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IN A RECENT ARTICLE, RONALD INGLEHART (1981) REEXAMINED HIS HYPOTHESIS THAT POSTWAR AFFLUENCE HAS LED TO INTERGENERATION CHANGE FROM MATERIALIST TO POSTMATERIALIST VALUES AMONG WESTERN PUBLICS. USING DATA COVERING THE SEVENTIES, HE CAME TO THE CONCLUSION THAT POSTMATERIALISM CONTINUES TO PREVAIL IN AN "ENVIRONMENT OF INSECURITY." IN THIS ARTICLE, WE WILL CALL INTO QUESTION BOTH THIS CONCLUSION AND THE HYPOTHESIS OF GENERATIONAL CHANGE. IN THE FIRST SECTION IT WILL BE SHOWN THAT THE TWO CORE ASSUMPTIONS OF POSTMATERIALISM THEORY CAN BE COMBINED IN DIFFERENT WAYS AND THAT AT LEAST TWO INTERPRETATIONS CAN BE FOUND IN INGLEHART'S WRITINGS. IN THE SECOND PART, WE ATTEMPT TO TEST BOTH MODELS EMPIRICALLY USING THE SAME DATA AS INGLEHART (1981) DID, YET APPLYING APPROPRIATE TECHNIQUES FOR COHORT ANALYSIS AND COVERING MORE TIME POINTS. THE COHORT EFFECTS AND TREND EFFECTS ARE ESTIMATED WITH THE PROGRAM NONMET. NEITHER IN WESTERN EUROPE NOR IN WEST GERMANY DO THE PATTERNS OF VALUE CHANGE CORRESPOND TO EITHER VERSION OF POSTMATERIALISM THEORY.

During the 1960–1972 period Egypt was committed to a socialist, centrally planned model of economic development. Economic growth goals were expounded in optimistic consecutive five-year plans. When it became apparent that these goals would not be achieved, the second five-year plan was expanded to seven years (1965–1972). private investment had been effectively discouraged after the nationalization of privately owned industry during 1960–1963. In order to finance ambitious development plans, Egypt borrowed heavily during 1960–1972. Approximately $2.3 billion was borrowed mainly from the U.S.S.R., the European Economic Community, and the United States. The plans' large capital development projects were undertaken with dismal results. A major factor causing these failures was the low absorptive capacity of Egypt during that time. This severely restricted the amount of capital that could be put to constructive use in any given time period and prevented Egypt from realizing her goal of doubling national income in ten years (1960–1970).

Abstract. Recent research has called into question theoretical and empirical findings demonstrating a deterrent effect of punishment. Also challenged has been the view that improved employment opportunities help to reduce participation in illegitimate activities. This research note summarizes newly published econometric findings revealing that better wages and employment indeed do appear to reduce individual recidivism rates, at least in the major data set studied. The data are drawn from the Baltimore LIFE experiment. Maximum likelihood methods are used to estimate the probability of recidivism one year after release from prison and the probability of avoiding rearrest or "survival" each month after release from prison. It is found that higher average weekly wages are associated with lower recidivism and higher survival rates. In contrast, no evidence is found to confirm a deterrent effect of punishment. [Complete documentation is published in S. L. Myers, Jr "Estimating the Economic Model of Crime: Employment vs. Punishment Effects,".

Institutions of higher learning are growing increasingly interested in the use of model‐based approaches to their resource allocation problems. Recent modeling approaches, however, have failed to consider that resource allocation planning is not a well‐structured decision process. Additionally, many decision makers are necessarily involved in the academic planning process and may assume dissimilar perspectives on the importance of achieving different goals and objectives. Furthermore, satisfactory allocation solutions can be expected to vary considerably from decision maker to decision maker as the individual's cognitive processes, perceptions, and evaluations are taken into consideration.This paper describes a decision support system (DSS) approach that attempts to adapt to a variety of academic decision makers with differing planning views in an environment of multiple conflicting objectives. This DSS, which was successfully tested on four academic decision makers in a large midwestern university, shows considerable promise for providing decision support to decision makers with varied problem‐solving styles.

This article focuses on the complexities involving project appraisals and foreign exchanges in the U.S. It is convenient to suppose that the government simultaneously optimizes with respect to all variables within its control, and it is the implication of this supposition that has been explored in much of the recent literature on project evaluation. But as a model of government behavior it is not persuasive. Moreover, the analysis of government behavior becomes critical in situations where prices and wages are not perfectly flexible. A full-Optimum allocation of resources is, under quite general circumstances, characterized by overall production efficiency for the economy. If trade possibilities exist these are included as production options. Distorting taxes are then a device by which the government can hope to increase social welfare. It is then possible to show that under fairly general circumstances a second-best optimum is characterized again by overall production efficiency.

The purpose of the study was to ascertain the relationship between emotional expressiveness and marital adjustment in two different cultural settings. The Emotional Expressiveness Scale and the Dyadic Adjustment Scale were administered to a sample of 106 couples from the United States and 96 couples from Colombia. No difference in expressiveness was found among U.S. males, Colombian males, and Colombian females. However, U.S. females were significantly more expressive than all other groups. Emotional expressiveness correlated positively with marital adjustment for the U.S. sample but not for the Colombians. Similarity in expressiveness of spouses correlated positively with marital adjustment for the Colombians but not for the U.S. sample. The expression of the positive emotions of love and happiness contributed to good marital adjustment for the U.S. sample, whereas for the Colombians anger and sadness were the most salient emotions. A theoretical model was developed that takes the above mentioned cultural differences into account.

A critique of developments in world order & future studies in academia that resulted from the activism of the 1960s, by a former participant. World order perspectives have been valued for their opposition to behaviorism in the social sciences & for their humanism. Nevertheless, there are significant flaws in the movement, deriving from its ahistorical & atheoretical approaches, its idealism, & its class bias; world order analysts are also not usually involved in practical politics. The movement is compared to the utopian Socialist movement of the nineteenth century, as analyzed by Friedrich Engels ("Socialism: Utopian and Scientific," The Marx-Engels Reader, Tucker, Robert C. [Ed], New York: Norton, 1972). In Mazrui Responds, Ali A. Mazrui objects to Targ's comments on the World Order Models Project, in particular the terms "ahistorical" & "atheoretical" to describe all world order scholars. It is argued that Targ also misunderstands the function of the educated in devising alternatives, & his findings of an ahistorical quality in world order perspectives are not substantiated. D. Dunseath.

Classified are the special features of the German party-trade union in comparative perspective, & traced is the German 'model' back to the debates in the Second International (Internationaler Sozialisten Kongress zu Stuttgart, 18-24 Aug, Vorwarts, Berlin, 1907). The historical experiences (especially under Nazi repression), the ideological traditions, & the organizational necessities in the reconstruction period to organize a unified labor movement guided by the principle of industrial unionism are discussed. The relations to other parties (especially to Communism & to the Christian Democrats) are analyzed as well. The attempt of a roll-back policy against the increasing trade-union influence by the more conservative forces in the country, under the catchword of a 'fight against a state dominated by the unions,' is described. The different measures, such as lobby regulation & loosening the ties between party & trade unions, are confronted with the realities of trade unions in organizational, financial, & representational respects. 2 Tables. AA.

This paper explores two central processes that are basic to any social system's sur vival-adaptability and copability. Adaptability refers to a social system's ability to sense and understand its internal and external environments and to take action to achieve a fit or balance between the two. Adaptability leads to greater relevancy of a system. Copability (cope-ability) is a social system's ability to conserve its identity, deal with internal disharmonies, and internally overcome change-in duced problems. They are not totally independent of one another and are com plementary. Emery and Trist's typology of environments is used to construct an appropriate model of behavior for system survival. Implications of these concepts and their contingent characteristics with other organizational variables are dis cussed. The author stresses that as the environment becomes more turbulent it be comes increasingly important that social-system practitioners (managers, organization development consultants, therapists) assess the system's adaptability and copability.

Comunicació presentada a: 6th Workshop on Argument Mining celebrat l'1 d'agost de 2019 a Florència, Itàlia. ; In this work we propose to leverage resources available with discourse-level annotations to facilitate the identification of argumentative components and relations in scientific texts, which has been recognized as a particularly challenging task. In particular, we implement and evaluate a transfer learning approach in which contextualized representations learned from discourse parsing tasks are used as input of argument mining models. As a pilot application, we explore the feasibility of using automatically identified argumentative components and relations to predict the acceptance of papers in computer science venues. In order to conduct our experiments, we propose an annotation scheme for argumentative units and relations and use it to enrich an existing corpus with an argumentation layer. ; This work is (partly) supported by the Spanish Government under the Mar´ıa de Maeztu Units of Excellence Programme (MDM-2015-0502).

Certain aspects of soc change & its relation to the necessity for variety in a dynamic soc system are considered. Certain consequences for soc control in the future can now be predicted by references to technological developments. It seems unlikely that the rate of technological change will be diminished, & it is essential that soc changes be made which can accomodate the technological innovations. The problems which can now be foreseen form a basis for considering the priorities which should be accorded to diff forms of soc res. It may be that the pressing demand that soc res should be devoted to the current soc problems may have many undesirable consequences. Perhaps soc sci today is in an unsatisfactory state because 10 yrs ago it was too much concerned with problems of 10 yrs ago. Mast of the simple models which were thought to suffice in soc res are now clearly unsatisfactory. A revolution in soc sci methodology is necessary. HA.

Abstrak Dinas Perhubungan Kota Surabaya meluncurkan sebuah inovasi dengan memanfaatkan electronic government yaitu aplikasi GOBIS untuk Suroboyo Bus yang berbasis android dan ios. Tujuan dengan diluncurkannya aplikasi GOBIS untuk memepermudah masyarakat dalam menggunakan transportasi umum dan menarik minat masyarakat yang nantinya akan mengurangi jumlah kendaraan bermotor penyebab kemacetan di Kota Surabaya. Penelitian ini memiliki tujuan mendiskripsikan dan menganalisis inovasi aplikasi GOBIS di Dinas Perhubungan Kota Surabaya. Jenis pnelitian yang digunakan adalah penlitian deskripitf dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Sedangkan fokus penelitian menggunakan teori manajemen inovasi menurut Utomo yang terdiri dari eksplorasi ide dan kebutuhan inovasi, inkubasi inovasi, diseminasi atau difusi inovasi, adopsi/replikasi/modifikasi inovasi, dan aktualisasi inovasi. Teknik pengumpulan data yaitu teknik wawancara, observasi, dan dokumentasi yang dianalisis menggunakan teknik analisis data menurut Bogdan dan Biklen, antara lain reduksi data, penyajian data, dan penarikan kesimpulan atau verifikasi. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan, inovasi pelayanan aplikasi GOBIS yang dimiliki oleh Dinas Perhubungan Kota Surabaya sudah berjalan dengan baik meskipun dalam pelaksanannya terdapat kendala, namun sudah dapat terselesaikan. Hal tersebut dibuktikan dengan hasil analisis 1) Eksplorasi ide dan Kebutuhan Inovasi, Dinas Perhubungan Kota Surabaya dalam menciptakan inovasinya berdasarkan kebutuhan masyarakat terkait pelayanan transportasi milik pemerintah. 2) Inkubasi Inovasi atau persiapan penerapan inovasinya, Dinas Perhubungan Kota Surabaya dalam penerapan aplikasi GOBIS telah menyiapkan berbagai kebutuhan. . 3) Diseminasi/Difusi inovasi, dalam penyebaran inovasinya Dinas Perhubungan Kota Surabaya menggunakan sistem langsung bertemu dengan masyarakat pada kegiatan rutin Kota Surabaya. 4) Adopsi/Replikasi/Modifikasi inovasi, Dinas Perhubungan Kota Surabaya dalam tahap ini memiliki prosedur yang harus dijalankan oleh instansi lain ketika akan mengadopsi aplikasi GOBIS. 5) Aktualisasi inovasi, Dinas Perhubungan Kota Surabaya dalam penerapan aplikasi GOBIS agar berjalan dengan lancar melakukan kegiatan monitoring dan juga evaluasi yang dilakukan setiap satu bulan sekali. Kata Kunci: Pelayanan Publik, Manajemen inovasi, Aplikasi GOBIS Abstract Surabaya City Transportation Department launched an innovation by utilizing electronic government, the GOBIS application for Suroboyo Bus based on android and ios. The goal with the launch of the GOBIS application is to facilitate the public in using public transportation and attract public interest which in turn will reduce the number of motor vehicles that cause congestion in the city of Surabaya. This study aims to describe and analyze the innovation of GOBIS applications in the Surabaya City Transportation Department. The type of research used is descriptive research with a qualitative approach. While the focus of research uses innovation management theory according to Utomo, which consists of the exploration of ideas and innovation needs, innovation incubation, dissemination or diffusion of innovation, adoption / replication / modification of innovations, and actualization of innovation. Data collection techniques are interview, observation, and documentation techniques that are analyzed using data analysis techniques according to Bogdan and Biklen, including data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions or verification. The results of this study indicate that the innovation of GOBIS application services owned by the Surabaya City Transportation Department has been going well even though there are obstacles in the implementation, but it has been resolved. This is evidenced by the results of the analysis using innovation management factors, among others, 1) Exploration of ideas and Innovation Needs, Surabaya City Transportation Agency in creating innovation based on community needs related to government transportation services. 2) Innovation Incubation or preparation for the application of innovation, Surabaya City Transportation Department in implementing the GOBIS application has prepared various needs. . 3) Dissemination / Diffusion of innovations, in spreading its innovations the Surabaya City Transportation Department uses a system of directly meeting with the community in the routine activities of the City of Surabaya. 4) Adoption / Replication / Modification of innovation, Surabaya City Transportation Department in this stage has a procedure that must be carried out by other agencies when adopting the GOBIS application. 5) Actualization of innovation, Surabaya City Transportation Department in implementing the GOBIS application so that it runs smoothly and conducts monitoring and evaluation activities which are conducted once a month Keywords: Public Services, Innovation Management, GOBIS Application

The purpose of this paper is to find out the position of female workers in Islam, and the role of women in building prosperity for themselves, surrounding communities and participating in the nation's economic development. It is undeniable that women in Muslim countries lag behind their counterparts in non-Muslim countries in terms of participation in the workforce. However, a large number of studies show that religion is not the culprit in preventing women from being active in the labor market, but rather the cultural attitude that shapes labor force participation decisions. In the author's view, one way for women to achieve prosperity is to give them the opportunity to work. For women, the goal is to provide opportunities to work not only to increase income but also to manage various social vulnerabilities, especially poverty and domestic violence. Women's access to work also means the opportunity to engage in broader socio-political relations. This means that women can contribute to the development of their environment because they no longer live in the household environment, but have enough time to interact in the public space to transform social capital into economic capital in the form of opportunities to engage in economic activities. However, the effort to convert social capital into economic capital is not easy. There are still unfavourable views on the grounds that women's abilities are not commensurate with men which ultimately limits women from accessing livelihoods. Therefore, it is necessary to find a perspective that places men and women in an equal and fair position, especially in acquiring, utilizing, and developing assets and access to economic resources. It is time for the state to formulate public policies that place women as the main actors and not only as objects or complementary policies. In this paper we conclude that the importance of the role of the government through the integration of formal and Islamic education methods to the rearrangement of the labour market, so that women better understand the market and participatory communities become convinced to support women's labour force participation.The purpose of this paper is to find out the position of female workers in Islam, and the role of women in building prosperity for themselves, surrounding communities and participating in the nation's economic development. It is undeniable that women in Muslim countries lag behind their counterparts in non-Muslim countries in terms of participation in the workforce. However, a large number of studies show that religion is not the culprit in preventing women from being active in the labor market, but rather the cultural attitude that shapes labor force participation decisions. In the author's view, one way for women to achieve prosperity is to give them the opportunity to work. For women, the goal is to provide opportunities to work not only to increase income but also to manage various social vulnerabilities, especially poverty and domestic violence. Women's access to work also means the opportunity to engage in broader socio-political relations. This means that women can contribute to the development of their environment because they no longer live in the household environment, but have enough time to interact in the public space to transform social capital into economic capital in the form of opportunities to engage in economic activities. However, the effort to convert social capital into economic capital is not easy. There are still unfavourable views on the grounds that women's abilities are not commensurate with men which ultimately limits women from accessing livelihoods. Therefore, it is necessary to find a perspective that places men and women in an equal and fair position, especially in acquiring, utilizing, and developing assets and access to economic resources. It is time for the state to formulate public policies that place women as the main actors and not only as objects or complementary policies.In this paper we conclude that the importance of the role of the government through the integration of formal and Islamic education methods to the rearrangement of the labour market, so that women better understand the market and participatory communities become convinced to support women's labour force participation.

The long lasting tradition of creating huge institutions of residential care for children at risk in the Czech lands and Moravia in particular may be traced back to the needs of nineteenth-century philanthropic elites and the discursive presentation in the local press of the "best kind of care." In Brno, several aristocrats and representatives of the higher clergy cooperated with a small but wealthy middle class elite when organizing care for children with audial and visual impairments as well as children endangered by "moral negligence." Political connections of those civic philanthropists allowed gaining public funding for expanding expensive institutions of residential care. At the same time, public discourse presented the institutes as important meeting places of the local old and new elites. The compromises of socially, religiously, and ethnically heterogeneous but cooperating sectors moulded social careers, promoted religious tolerance or equal linguistic rights of two Moravian nations in the public discourse. The taste and gifts of local philanthropists also shaped the care that children received. The help itself was ever more strongly presented as the duty of the society; this duty was fulfilled under the leadership of those "on top." The help was presented by metaphors of "raising up." The child would be taken away from its original surrounding in order to be "raised up" to a productive, free, or even "noble" individual. The long-lasting need of providing proofs that the care was effective was satisfied by the means of preselection of children for the institutes. Somewhat exaggerated optimism about the effectivity of philanthropy resulted in an original tendency to reject the pessimism of rising eugenics concerning the handicapped in Brno philanthropic circles. The prestigious publicity that those institutes received allowed medical doctors and pedagogues to build their individual and collective careers. Newspapers praised them for volunteering, professional know-how and their ability to bring fame to the region. Professionals also contributed to the image of effective residential care by presenting their exclusive ability to help children at risk and to show the native environment of children to be unsuitable or dangerous. While gaining ever more public financing, the institutes were gradually turned into domains for professionals. ; XIX a. Čekijoje ir ypač Moravijoje buvo paplitusi tradicija steigti didelius internatinius institutus socialinės rizikos vaikams auklėti. Vietinis visuomenės elitas ėmėsi šių pilietinių filantropinių iniciatyvų, o vietinė spauda vaizdavo jų auklėjimo modelius kaip "geriausius įmanomus". Brno mieste keletas aristokratų bei aukštesnės hierarchijos dvasininkų bendradarbiavo su nedideliu, bet turtingu vidurinės klasės elitu. Filantropai turėjo gerų politinių ryšių, padėjusių pritraukti viešų lėšų brangiems internatiniams institutams plėsti. Savo ruožtu viešasis diskursas instituto pastatus vaizdavo kaip svarbią vietinių senų ir naujų elitų susitikimų vietą. Socialiu, religiniu ir etniniu požiūriu heterogeniškų elitų kompromisai formavo socialines karjeras, padėjo propaguoti religinę toleranciją, abiejų Moravijos tautų kalbų lygiateisiškumą viešajame diskurse. Vietinių filantropų skonis bei poreikiai formavo taip pat ir vaikų auklėjimą. Rizikos grupėms priklausančių vaikų auklėjimas buvo vaizduojamas kaip visuomenės pareiga; ši pareiga buvo atliekama vadovaujant iš visuomenės "viršaus". Rašant apie pagalbą vaikams dažnai vartota "kėlimo" metafora. Vaikas turėjo būti paimtas iš savo skurdžios socialinės aplinkos, kad būtų "pakeltas" ir taptų produktyviu, laisvu ar netgi "kilniu" individu. Keletą dešimtmečių trūkęs poreikis pateikti viešų įrodymų, jog ši veikla duoda gerų rezultatų, buvo patenkinamas specialiai atrenkant į institutus priimamus vaikus. Kita vertus, kiek perdėtas optimizmas filantropijos efektyvumo atžvilgiu vertė Brno filantropus neigiamai reaguoti į pesimistinį eugenikos požiūrį į vaikų, turinčius negalią ar kilusių iš socialinės rizikos šeimų, perspektyvas. Viešai demonstruojamas filantropinių institucijų prestižas itin prisidėjo prie gydytojų ir pedagogų individualių bei kolektyvių karjerų. Laikraščiai gyrė jų savanorišką darbą be atlyginimo, profesines žinias ir gebėjimą kurti gimtojo krašto "šlovę". Profesionalai taip pat kūrė internatinių institutų efektyvumo įvaizdį, kai eksponavo savo išskirtinius gebėjimus padėti vaikams, turintiems negalią ar kilusiems iš socialinės aplinkos, kurią profesionalai vaizdavo ne tik nepajėgią padėti vaikams, bet netgi jiems pavojingą. Augant viešajam finansavimui, institutai pamažu virto profesionalų domenais.

Background: The public sector in South Africa has long been concerned with poor performance in financial management in municipalities. The Auditor-General who has a constitutional mandate to audit government departments highlighted challenges in financial management facing the municipalities. The challenges include lack of compliance with the legislation of municipal financial management, weak audit outcomes, financially unqualified financial statements, mismatch in produced financial statements, missing reports regarding performance, incomplete disclosure in financial authorisation and unauthorised and waste expenditure. To overcome these challenges, the government introduced the Financial Management Information Systems (FMIS) to municipalities in South Africa to support budget preparation and implementation, accounting and reporting, performance monitoring and auditing and evaluation. However, FMIS have not reached widespread use and in the majority of municipalities required re-implementation. Employees are concerned that FMIS are not aligned with their work processes. Lack of sense of ownership towards FMIS is the contributing factor to end-users being reluctant to use FMIS. It was noted that end-users of FMIS were not given a chance to take control and contribute to the development of FMIS for their municipalities. Objective: Previous research posits that the degree of end-user's sense of ownership towards a system that they use in the workplace positively correlates to their level of involvement in the development process of the system. Employees in government departments such as municipalities are not usually involved or participate in the system development process. Sense of ownership towards the system is expected to arise when end-users participate in the system development process of the system. End-users may perceive that they have influence and control during the development of the system and thereby develop a sense of ownership about the system when it is ready for use. The study, therefore, investigated how end-user participation in system development engenders a sense of ownership among end-users of FMIS in municipalities. Method: The study was qualitative, deductive, followed the interpretive research epistemology and drew on a theory of psychological ownership as a theoretical lens, to analyse how end-user participation in FMIS development engenders a sense of ownership. A case study of the Western Cape Province focusing on two local and two district municipalities was considered as a representation of a South African context. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews, observations of end-users during co-design sessions of FMIS development and document analysis. Thematic data analysis was appropriate for the study. Findings: Findings showed that end-users were excluded through the waterfall system development model used for FMIS development. The FMIS development was a top-down approach in which strategic decisions regarding the implementation of FMIS were made from the executive top management of the National and Provincial Treasury departments. The communication about the development was between National Treasury, Provincial Treasury and the system development team. Although end-users were provided training before using the system, they were concerned that the systems were not aligned with their work processes. It was evident that end-user participation in project initiation, system requirements specifications and system design specifications phases could enable end-users to gain a sense of ownership in the form of a sense of responsibility through problem-solving and decision-making, meaningfulness through collective learning during participation and locus of control through shared leadership. End-users revealed that the more they contribute to the development, they learn new skills, feel psychologically empowered and boost their confidence towards FMIS. End-users emphasised that shared leadership during end-user participation is likely to have an influence on how the system is developed to suit work processes. However, findings showed that end-user participation in organisations with complex structures such as municipalities could be hindered by a myriad of factors. Standardisation and lack of stakeholder collaboration, complex job-design and leadership-style approach across tiers of government have been stated by end-users as factors that may hinder the effectiveness of end-user participation in system development in municipalities. Originality/contribution: The theoretical contribution of the research emerges from the use of the theory of psychological ownership to investigate end-user participation to engender an end-user's sense of ownership towards FMIS. There is a lack of evidence-based studies in developing countries focusing on the end-user perspectives regarding factors affecting poor uptake of information systems in the public sector. To address this gap, this study made a descriptive contribution to the concept of a sense of ownership. There is a dearth of studies examining how end users of information systems in government departments in developing countries can be empowered through a sense of ownership to enhance the use and acceptance. In response to this research gap, this study focuses on the concept of end-user participation and contributes to the body of IS knowledge by examining the end-user participation approach as a systems development strategy to engender a sense of ownership to end-users of information systems in government departments.