollinators against negative effects of pesticides should also be supported by the policies (e.g. through the environmental measures of the European Union common agricultural policy). In addition, further research on the ecotoxicity of pesticides is needed and more environmentally friendly growing technologies should be worked out (e.g. entomovector-technology and biopesticides). ; Suviraps on oluline õlikultuur, mille kasvupind on Põhja-Euroopas, k.a Eestis, oluliselt suurenenud. Raps on peamiselt isetolmlev, kuid risttolmlemisel on mitmeid eeliseid, sh tõstab seemente kvaliteeti ja kvantiteeti. Seetõttu on mesilaselaadseid kui rapsi peamisi tolmeldajaid igati kasulik soodustada. Teisest küljest on rapsi kasvupinna suurenemine toonud kaasa ka kahjurite arvukuse tõusu, mistõttu on vaja kasutada rohkem pestitsiide. Viimased avaldavad aga negatiivset mõju ka kasulikele organismidele, sh tolmeldajatele. Käesoleva doktoritöö eesmärgiks oli ühelt poolt uurida rapsi kui suure toitainetevajadusega kultuuri lehekaudse mikroväetistega väetamise mõju õisi külastavate mesilaselaadsete (meemesilaste, kimalaste ja erakmesilaste) arvukusele ning teiselt poolt repellentse insektitsiidi Fastac 50 EC eemalepeletavat toimet meemesilastele ja sub-letaalsete dooside mõju kimalaste hingamisrütmidele, mis on heaks füsioloogilise seisundi näitajaks. Uurimus näitas, et tolmeldajate arvukuse soodustamiseks on rapsi vaja kõrgema saagi ja teiste risttolmlemisest tulenevate eeliste tagamiseks kompleksväetisega väetada. Katses kasutatud lehekaudsed mikroväetised aga tolmeldajate arvukust enam täiendavalt ei suurendanud. Lisaks leiti, et põllu tingimustes ei avaldunud Fastac 50 EC väidetavalt repellentne toime meemesilastele – kõige olulisemaks signaaliks osutus õite tihedus, mis võis üle kaaluda insektitsiidi väidetavalt eemalepeletava toime. Katse põhjal selgus, et isegi kümme korda madalama kontsentratsiooniga Fastac 50 EC lahus kui on Eestis tegelik registreeritud põllul kasutatav doos, mõjutas oluliselt kimalaste hingamisrütme ja vähendas nende eluiga. Antud uurimustöö tulemused näitavad, et labori- ja väikeseskaalaliste põldkatsete tulemused ei peegelda tihti tegelikku olukorda põllu tingimustes. Sub-letaalsed pestitsiidi doosid mõjutavad tolmeldajate füsiloogilist seisundit ning võivad seega olla üheks globaalse tolmeldamiskriisi põhjuseks. Seejuures on pestitsiidide kasutamine evolutsioonilisest vaatepunktist küllaltki uus nähtus ja tolmeldajad ei ole veel õppinud riske ära tundma. Pestitsiide ei tohiks kasutada rutiinselt ja lihtsalt profülaktika mõttes, vaid vajadust selle järele tuleks põllul eelnevalt seirata. Tolmeldajate kaitsmist pestitsiidide negatiivsete mõjude eest tuleks toetada ka läbi erinevate poliitikate (sh läbi Euroopa Liidu ühise põllumajanduspoliitika keskkonnameetmete). Vajalikud on täiendavad uurimused pestitsiidide toksilisusest elusorganismidele ning välja tuleks töötada keskkonnasõbralikumaid kasvatustehnoloogiaid (nt entomovektor-tehnoloogia ja biopestitsiidid). ; Publication of this thesis is supported by the Estonian University of Life Sciences and by the Doctoral School of Earth Sciences and Ecology created under the auspices of European Social Fund.
Straipsnyje grindžiama nuomonė, jog postmodernybė yra iš modernybės kylantis kapitalizmo sistemos būvis, kuriam būdinga gyvybės suprekinimas ir suišteklinimas. Postmodernybę charakterizuoja populiariosios ir medijų kultūros išplitimas. Tos kultūros apima ne tik kultūros prekes, bet ir vartojimo būdus, įgūdžius ir jų lavinimą. Pastaruoju metu jos kuria nemirtingumo vaizdiniams bei nuojautoms palankią kultūrinę, intelektinę ir pasaulėvaizdinę terpę, kurioje struktūriškai įsitvirtina genetinis diskursas ir jo nustatomos žmogaus ir jo gyvenamo pasaulio aiškinimo gairės. Svarbus šio diskurso bruožas yra technologinis inžinerinis jo pobūdis, išryškėjęs susiejant nano ir biotechnologijas, kuriomis tikimasi įveikti gyvąją ir negyvąją gamtą skiriančią prarają, iš reikalingų atomų bei molekulių kuriant reikalingų ląstelių dalis ir klonuojant gyvas būtybes. Gyvybė suprekinama ir suišteklinama patentuojant gyvybės elementus – genus ir su jais susijusius procesus. Daroma išvada, jog visi genetikos, informatikos ir kitų mokslų laimėjimai, teikiantys žmogaus gyvenimo ilginimo galimybių, kurios palaiko gundančią nemirtingumo idėją, jau yra persmelkti prekinių santykių, tad ir pats nemirtingumas įmanomas tik kaip prekė. Aptariami kai kurie evoliuciniai ir religiniai techno sapiens sampratos aspektai. Detaliau gvildenamos dvi "nemirtingumo" versijos: Z. Baumano, kuris nemirtingumo pažadą sieja su kompiuterinės technikos plėtra prasidėjus "Antrajai medijų erai", ir J. Baudrillard'o, tegiančio, jog klonavimo technologijos "apgręžia" evoliuciją ir žmogų gundo virusiniu ar vėžiniu belyčiu nemirtingumu.Pagrindiniai žodžiai: genetinis diskursas, klonavimas, medijų kultūra, nanobiotechnologijos, nemirtingumas, suprekinimas.Genetic Discourse in Media Culture:Temptation by Commodified ImmoralityVytautas Rubavičius SummaryPostmodernity is maintained as a stage of the development of capitalism. The difference between modernity and postmodernity is explained in relation to the new sphere of commodification and resourcification,namely, that of life and of all natural living processes. Postmodern media culture, or popular culture, is peopled by signs of immortality and various kinds of immortals – cyborgs, clones, zombies, immortal human beings and others. Thus, culture accustoms a consumer to immortals and immortality which is concidered as the main goal of a human being and evolution. By nano-bio-technologies and genetic discourse this goal is made scientifically valid, thus reachable. Genetic discourse is becoming the fundamental world-view providing focal landmarks for the emerging future. Media culture supports the spreading of genetic discourse and facilitates its understanding. The temptation by immortality can be considered as a version of modernist ideology of human liberation from various natural, social and heavenly bonds. This liberation, and also secularization, is supported by a scientific genetic technological discourse which is becoming a stimulating factor of postmodern media production. The genetic explanation of the world is particularly handy for technological reflexivity: the entire world is as if encapsulated into human genes, which become the principle explaining the mystery of life, evolution and the future of humanity, thus rendering power to produce the human proper form and the future of people. All the possibilities stemming from the new genetic and biotech discoveries fell under the regulation of property relations by patenting, thus making "immortality" – as a temptation and brand – not only an exeptional commodity, but also a political tool and a commodifying force. As the relationships of private property have penetrated natural biogenetic diversity and, having turned it into a resource, the cognitive subject has reached the goal to secularise the Universe, which he has set for himself: only he as the owner and producer of genes lures people with the eternal shapes of the clones and their genetic information, which will be sustained in any location of the Universe. The temptation by "immortality" will become even stronger when the genetic code is mastered. The future of humanity is related to the mixed forms of life, trans-genic or otherwise genetically modified organisms and techno-human forms that will help to postpone, and later to conquer, death. Even thinkers with religious tendencies perceive the technological improvement of human beings as their evolution towards the techno sapiens and consider such a development as an advancement towards the Kingdom of God. The technologization of human beings is imagined in terms of their divination. Yet in this case the character of contemporary science secularising God and obliterating the perception of divinity is overlooked. Two versions of immortality are analyzed more closely – that of Z. Bauman, who links it with the development of computer technologies, and that of J. Baudrillard, who gives a warning that by cloning technologies humanity is trying to inverse the evolution and to return to the undifferentiated state of cells. The conclusion is drawn that regardless of how we understand 'immortality,' argue over its reality or unreality, all possibilities to prolong human life granted by genetics, informatics and other advances in science and technologies, which support the tempting idea of immortality, have already been penetrated by commodity relationships; therefore, "immortality" itself will be available only as a commodity.Keywords: cloning, commodification, genetic discourse, immortality, media culture, nano-bio-technologies.
Temporary or permanent, local or international, voluntary or forced, legal or illegal, registered or unregistered migrations of individuals, whole communities or individual groups are an important factor in constructing and modifying (modern) societies. The extent of international migrations is truly immense. At the time of the preparation of this publication more than 200 million people have been involved in migrations in a single year according to the United Nations. Furthermore, three times more wish to migrate, mostly from sub-Saharan Africa towards some of the most economically developed areas of the world according to the estimates by the Gallup Institute (Esipova, 2011). Some authors, although aware that it is not a new phenomenon, talk about the era of migration (Castles, Miller, 2009) or the globalization of migration (Friedman, 2004). The global dimensions of migration are definitely influenced also by the increasingly visible features of modern societies like constantly changing conditions, instability, fluidity, uncertainty etc. (Beck, 2009; Bauman, 2002).The extent, direction, type of migrations and their consequences are affected by many social and natural factors in the areas of emigration and immigration. In addition, researchers from many scientific disciplines who study migrations have raised a wide range of research questions (Boyle, 2009, 96), use a variety of methodological approaches and look for different interpretations in various spatial, temporal and contextual frameworks. The migrations are a complex, multi-layered, variable, contextual process that takes place at several levels. Because of this, research on migrations has become an increasingly interdisciplinary field, since the topics and problems are so complex that they cannot be grasped solely and exclusively from the perspective of a single discipline or theory. Therefore, we are witnessing a profusion of different "faces of migration", which is reflected and at the same time also contributed to by this thematic issue of the journal Ars & Humanitas.While mobility or migration are not new phenomena, as people have moved and migrated throughout the history of mankind, only recently, in the last few decades, has theoretical and research focus on them intensified considerably. In the last two decades a number of research projects, university programs and courses, research institutes, scientific conferences, seminars, magazines, books and other publications, involving research, academia as well as politics and various civil society organizations have emerged. This shows the recent exceptional interest in the issue of migration, both in terms of knowledge of the processes involved, their mapping in the history of mankind, as well as the theoretical development of migration studies and daily management of this politically sensitive issue.Migration affects many entities on many different levels: the individuals, their families and entire communities at the local level in the emigrant societies as well as in the receiving societies. The migration is changing not only the lives of individuals but whole communities and societies, as well as social relations; it is also shifting the cultural patterns and bringing important social transformations (Castles 2010). This of course raises a number of questions, problems and issues ranging from human rights violations to literary achievements. Some of these are addressed by the authors in this thematic issue.The title "Many faces of migration", connecting contributions in this special issue, is borrowed from the already mentioned Gallup Institute's report on global migration (Esipova, 2011). The guiding principle in the selection of the contributions has been their diversity, reflected also in the list of disciplines represented by the authors: sociology, geography, ethnology and cultural anthropology, history, art history, modern Mediterranean studies, gender studies and media studies. Such an approach necessarily leads not only to a diverse, but at least seemingly also incompatible, perhaps even opposing views "on a given topic. However, we did not want to silence the voices of "other" disciplines, but within the reviewing procedures actually invited scientists from the fields represented by the contributors to this volume. The wealth of the selected contributions lies therefore not only in their coherence and complementarity, but also in the diversity of views, stories and interpretations.The paper of Zora Žbontar deals with the attitudes towards foreigners in ancient Greece, where the hospitality to strangers was considered so worthy a virtue that everyone was expected to "demonstrate hospitality and protection to any foreigner who has knocked on their door". The contrast between the hospitality of ancient Greece and the modern emergence of xenophobia and ways of dealing with migration issues in economically developed countries is especially challenging. "In an open gesture of hospitality to strangers the ancient Greeks showed their civilization".Although the aforementioned research by the United Nations and Gallup Institute support some traditional stereotypes of the main global flows of migrants, and the areas about which the potential migrants "dream", Bojan Baskar stresses the coexistence of different migratory desires, migration flows and their interpretations. In his paper he specifically focuses on overcoming and relativising stereotypes as well as theories of immobile and non-enterprising (Alpine) mountain populations and migrations.The different strategies of the crossing borders adopted by migrant women are studied by Mirjana Morokvasic. She marks them as true social innovators, inventing different ways of transnational life resulting in a bottom-up contribution to the integrative processes across Europe. Some of their innovations go as far as to shift diverse real and symbolic boundaries of belonging to a nation, gender, profession.Elaine Burroughs and Zoë O'Reilly highlight the close relations between the otherwise well-established terminology used in statistics and science to label immigrants in Ireland and elsewhere in EU, and the negative representations of certain types of migrants in politics and the public. The discussion focusses particularly on asylum seekers and illegal immigrants who come from outside the EU. The use of language can quickly become a political means of exclusion, therefore the authors propose the development and use of more considerate and balanced migration terminology.Damir Josipovič proposes a change of the focal point for identifying and interpreting the well-studied migrations in the former Yugoslavia. The author suggests changing the dualistic view of these migrations to an integrated, holistic view. Instead of a simplified understanding of these migrations as either international or domestic, voluntary or forced, he proposes a concept of pseudo-voluntary migrations.Maja Korać-Sanderson's contribution highlights an interesting phenomenon in the shift in the traditional patterns of gender roles. The conclusions are derived from the study of the family life of Chinese traders in transitional Serbia. While many studies suggest that child care in recent decades in immigrant societies is generally performed by immigrants, her study reveals that in Serbia, the Chinese merchants entrust the care of their children mostly to local middle class women. The author finds this switch of roles in the "division of labour" in the child care favourable for both parties involved.Francesco Della Puppa focuses on a specific part of the mosaic of contemporary migrations in the Mediterranean: the Bangladeshi immigrant community in the highly industrialized North East of Italy. The results of his in-depth qualitative study reveal the factors that shape this segment of the Bangladeshi diaspora, the experiences of migrants and the effects of migration on their social and biographical trajectories.John A. Schembri and Maria Attard present a snippet of a more typical Mediterranean migration process - immigration to Malta. The authors highlight the reduction in migration between Malta and the United Kingdom, while there is an increase in immigration to Malta from the rest of Europe and sub-Saharan Africa. Amongst the various impacts of immigration to Malta the extraordinary concentration of immigrant populations is emphasized, since the population density of Malta far exceeds that of nearly all other European countries.Miha Kozorog studies the link between migration and constructing their places of their origin. On the basis of Ardener's theory the author expresses "remoteness" of the emigratory Slavia Friulana in terms of topology, in relation to other places, rather than in topography. "Remoteness" is formed in relation to the "outside world", to those who speak of "remote areas" from the privileged centres. The example of an artistic event, which organizers aim "to open a place like this to the outside world", "to encourage the production of more cosmopolitan place", shows only the temporary effect of such event on the reduction of the "remoteness".Jani Kozina presents a study of the basic temporal and spatial characteristics of migration "of people in creative occupations" in Slovenia. The definition of this specific segment of the population and approach to study its migrations are principally based on the work of Richard Florida. The author observes that people with creative occupations in Slovenia are very immobile and in this respect quite similar to other professional groups in Slovenia, but also to the people in creative professions in the Southern and Eastern Europe, which are considered to be among the least mobile in Europe. Detailed analyses show that the people in creative occupations from the more developed regions generally migrate more intensely and are also more willing to relocate.Mojca Pajnik and Veronika Bajt study the experiences of migrant women with the access to the labour market in Slovenia. Existing laws and policies push the migrants into a position where, if they want to get to work, have to accept less demanding work. In doing so, the migrant women are targets of stereotyped reactions and practices of discrimination on the basis of sex, age, attributed ethnic and religious affiliation, or some other circumstances, particularly the fact of being migrants. At the same time the latter results in the absence of any protection from the state.Migration studies often assume that the target countries are "modern" and countries of origin "traditional". Anıl Al- Rebholz argues that such a dichotomous conceptualization of modern and traditional further promotes stereotypical, essentialist and homogenizing images of Muslim women in the "western world". On the basis of biographical narratives of young Kurdish and Moroccan women as well as the relationships between mothers and daughters, the author illustrates a variety of strategies of empowerment of young women in the context of transnational migration.A specific face of migration is highlighted in the text of Svenka Savić, namely the face of artistic migration between Slovenia and Serbia after the Second World War. The author explains how more than thirty artists from Slovenia, with their pioneering work in three ensembles (opera, ballet and theatre), significantly contributed to the development of the performing arts in the Serbian National Theatre in Novi Sad.We believe that in the present thematic issue we have succeeded in capturing an important part of the modern European research dynamic in the field of migration. In addition to well-known scholars in this field several young authors at the beginning their research careers have been shortlisted for the publication. We are glad of their success as it bodes a vibrancy of this research area in the future. At the same time, we were pleased to receive responses to the invitation from representatives of so many disciplines, and that the number of papers received significantly exceeded the maximum volume of the journal. Recognising and understanding of the many faces of migration are important steps towards the comprehensive knowledge needed to successfully meet the challenges of migration issues today and even more so in the future. It is therefore of utmost importance that researchers find ways of transferring their academic knowledge into practice – to all levels of education, the media, the wider public and, of course, the decision makers in local, national and international institutions. The call also applies to all authors in this issue of the journal.
Temporary or permanent, local or international, voluntary or forced, legal or illegal, registered or unregistered migrations of individuals, whole communities or individual groups are an important factor in constructing and modifying (modern) societies. The extent of international migrations is truly immense. At the time of the preparation of this publication more than 200 million people have been involved in migrations in a single year according to the United Nations. Furthermore, three times more wish to migrate, mostly from sub-Saharan Africa towards some of the most economically developed areas of the world according to the estimates by the Gallup Institute (Esipova, 2011). Some authors, although aware that it is not a new phenomenon, talk about the era of migration (Castles, Miller, 2009) or the globalization of migration (Friedman, 2004). The global dimensions of migration are definitely influenced also by the increasingly visible features of modern societies like constantly changing conditions, instability, fluidity, uncertainty etc. (Beck, 2009; Bauman, 2002).The extent, direction, type of migrations and their consequences are affected by many social and natural factors in the areas of emigration and immigration. In addition, researchers from many scientific disciplines who study migrations have raised a wide range of research questions (Boyle, 2009, 96), use a variety of methodological approaches and look for different interpretations in various spatial, temporal and contextual frameworks. The migrations are a complex, multi-layered, variable, contextual process that takes place at several levels. Because of this, research on migrations has become an increasingly interdisciplinary field, since the topics and problems are so complex that they cannot be grasped solely and exclusively from the perspective of a single discipline or theory. Therefore, we are witnessing a profusion of different "faces of migration", which is reflected and at the same time also contributed to by this thematic issue of the journal Ars & Humanitas.While mobility or migration are not new phenomena, as people have moved and migrated throughout the history of mankind, only recently, in the last few decades, has theoretical and research focus on them intensified considerably. In the last two decades a number of research projects, university programs and courses, research institutes, scientific conferences, seminars, magazines, books and other publications, involving research, academia as well as politics and various civil society organizations have emerged. This shows the recent exceptional interest in the issue of migration, both in terms of knowledge of the processes involved, their mapping in the history of mankind, as well as the theoretical development of migration studies and daily management of this politically sensitive issue.Migration affects many entities on many different levels: the individuals, their families and entire communities at the local level in the emigrant societies as well as in the receiving societies. The migration is changing not only the lives of individuals but whole communities and societies, as well as social relations; it is also shifting the cultural patterns and bringing important social transformations (Castles 2010). This of course raises a number of questions, problems and issues ranging from human rights violations to literary achievements. Some of these are addressed by the authors in this thematic issue.The title "Many faces of migration", connecting contributions in this special issue, is borrowed from the already mentioned Gallup Institute's report on global migration (Esipova, 2011). The guiding principle in the selection of the contributions has been their diversity, reflected also in the list of disciplines represented by the authors: sociology, geography, ethnology and cultural anthropology, history, art history, modern Mediterranean studies, gender studies and media studies. Such an approach necessarily leads not only to a diverse, but at least seemingly also incompatible, perhaps even opposing views "on a given topic. However, we did not want to silence the voices of "other" disciplines, but within the reviewing procedures actually invited scientists from the fields represented by the contributors to this volume. The wealth of the selected contributions lies therefore not only in their coherence and complementarity, but also in the diversity of views, stories and interpretations.The paper of Zora Žbontar deals with the attitudes towards foreigners in ancient Greece, where the hospitality to strangers was considered so worthy a virtue that everyone was expected to "demonstrate hospitality and protection to any foreigner who has knocked on their door". The contrast between the hospitality of ancient Greece and the modern emergence of xenophobia and ways of dealing with migration issues in economically developed countries is especially challenging. "In an open gesture of hospitality to strangers the ancient Greeks showed their civilization".Although the aforementioned research by the United Nations and Gallup Institute support some traditional stereotypes of the main global flows of migrants, and the areas about which the potential migrants "dream", Bojan Baskar stresses the coexistence of different migratory desires, migration flows and their interpretations. In his paper he specifically focuses on overcoming and relativising stereotypes as well as theories of immobile and non-enterprising (Alpine) mountain populations and migrations.The different strategies of the crossing borders adopted by migrant women are studied by Mirjana Morokvasic. She marks them as true social innovators, inventing different ways of transnational life resulting in a bottom-up contribution to the integrative processes across Europe. Some of their innovations go as far as to shift diverse real and symbolic boundaries of belonging to a nation, gender, profession.Elaine Burroughs and Zoë O'Reilly highlight the close relations between the otherwise well-established terminology used in statistics and science to label immigrants in Ireland and elsewhere in EU, and the negative representations of certain types of migrants in politics and the public. The discussion focusses particularly on asylum seekers and illegal immigrants who come from outside the EU. The use of language can quickly become a political means of exclusion, therefore the authors propose the development and use of more considerate and balanced migration terminology.Damir Josipovič proposes a change of the focal point for identifying and interpreting the well-studied migrations in the former Yugoslavia. The author suggests changing the dualistic view of these migrations to an integrated, holistic view. Instead of a simplified understanding of these migrations as either international or domestic, voluntary or forced, he proposes a concept of pseudo-voluntary migrations.Maja Korać-Sanderson's contribution highlights an interesting phenomenon in the shift in the traditional patterns of gender roles. The conclusions are derived from the study of the family life of Chinese traders in transitional Serbia. While many studies suggest that child care in recent decades in immigrant societies is generally performed by immigrants, her study reveals that in Serbia, the Chinese merchants entrust the care of their children mostly to local middle class women. The author finds this switch of roles in the "division of labour" in the child care favourable for both parties involved.Francesco Della Puppa focuses on a specific part of the mosaic of contemporary migrations in the Mediterranean: the Bangladeshi immigrant community in the highly industrialized North East of Italy. The results of his in-depth qualitative study reveal the factors that shape this segment of the Bangladeshi diaspora, the experiences of migrants and the effects of migration on their social and biographical trajectories.John A. Schembri and Maria Attard present a snippet of a more typical Mediterranean migration process - immigration to Malta. The authors highlight the reduction in migration between Malta and the United Kingdom, while there is an increase in immigration to Malta from the rest of Europe and sub-Saharan Africa. Amongst the various impacts of immigration to Malta the extraordinary concentration of immigrant populations is emphasized, since the population density of Malta far exceeds that of nearly all other European countries.Miha Kozorog studies the link between migration and constructing their places of their origin. On the basis of Ardener's theory the author expresses "remoteness" of the emigratory Slavia Friulana in terms of topology, in relation to other places, rather than in topography. "Remoteness" is formed in relation to the "outside world", to those who speak of "remote areas" from the privileged centres. The example of an artistic event, which organizers aim "to open a place like this to the outside world", "to encourage the production of more cosmopolitan place", shows only the temporary effect of such event on the reduction of the "remoteness".Jani Kozina presents a study of the basic temporal and spatial characteristics of migration "of people in creative occupations" in Slovenia. The definition of this specific segment of the population and approach to study its migrations are principally based on the work of Richard Florida. The author observes that people with creative occupations in Slovenia are very immobile and in this respect quite similar to other professional groups in Slovenia, but also to the people in creative professions in the Southern and Eastern Europe, which are considered to be among the least mobile in Europe. Detailed analyses show that the people in creative occupations from the more developed regions generally migrate more intensely and are also more willing to relocate.Mojca Pajnik and Veronika Bajt study the experiences of migrant women with the access to the labour market in Slovenia. Existing laws and policies push the migrants into a position where, if they want to get to work, have to accept less demanding work. In doing so, the migrant women are targets of stereotyped reactions and practices of discrimination on the basis of sex, age, attributed ethnic and religious affiliation, or some other circumstances, particularly the fact of being migrants. At the same time the latter results in the absence of any protection from the state.Migration studies often assume that the target countries are "modern" and countries of origin "traditional". Anıl Al- Rebholz argues that such a dichotomous conceptualization of modern and traditional further promotes stereotypical, essentialist and homogenizing images of Muslim women in the "western world". On the basis of biographical narratives of young Kurdish and Moroccan women as well as the relationships between mothers and daughters, the author illustrates a variety of strategies of empowerment of young women in the context of transnational migration.A specific face of migration is highlighted in the text of Svenka Savić, namely the face of artistic migration between Slovenia and Serbia after the Second World War. The author explains how more than thirty artists from Slovenia, with their pioneering work in three ensembles (opera, ballet and theatre), significantly contributed to the development of the performing arts in the Serbian National Theatre in Novi Sad.We believe that in the present thematic issue we have succeeded in capturing an important part of the modern European research dynamic in the field of migration. In addition to well-known scholars in this field several young authors at the beginning their research careers have been shortlisted for the publication. We are glad of their success as it bodes a vibrancy of this research area in the future. At the same time, we were pleased to receive responses to the invitation from representatives of so many disciplines, and that the number of papers received significantly exceeded the maximum volume of the journal. Recognising and understanding of the many faces of migration are important steps towards the comprehensive knowledge needed to successfully meet the challenges of migration issues today and even more so in the future. It is therefore of utmost importance that researchers find ways of transferring their academic knowledge into practice – to all levels of education, the media, the wider public and, of course, the decision makers in local, national and international institutions. The call also applies to all authors in this issue of the journal.
