Artículo de revista ; The rise in global protectionist tensions in recent years has, after decades of across-the-board declines, entailed increases in tariffs that are proving detrimental to international trade and thereby affecting the Spanish economy's external sector outlook. This article estimates the effect of tariffs on Spanish non-energy, non-EU goods exports drawing on data broken down by country of destination and type of product. The results show that an increase in tariffs adversely impacts both export possibilities and, persistently, export values. On the estimates made, a 1% increase in import tariffs imposed by another country on a Spanish product entails a reduction in nominal exports of around 0.6%. Protectionist risks underscore the role of the EU in promoting international trade agreements, such as those recently entered into with Japan, Canada and Mercosur.
Esta tesis doctoral basada en artículos revisa el rol de la prensa nacional en el suministro de información política relacionada con la Unión Europea durante los años de crisis económica y de políticas de austeridad (2008-2014). El suministro de información política cumple una importante función en el establecimiento de un ambiente informativo general a nivel país, que afecta al proceso de formación de opinión de los ciudadanos, con independencia de su exposición mediática directa y su consumo de noticias. Sin embargo, los análisis empíricos son escasos. Sostengo que esta información es particularmente pertinente en tiempos de crisis y en relación a la Unión Europea, de quien existe de por sí poca información. El rol ejecutivo de la Unión Europea durante la crisis abrió oportunidades extraordinarias para darla a conocer; es más, para volver a conectar a los ciudadanos europeos con el proyecto de integración europea. En primer lugar, a través de ganar visibilidad en las esferas públicas nacionales, que normalmente están dominadas por actores nacionales que defienden sus intereses nacionales. En segundo lugar, mediante debates públicos abordando temas políticos y sociales que preocuparon a amplios sectores de las poblaciones nacionales. El primer capítulo presenta el marco teórico para los tres artículos empíricos siguientes, cada uno de los cuales se construye sobre el anterior. Estos analizan y comparan entre países, y a lo largo del período, la información política clave que durante la última crisis económica: (1) permitió a los ciudadanos europeos rastrear responsabilidades políticas en relación a las políticas de austeridad; (2) facilitó la comprensión de políticas complejas; y (3) incluyó a actores políticos, económicos y sociales en interacciones discursivas, en especial, a los ciudadanos europeos. El segundo capítulo (primer artículo) analiza la europeización de las esferas públicas nacionales. La visibilidad europea fue limitada durante la crisis económica, pero hubo diferencias significativas entre ...
In this prefatory article the author surveys the general concept of "integration" and its development and application in Soviet and post-Soviet space and then reviews the particular contributions made by each article contributed to this special issue of the Russian Law Journal. ; In this prefatory article the author surveys the general concept of "integration" and its development and application in Soviet and post-Soviet space and then reviews the particular contributions made by each article contributed to this special issue of the Russian Law Journal.
The purpose of the study is to analyze the capabilities of the military-industrial resources of the Baltic-Black Sea region, the ways of their integration and the level of innovation, as one of the most important components of competitiveness in the global market for weapons and military equipment. Paper contributes to the state-of-the-art of open innovation in way explores of external knowledge used in the innovation process. Study the origin of external knowledge used in the innovation process.
Problématique Le concept de la smart city émerge comme une vision incitant à la créativité, à l'innovation et au changement inclusif. Différents écrits soulignent l'importance de la dynamique d'acteurs, et principalement le rôle du citoyen dans le développement de sa commune. Dès lors, différentes initiatives sont développées par les communes afin de renforcer les interactions avec l'écosystème. Toutefois, même si des efforts sont observés, est ce que les stratégies communales développées en vue de répondre aux attentes citoyennes reflètent réellement ce dont le citoyen a besoin ? Objet de recherche Depuis 2010, différentes communes belges s'inscrivent dans des politiques de transition durable et intelligente où la qualité de vie et les besoins du citoyen sont au cœur des stratégies communales. C'est dans ce sens que cette recherche explore si les communes entendent ou écoutent réellement le citoyen. La recherche explore, premièrement, la connaissance de la commune de l'ensemble des initiatives locales développées par l'écosystème, deuxièmement, la concordance entre les besoins du citoyen et les projets développés, et troisièmement, la volonté du citoyen à s'impliquer et interagir avec sa commune. Le but est de proposer un aperçu du potentiel impact « excitateur-résonateur » qui peut émerger des interactions entre ces deux parties. Méthodologie Cette recherche a nécessité la réalisation de deux études quantitatives. A cet effet, un recensement a été fait auprès de 123 communes belges et de 438 citoyens de catégories socioprofessionnelles confondues. Le questionnaire adressé aux communes a nécessité six mois de collecte des données. Les résultats descriptifs illustrent les différences entre les communes rurales et urbaines. Le questionnaire adressé aux citoyens est composé de questions ouvertes afin de récolter les impressions du citoyen rural et urbain. Une analyse sémantique des réponses avec un traitement statistique des mots clés a été réalisé pour extraire les principaux résultats. Résultats Un langage de sourd semble se confirmer entre le citoyen et sa commune. Les besoins des citoyens s'articulent autour de la culture, de la cohésion sociale, de l'écologie et du commerce de proximité, tandis que les communes priorisent la numérisation, la mobilité et la participation citoyenne. Par conséquent, 77% des citoyens se sentent peu entendus et pris en compte, même si 98% d'entre eux expriment une volonté de s'impliquer et d'interagir régulièrement (65,30%) par voie numérique avec leur commune. Ces résultats démontrent qu'il existe une relation d'excitateur-résonateur entre le citoyen et sa commune. Même si différentes initiatives sont implémentées pour renforcer la participation citoyenne, le citoyen ne voit pas à ce stade une volonté communale dans ce sens. Une bonne volonté est observée des deux parties, mais des améliorations doivent être conduites afin de développer des projets smart city répondants aux réels défis des gouvernements locaux et des citoyens afin d'assurer une réelle transition perceptible. ; Peer reviewed
The investigation was developed to reduce the cognitive and empirical gap in the level of implementation of the CAPM model for investors in efficient markets, and those analyzed for emerging markets; under the scope of the analysis of the state of the art and mainly in the revision of the assumption of efficient markets along with the application of the CAPM model or Forward Looking for emerging market contexts; instrument applied to the calculation of profitability for capital assets, cornerstone for the determination of cost of capital applicable to investors, used for the calculation of the rate of discount of alternatives of investment. The model may be more precise in developed markets, but, in different analysis and empirical developments has shown the flaw that it has applying to contexts, such as the Colombian, and mainly towards the profitability of the market, that for the national case is taken from the analysis of the variability of the COLCAP indicator; established as Benchmark, since its birth dates recently as an index of measurement for the market, along with the downward trend that has shown the national market, offering as a result negative rates for investors. ; El artículo muestra las diferentes racionalidades que se tienen al interior de una organización, haciendo referencia a un caso en particular: COPETRAN, que durante más de 70 años ha sabido manejar un equilibrio importante en el contexto: político, económico y social. Sin embargo, la empresa últimamente enfrenta amenazas que a mediano y largo plazo podrían afectar su competitividad, ya que se ha encerrado en sí misma sin abrirse a la competencia global, mientras que otras empresas de transporte como Berlinas del Fonce y Omega, han tomado ventaja en eficiencia, logística y crecimiento. Se encontró que Copetran está en conflicto político queriendo nombrar directivos o ejecutivos externos con experiencia y reconocimiento gerencial, sin embargo, la racionalidad social de la organización lucha para que esto no suceda, limitando a que los mismos socios sean los directivos. En conclusión, se considera que Copetran requerirá de un giro de 180 grados en la dirección general (Racionalidad Política) en busca de la eficiencia operativa, lo que generará un cambio de paradigmas en las decisiones empresariales (como el transporte de pasajeros en buses de 2 pisos, ver Figura 1), para poder enfrentar la organización a los nuevos escenarios del sector (reducción de tarifas: tanto del transporte aéreo como terrestre, competencia desleal, aumento del costo de los combustibles y lubricantes, entrada en vigencia del TLC, entre otros), y poder continuar con el liderazgo en el sector de transportes de pasajeros y carga.
El documento aborda los problemas del apoyo a la inversión en infraestructura regional e indica que es necesario crear sistemas de innovación nacionales y regionales para acelerar la actividad de inversión. Se propone un modelo de sistema de innovación regional que incluye un centro de coordinación basado en el gobierno electrónico y se indican los resultados esperados de la implementación. Se consideran las principales funciones y procesos del infraestructura del sistema de innovación y se analiza la eficacia de la creación de empresas innovadoras, la comercialización de los resultados de las actividades científicas y la prestación de servicios a las empresas. Se considera la interrelación de subsistemas de apoyo de empresas innovadoras con organismos gubernamentales, empresas, instituciones científicas y educativas. ; The document addresses the issues of supporting investment in infrastructure in regions and indicates that it is necessary to form national and regional innovation systems to accelerate investment activity. A regional innovation system model including a coordination center based on e-government is proposed and the expected results of implementation are indicated. The main functions and processes of the infrastructure of innovation system are considered and the effectiveness of creation of innovative enterprises, commercialization of the results of scientific activities and provision of services to business are analyzed. The interrelation of support subsystems of innovative enterprises with government bodies, business, scientific and educational institutions is considered.
Die ökonomischen Eckdaten Ende 1996 weisen auf eine gelungene "weiche Landung" der chinesischen Wirtschaft hin. Aufgrund der nur geringfügigen Lockerung der restriktiven Kreditpolitik konnte der Investitionsanstieg auf 18% begrenzt werden, ohne das Wirtschaftswachstum wesentlich abzubremsen. Mit einer Zuwachsrate von 9,7% lag der Anstieg des Bruttoinlandsprodukts erstmals seit 1991 unter der 10%-Marke. Die Inflationsbekämpfung war mit einer Beschränkung der Preissteigerung auf 6,1% (1994: 22%, 1995: 15%) sehr erfolgreich. Allerdings spielte hierbei weiterhin eher die "sichtbare Hand des Staates" als der Markt die wichtigste Rolle. Einen positiven Einfluß auf die Preisentwicklung muß der ausgezeichneten Getreideernte zugeschrieben werden. In den vergangenen Jahren hatten Steigerungen der Getreidepreise die Inflation zu rd. einem Drittel angeheizt. Die außenwirtschaftliche Entwicklung kann ebenfalls als positiv beschrieben werden. China gelang es erneut, sehr hohe Auslandsinvestitionen zu absorbieren und nach einer anfänglich problematischen Außenhandelsentwicklung einen beachtlichen Exportüberschuß zu realisieren.
1895 begann für Taiwan eine neue geschichtliche Epoche, in deren Verlauf die Inselgesellschaft, ungeachtet aller bisherigen Reformanläufe, erst so richtig in die Moderne hineinkatapultiert wurde - die japanische Kolonialzeit.
Zu Beginn des Jahres 1987, als Chinas Politik an der Schwelle zur "Offenheit" (gongkaixing) zu stehen schien, erhielt das Beijing-Forschungsinstitut für Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaften den Auftrag, für das neue China-Regierungshandbuch eine umfassende Meinungsbefragung unter der jüngeren Bevölkerung (16 bis 35 Jahre) des Landes durchzuführen. Vier Fragekomplexe standen im Mittelpunkt der Aktion, mit der der politische Herrschafts- und Gestaltungsanspruch von Partei und Staat, kurzum die "Ordnung der vier Grundprinzipien", demoskopisch auf den Prüfstand gehoben wurde. Das Ergebnis war wenig erfreulich für die Veteranen der erloschenen Revolution: Eine wachsende "Generationenlücke" wurde sichtbar. Die Kernfrage in Fragekomplex eins lautete: Ohne Kommunistische Partei gibt es kein Neues China, die vier Grundprinzipien müssen unumstößlich bleiben! Wie beurteilen Sie diesen Anspruch? Gut drei Viertel der Befragten zeigten eine ablehnende bis skeptische Haltung. Nur 9,8% bejahten den vollständigen Kontrollanspruch der Partei über Staat und Gesellschaft uneingeschränkt; der Rest bezog keine klare Position.
Not Available ; The land resource inventory of Yakehalli-2 Microwatershed was conducted using village cadastral maps and IRS satellite imagery on 1:7920 scale. The false colour composites of IRS imagery were interpreted for physiography and the physiographic delineations were used as base for mapping soils. The soils were studied in several transects and a soil map was prepared with phases of soil series as mapping units. Random checks were made all over the area outside the transects to confirm and validate the soil map unit boundaries. The soil map shows the geographic distribution and extent, characteristics, classification, behavior and use potentials of the soils in the microwatershed. The present study covers an area of 344 ha in Yakehalli-2 Microwatershed of Yadgir taluk & district, Karnataka. The climate is semiarid and categorized as droughtprone with an average annual rainfall of 866 mm, of which about 652 mm is received during south-west monsoon, 138 mm during north-east and the remaining 76 mm during the rest of the year. An area of 188 ha in the microwatershed is covered by soils and about 156 ha by rock outcrops. The salient findings from the land resource inventory are summarized briefly below. The soils belong to 2 soil series and 2 soil phases (management units) and 2 land management units. The length of crop growing period is about 120-150 days starting from 1st week of June to 4th week of October. From the master soil map, several interpretative and thematic maps like land capability, soil depth, surface soil texture, soil gravelliness, available water capacity, soil slope and soil erosion were generated. Soil fertility status maps for macro and micronutrients were generated based on the surface soil samples collected at every 320 m grid interval. Land suitability for growing 29 major agricultural and horticultural crops was assessed and maps showing the degree of suitability along with constraints were generated. Entire area in the microwatershed is suitable for agriculture. About 52 per cent area of the microwatershed has soils that are very shallow (0.75%) and 31 per cent is medium (0.50-0.75%) in organic carbon content. About 8 per cent area is medium (23-57 kg/ha) and 47 per cent is high (> 57 kg/ha) in available phosphorus of the microwatershed. Entire cultivated area is medium (145-337 kg/ha) in available potassium of the microwatershed. Available sulphur is low (4.5 ppm) in 28 per cent and deficient (0.6 ppm) in 16 per cent area of the microwatershed. The land suitability for 29 major crops grown in the microwatershed were assessed and the areas that are highly suitable (S1) and moderately suitable (S2) are given below. It is however to be noted that a given soil may be suitable for various crops but what specific crop to be grown may be decided by the farmer looking to his capacity to invest on various inputs, marketing infrastructure, market price and finally the demand and supply position. xv Land suitability for various crops in the Microwatershed Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Crop Suitability Area in ha (%) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Highly suitable (S1) Moderately suitable (S2) Sorghum - 10(3) Guava - - Maize - 10(3) Sapota - - Bajra - 10(3) Pomegranate - - Groundnut - 10(3) Musambi - - Sunflower - - Lime - - Redgram - - Amla - 10(3) Bengal gram - - Cashew - - Cotton - - Jackfruit - - Chilli - 10(3) Jamun - - Tomato - 10(3) Custard apple - 10(3) Brinjal - 10(3) Tamarind - - Onion - 10(3) Mulberry - - Bhendi - 10(3) Marigold - 10(3) Drumstick - - Chrysanthemum - 10(3) Mango - - Apart from the individual crop suitability, a proposed crop plan has been prepared for the identified LUCs by considering only the highly and moderately suitable lands for different crops and cropping systems with food, fodder, fibre and horticulture crops. Maintaining soil-health is vital for crop production and conserve soil and land resource base for maintaining ecological balance and to mitigate climate change. For this, several ameliorative measures have been suggested to these problematic soils like saline/alkali, highly eroded, sandy soils etc., Soil and water conservation treatment plan has been prepared that would help in identifying the sites to be treated and also the type of structures required. As part of the greening programme, several tree species have been suggested to be planted in marginal and sub marginal lands, field bunds and also in the hillocks, mounds and ridges. This would help in not only supplementing the farm income but also provide fodder and fuel and generate lot of biomass which would help in maintaining an ecological balance and also contribute to mitigating the climate change. ; Watershed Development Department, Government of Karnataka (World Bank Funded) Sujala –III Project
The special examination (EE) allows to detect findings in the audited institutions, in addition the efficiency, accuracy, effectiveness and economy in the administration are analyzed. This scientific article is based on the problem of how to evaluate the administration of human talent of the Registro de la Propiedad of the canton Cuenca; for which purpose the application of an EE to the administrative process in the period from january to december 2018 has been considered, with the purpose of verifying compliance with it, in accordance with current regulations. An experimental study was applied, since a EE was executed to identify the compliance of the processes; with what could be determined that the entity does not fully comply with the execution of the training program and in the same way does not comply with the regulations regarding the presentation of the report of the capital declarations to the Government Accountability Office ; Recibido: 1 de septiembre de 2019Aprobado: 30 de septiembre de 2019El examen especial (EE) permite detectar hallazgos en las instituciones auditadas, además analiza la eficiencia, eficacia, efectividad y economía en la administración. El presente artículo científico se basa en la problemática de como evaluar la administración de talento humano del Registro de la Propiedad del cantón Cuenca; para lo cual se ha planteado como objetivo la aplicación de un EE al proceso administrativo en el período enero a diciembre de 2018, con fines de verificación del cumplimiento de este, de acuerdo a la normativa vigente. Se aplicó un estudio de tipo experimental, ya que se ejecutó un EE para identificar el cumplimiento de los procesos; con lo que se pudo determinar que la entidad no cumple de manera íntegra la ejecución del programa de capacitación y de igual manera inobserva la normativa referente a la presentación del reporte de las declaraciones patrimoniales a la Contraloría General del Estado Ecuatoriano.
This paper employs dynamic panel models; Pooled Mean Group (PMG) and Mean Group (MG) estimators to assess the growth-differential effects of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and Domestic Investment (DI) among 41 selected African countries from 1970 to 2017. The result of Hausman test shows that PMG estimator is preferred. The study found that FDI and DI are important grease for growth of African countries in the long-run. The study also found that inflows of FDI crowds-in DI in Africa and that there is significant difference in the growth effects of foreign direct investment and domestic investment while the joint effects of foreign direct investment and domestic investment on growth of African countries is found to be statistically significant. In the short-run, estimates show that foreign direct investment has negative influence on growth of 24 countries out of which four (Benin, Madagascar, Nigeria and Equatorial Guinea) are highly significant at 5% level, while the estimated influence of domestic investment on growth of most African countries was positive. This shows that foreign direct investment in Africa has negative effects on growth of host economies in the short-run. The study recommends that African governments should continually encourage domestic savings and investment as major source of growth and only consider FDI as a growth supplement
