Suchergebnisse

Objective of this paper is to show the situation of Belarusian education from
1944 to 2016, i.e. in the times of rough and frequent politically motivated changes.
It had negative impact on fate of schools with Belarusian teaching language, which are places of building national identity, sustaining seperate tradition,
culture and language. In period from 1944 to late 80's, Polish authorities had
not developed particular strategy towards minority, thus their situation in PRL
were unstable. As a result, initial growth of education nearly ended on completly
liquidation in the 80's. New chances for Polish Belarusians were creating with
government transformation after 1989. Since this time situation of Belarusians
and their education in Poland are stable.

The paper addresses the issue of depopulation in Russia, especially the ethnic aspect of this process considering the regional approach. Two essential aspects of depopulation were discussed i.e., the quantitative aspect resulting from the rate of natural increase or decrease and migration, as well as the qualitative aspect exerting impact on changes in the number of ethnic groups, namely the shift in ethnic self-identification. The analysis was conducted for the period of 1989–2010 (the last census in the USSR and the last census conducted in the Russian Federation). Population change in Russia has acquired a specific meaning in regional terms, leading to significant quantitative and structural transformation. On the one hand, there is a depopulation of native Russian regions and ethnic structured regions dominated by the Russians (or more broadly by the Slavs), and on the other, demographic expansion of non- Slavic ethnic groups, especially of North Caucasus. Changing the mutual relations between ethnic groups may cause tension or escalation of ethnic conflicts.

The article has two purposes, to describe situations of transition. One is to identify the distinctive features of the Polish transformation which may explain why the initial, transformational recession implementation of the economic system. The other objective is to discuss the reforms and policies needed for Poland to continue the process of catching up with the most advanced countries transformation has given citizen. what changes occur for the better. What led to the change and what were the results. a summary of the transformation after 25 years. show a deep analysis of the situation in the EU, plans for the future growth and economic plans of the new government.

PREVENTION IN THE SPHERE OF QUALIFYING ACTS IN COMMERCIAL ACTIVITYThis article discusses the problem of a preventive character of qualifying acts in the sphere of public commercial law. The qualifying acts decisions form one of the elements of a broader sphere of regulation, i.e., administrative reglamentation in the market economy and their purpose is a determination of the existence of certain aspects of legal or factual nature and their subsequent quantifi cation. The paper characterises the basic features of these juridical instruments as well as analyses their function in the sphere of preventive supervision. The entirety of qualifying acts was divided into subcategories, the significance of which with regard to commercial activity was also pointed out. In the ending, certain conclusions with regard to the said institution were also formulated.

The aim of the article is to present some arguments in favor of independence of laws in tourism. It seems that the current development of tourism tends to reflect the dilemma whether we can today speak of a law in tourism and, if so, whether we should grant the tourism law a scientific status. The article focuses on selected issues of scientific tourism and law in tourism. The first part deals with the concept of scientific definition of tourism and laws in tourism as well as points which are problematic in formulating a definition of these two terms. In the second part, the author includes her considerations concerning the areas of institutional status of the law in tourism. In the section dealing with the institutional status, she points to scientific centres in which research is carried out in the area of law in tourism, refers to the current state of development of scientific staff, evaluates the degree of integration of the scientific community and mentions the important role of scientific institutions in the training of scientific personnel for the needs of the tourist market. A little on the sidelines of these comments, the author focuses on selected problems and methodological terms, the issues representing only a marginal topic the discussion.

The article is about the contemporary agenda of the policy for senior citizens in Poland, concerning especially the long-term care issue. In the first part, there are key concepts of the article defined, such as "agenda in the public policy", "policy for senior citizens and long-term care issue". In the second part, there are several policy documents and programmes for the aged examined, which provides the overview of the current elderly and long-term policy and its agenda. The analysis includes the governmental documents and programmes, as well as the activity (concerning long-term care for the elderly) of some other central institutions such as the Ombudsman and Supreme Audit Office and Office of Competition and Consumer Protection. The article ends with the conclusions.

In the years between 1944–1955 lasting foundations of the Polish economy were created based on communist dogma. In the mid-1950 s the so called socialized sector provided 75% of national income, however, multidirectional changes in economic policy in the following decades caused fluctuations in its importance. The changes were expressed by increases and decreases in the private sector share of jobs. As a result, the socialized sector was at its the peak in the 1970 s (86% share of the socialized sector in national income) only to fall to 81% of national income in the last year of communist rule. The dominance of the public sector was responsible for widespread mismanagement and social pathologies which led to the collapse of the economically inefficient system, preceded by a number of socio-political crises