Suchergebnisse

Abstract
The discussion over the relationship between the inflation, unemployment and economic growth has been relevant over the centuries to a wide range of economic interests. It is agreed among the researchers and economists that reaching the price stability, ceteris paribus, will have a beneficial effect on employment and economic prosperity measured with GDP growth, particularly under the assumption of identifying and maintaining an optimum sill. However, as achieving the ideal deal is quite challenging to the monetary authorities and the unemployment keeps to be one of the main obstacles across the globe, particularly for emerging economies, assessing the relationship among these variables remains in the focus of economic audience. Thus, the aim of this study is to examine the interdependence between the inflation, unemployment and economic growth through an empirical assessment of the inverse relationship between the first two and testing the validity of the Okun's law for the sample of the Western Balkan (WB) countries and the European Union as a whole. For this purpose, the panel data available on the World Bank platforms for the time period from 2006 to 2021 were used. In addition, aiming to assess the contribution of unemployment and inflation to GDP growth, the regression analysis was performed based on the standard model. The findings of this research confirm the trade-off between inflation and unemployment for all examined countries (Serbia, B&H, Montenegro, Albania) and the EU, except for North Macedonia. Differently, mixed results were obtained considering the Okun's law. While some results confirm the validity of this law, other disprove it. The results of the regression analysis for all countries show that a rise in inflation and drop in unemployment positively contribute to the countries' GDP growth.

While direct policies can ensure food security, this study poses that indirect policies can hinder or spur the expected success. Thus, the study examines the roles of government effectiveness and income growth on food security in West African Countries. Specifically, the study employed fixed effect Pooled Ordinary Least Square (OLS) method using annual secondary data between 1990 and 2014. Data on food security, income growth and government effectiveness were obtained from the ERS International Macroeconomic Data Set, World Bank Databank and World Governance Indicators respectively. The study finds positive relationship among food security; government effectiveness; and income growth. This relationship was only statistically significant for income growth and food security. This result suggests that, the influence of government effectiveness and income growth in ensuring food security in West Africa is pertinent in promoting food security. The study recommends that policies and programs that ensure quality civil service, policy formulation, implementation and credibility of governments' commitment to such policies are fundamental for long-term food sustainability in West Africa.

Based on a dialectical model of correspondences and contradictions within and between education and work, the main functions of vocational education (in the broadest sense, including all kinds of work-relevant learning, both on and off the job) in capitalist countries are examined. Corresponding to the profit interests of private firms, vocational education here contributes to a very high specialization (either theoretical or practical), an abstract achievement orientation (instead of interest in concrete work tasks), hierarchical conformity, low sense of responsibility for other people and for future generations, selfish competition (at the expense of solidary cooperation) and the beliefs of self-worth of the 'winners' and of a lack of self-worth among the 'losers'. To get the opposite results, a closer combination of scientific education and practical training, early job experiences and repeated participation in formal education throughout adult life are required, but also major changes in the occupational system, particularly a substitution of democratic forms of direction and control for rigid hierarchies and by periodical rotation between higher and lower positions. The growing 'over-education' and legitimation crisis in industrialized capitalist countries present contradictions which may only be reconciled by a major change in both areas.

Modern economy is facing many challenges, in global terms. One of them is the high unemployment rate in many countries. That is a crucial problem, which jeopardises economic, social and political stability. Many factors have an impact to it, and some of them are globalisation, fast development of high technology, global economic crisis and expressed instability of financial markets. In addition, the relation of offer and demand is highly expressed in favour of the offer, the excess of capital at the global level is evident and seeks opportunities of investment as profitable as possible. The situation where the interests of big capital opposed to the costs is becoming more pronounced, which is reflected in the increasing growth of FDI in countries with lower operating costs. On the other hand, underdeveloped and developing countries spread the range of measures for attracting foreign direct investment (FDI), since it is one of the ways for increasing employment rate. This matter has already been the subject of numerous studies, particularly during the period of transition of countries in CEE. However, in modern frameworks, it is actualized again, with different circumstances and motives. In this article global unemployment rates, flows of FDI, their correlation in the Western Balkan countries and comparative analysis with chosen countries are presented. The period observed is 2000-2014. The paper is devoted to the influence of foreign direct investment on labour market. The interdependencies between FDI and unemployment were econometrical. The analysis showed that since 2009, there is a significant reduction of net investments, which is more obvious in the case of FDI due to a lower domestic and external demand as a result of the global economic crisis what led to a decreasing number of employees and rising unemployment. Results, also, show the absence of a positive impact of FDI on employment, which was present in most CEE countries during the transition period, as shown in numerous empirical studies.

After the socio-economic transformation and the establishment of the free market institutions, the development and improvement of living standards in post transition economies are deemed to depend more and more on the so called secondary "generating" reforms, at the core of which is the good governance. Drawing from this approach, this article seeks to address the role and the effect of the good governance in the economic development of the Western Balkans countries. More specifically, the article investigates the impact of good governance in the rates of economic growth of GDP. The article adopts a quantitative methodology approach, i.e. an econometric model based on the examination of a panel - data of good governance indicators for Western Balkans countries for the period 1996 - 2012. The analysis concentrates on the following Western Balkan Countries: Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Kosovo, Macedonia, Montenegro and Serbia.

Fertility decline began in English‐speaking countries 80 years later than in France even though per capita incomes in the former were higher and children were probably a net economic burden, at least for the middle classes. Explanations have included ignorance of contraception and the desire to keep women out of the workforce. This essay suggests that the reasons are to be found in the works of the moral reformers rather than in those of the neo‐Malthusians. The Victorian family was a construct made to meet the needs of industrializing countries. The marital relationship was believed to be in danger—and probably was in danger—from discussion of genital‐related contraception. The low demand for contraception meant that contraceptives remained crude and could not be discussed in most marriages. The problem would ultimately be overcome through further economic development together with educational and other social change. Nevertheless, the legitimation of marital discussion of birth control was not achieved until the subject was written about in the press and subsequently in birth control manuals sold on a much larger scale than before. This, in turn, changed the packaging and accessibility of contraceptives, making their discussion, acquisition, and use easier and a fertility decline possible.

Democracy's Paradox -- Contents -- Introduction: Populism and its Paradox -- From 'the People' to 'the Citizens' -- The Brazilian Crisis and the Ghosts of Populism -- Lurching Between Consensus and Chaos -- Populism's Claims: The Struggle Between Privilege and Equality -- How Populism Works.

Financial development has been considered to play a vital role in promoting rapid growth and development of the developing economies. This paper examined the drivers of financial development in West African Countries. Benin Republic, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Ivory Coast, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone and Togo over the period of 2000 to 2015, with the proper utilization of panel data estimation technique on the annual country data obtained from World Development Indicators (WDI) 2016 and Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI) 2016. The results reveals that some important variables such as coefficient of rule of law, political stability, foreign direct investment, government expenditure, inflation and savings positively determined financial development. While, credit to private sector, GDP, interest rate, trade openness, and capital formation were found to negative impact on financial development. The study then recommends amongst others formulation and implementation of fiscal and monetary policies that foster financial development.

Within the last decade, the Iraqi Army and the Afghan National Army brought together local fighters, militias, and former insurgents among other auxiliaries to create their local armed forces. While this aided in establishing a sense of security, it also created the risk of an over-empowered local military. Robert Johnson seeks to address these concerns with in-depth look at colonial and post-colonial auxiliaries.

Beyond the principle of pleasure underlies terror -- The archetype of lost paradise -- From production to consumption : the origin of terror -- Miscarried enjoyment! : alcohol-drinking as platforms of pleasure, hospitality and distinction. (in collaboration with hugues seraphin) -- From risk perception towards thana capitalism -- The heritage of terror -- Terrorism, and media in the days of thana capitalism

Between 1880 and 1920 many women researched the conditions of social and economic life in Western countries, driven by a vision of a society based on welfare and altruism. Ann Oakley uses the women's stories to bring together the histories of social reform, social science, welfare and pacifism.