Suchergebnisse

The article considers the problems of discrimination of persons on the basis of age criteria. Particular attention is paid to the problem of discrimination against the elderly. It is stated, that aging is a global problem due to its dual nature. On the one hand, we can say about the trend of increasing life expectancy, which is a consequence of the development of science, medicine and biotechnology, on the other hand, the cause of aging is the low birth rate, which falls annually. One of the legal manifestations of the population aging is increasing discrimination. Health status, type and level of activity, labor productivity and other socio-economic characteristics of the elderly change significantly. New measures and concepts of population aging have significant consequences for assessing the standard of living and living conditions of this category of people, their productive rate and other contribution to society and their needs for social protection and health care. Age discrimination is positioned as one of the manifestations of prejudice, associated with the so-called ageism, the spread of presumed group features, related to age, to persons belonging to the appropriate age group, regardless of their individual characteristics. It has been proven, that despite the significant positive axiological aspects of public health care, the interplanetary trend of an aging nation carries global challenges, including social and economic challenges, tax, communication, psychological and legal. Age equality ensures equal participation in society for people of all ages and is an important factor in the legal policy of democracy states. The problem of age discrimination is complex, discrimination in old age is rare for reasons only of old age, more often it is based on multiple factors of social, economic, gender, labor criteria. The authors single out the types of age discrimination in the following areas: in the socio-economic sphere; labor discrimination; in the field of social activity and communication, gender and ...

The article analyses the conceptual apparatus of semiotics of modern European history. The social sciences, unlike the natural sciences, which deal with realities that do not call themselves, deal with the phenomena of human life. Names change in time and space without any connection to the immanent changes of things themselves, which indicates a persistent search for an adequate name for many things and signs. Historical meanings become the main subject of semiotic analysis. History becomes a way of scientific reconstruction of the past. In historical science, facts, signs and symbols come through individual and collective memory. Various narratives are a treasure trove of semiotic meanings. Texts in different contexts give different semantics. Everyone is a participant in this exciting process, the end result of which, in principle, is not. Under these circumstances, the analysis of instability becomes more important than finding a "fulcrum". This thesis is especially important for the mosaic history of the peoples of Europe. Communism and fascism are united not only by totalitarian practices but also by political "syntax", while liberalism in general is a different political language. Every event starts at the information level. Postmodernism leads to anti-intellectual pre-modern thinking. Semantic boundaries between categories are blurred; they are flexible, open to change and constant socio-economic transformation. The self-consciousness of the modern era was based on the achievements of economics and classical sociology, which promoted the values of a single universal progress for all mankind. Postmodern self-consciousness is based on the principles of cultural anthropology and ethnology, of sciences that emphasize the heterogeneity of the socio-cultural field of mankind. Historical semiotics works with stereotypes of perception of signs and symbols, decodes them and adapts them for scientific use

"The idea that war is going out of style has become the conventional wisdom in recent years. But in Only the Dead, award-winning author Bear Braumoeller demonstrates that it shouldn't have. With a rare combination of historical expertise, statistical acumen, and accessible prose, Braumoeller shows that the evidence simply doesn't support the decline-of-war thesis propounded by scholars like Steven Pinker. He argues that the key to understanding trends in warfare lies, not in the spread of humanitarian values, but rather in the formation of international orders-sets of expectations about behavior that allow countries to work in concert, as they did in the Concert of Europe and have done in the postwar Western liberal order. With a nod toward the American sociologist Charles Tilly, who argued that "war made the state and the state made war," Braumoeller argues that the same is true of international orders: while they reduce conflict within their borders, they can also clash violently with one another, as the Western and communist orders did throughout the Cold War. Both highly readable and rigorous, Only the Dead offers a realistic assessment of humanity's quest to abolish warfare. While pessimists have been too quick to discount the successes of our attempts to reduce international conflict, optimists are prone to put too much faith in human nature. Reality lies somewhere in between: While the aspirations of humankind to govern its behavior with reason and justice have had shocking success in moderating the harsh dictates of realpolitik, the institutions that we have created to prevent war are unlikely to achieve anything like total success-as evidenced by the multitude of conflicts in recent decades. As the old adage advises us, only the dead have seen the end of war."--