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A growing body of literature from different disciplines addresses concepts and measurement of citizenship. The present article seeks to contribute to this field by examining the issue of youth citizenship from a comparative international perspective and proposing a simplified conceptual model that can be operationalized. This model includes a community dimension, which refers to individual's relationship with their community associations, and a civic dimension, concerning institutional processes such as voting and/or political activism. The model was tested using multigroup confirmatory factor analysis and measurement equivalence for eighth-grade students (n = 139.875) across 38 countries that participated in the International Civic and Citizenship Study (2009). Our results find support for the proposed conceptual model and its invariance across countries, and we discuss the implications for theory and further research.

Unter der Führung Xi Jinpings hat sich die Ausrichtung der chinesischen Außenpolitik deutlich verändert. Es geht Peking heute in erster Linie darum, eine größere Kompatibilität zwischen der sich verändernden Weltordnung und dem chinesischen Einparteienstaat herzustellen. Maßgeblich für den chinesischen Kurs ist das Zusammenwirken der Handlungsprinzipien "Andocken" (Duijie) und "Diskursmacht" (Huayuquan). In Verbindung mit bestimmten strategischen Narrativen wie etwa der "Schicksalsgemeinschaft der Menschheit" (Renlei mingyun gongtongti) ist es chinesischen Kadern möglich, in den Außenbeziehungen des Landes eine einheitliche "China-Erzählung" zu vermitteln. Gegenwärtig ist die internationale Ordnung von einem Interregnum geprägt, in dem etablierte Strukturen nicht mehr die gewohnte Sicherheit und Stabilität gewährleisten können. Vor diesem Hintergrund ergeben sich immer wieder Möglichkeiten für chinesische Akteure, in ihrem Sinne auf die bestehende Ordnung einzuwirken. Die deutsche und europäische Politik muss sich mit dem Interregnum der Weltordnung auseinandersetzen. Dabei eröffnen sich auch Chancen für die Staaten und Gesellschaften der EU, die künftige internationale Ordnung nach liberalen Maßstäben entscheidend mitzuprägen. Deutsche und europäische Akteure benötigen ein tiefergehendes Verständnis der chinesischen Handlungslogik. Dies hilft dabei, Chinas Aktivitäten auch in solchen Bereichen richtig einzuordnen, in denen die politisch-ideologischen Differenzen zwischen Peking und dem Westen nicht immer offensichtlich sind. Nur auf dieser Basis können Deutschland und Europa eine eigenständige Handlungslogik entwickeln und Xis "China-Erzählung" die passenden eigenen Narrative entgegensetzen.

International organizations such as the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank raise concerns about the financial sustainability issues of pension systems. These issues have attracted increasing attention because of the challenges presented by lower growth and financial market volatility, making it harder for governments to fulfil their promises on pension policies (Ebbinghaus, 2011). In order to tackle these challenges, it is not uncommon that governments reform pension schemes with an emphasis on individual responsibility (Yeh et al., 2018). They particularly stress the earnings-related pension measures as an important means to assist people to accumulate pension income (Foster, 2014). Employees are the target group for measures relating to earnings-related pension measures. The amount of pension income accumulated through these measures is highly related to employees' earnings.

The paper presents a case study of the eighteenth-century diplomatic struggle between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Russian Empire over the legal status of the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia and its ruling house. The main purpose of the research is to analyse the circumstances leading to the enthronement of Charles Christian Wettin as the Duke of Courland (1759‒1763), discover the tools of Russian international policy and review goals and resources of both Polish–Saxon and Russian sides of the conflict. History, Law and International Relations combine in the interdisciplinary research on the 'Couronian Question'. From this perspective, Courland and its Duke remain the objects, and the Commonwealth and the Tsardom of Russia – the subjects of the study.

International law (IL) and political philosophy represent two rich disciplines for exploring issues of global justice. At their core, each seeks to build a better world based on some universally agreed norms, rules, and practices, backed by effective institutions. International lawyers, even the most positivist of them, have some underlying assumptions about a just world order that predisposes their interpretive methods; legal scholars have incorporated concepts of justice in their work even as their overall pragmatic orientation has limited the nature of their inquiries. Many philosophers, for their part, have engaged with IL to some extent—at a minimum recognizing that legal rules may need to be the vehicles for their own theories of justice, or going a step further to appraise them for their underlying moral content.

This paper aims to analyze the historical background and the recent developments concerning the Readmission Agreement and free visa negotiations between Turkey and the European Union through the official documents of Ministry for Foreign Affairs and the European Union. As a third view, the policies of Turkey and the EU will be critically assessed from the perspectives of the international governmental organizations and non-governmental actors, namely the United Nations, Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International through their regular reports. Within the scope of the analyses, it is aimed to discuss the critical arguments on political approaches and security policies of the European Union and Turkey on migration control and elaborate why both sides preferred to solve the migration crisis through regional, and specifically, bilateral instruments.

The concept of the hegemonic order in international relations is, on the one hand, related to the state-centric understanding of the international system, and on the other hand, to the challenging of the thesis of its polyarchism. While historic hegemonies never had a monopoly on exclusivity, theU.S.has achieved a clear and significant advantage over other powers. This was due to numerous reasons. The multidimensionality of theU.S.power means that no one else is able to match theU.S.in military, economic, technological, political, or cultural-civilizational and ideological terms. TheUnited Stateshas become the only power that can effectively stabilize or destabilize the existing global order. The biggest source of current concern is, on the one hand, a contestation ofU.S.hegemony in the world, and, on the other, its actual decline

In recent decades, forensic science evidence has come to play an increasingly significant role in criminal proceedings. However, the ability of non-scientists (lay-persons, including lawyers and judges) within criminal justice systems to recognise and resolve issues of validity and reliability relating to expert opinion evidence has not maintained pace with the need to do so. Despite international scrutiny from scientists, statisticians, governments and those involved in law reform, the parameters of a) different forensic disciplines and b) some case specific interpretations, remain elusive to some legal practitioners and judges. It is therefore essential that within the context of national, and increasingly international and transnational criminal investigations, forensic science experts convey the evidential value of the scientific findings in a manner that is understandable to, and useable by all.

International audience ; Interoperability is a critical factor for public administration-related entities that operate in collaborative/cooperative environments. Thus, performing an interoperability diagnosis based on a reference model provides an organization the opportunity to know its strengths and to prioritize actions to improve its performance and maturity. In public administrations, this issue is even more emphasized due to the need of considering standards policies imposed by national or international authorities. This paper proposes a Public Administration Interoperability Capability Model (PAICM) that describes intervals of expected results regarding the capability degree of certain measurable features related to its potential interoperability. The PAICM was applied to a government information technology agency, enabling the identification of the different barriers affecting organizational performance and a stratified analysis of the potential interoperability.

International audience ; Accounting is a mirror of society and therefore reflects the shock of the financialization and globalization of the economy. From 1970 to 2000, international accounting standards were based on three standards: the American, which, like the dollar, could in fact become hegemonic, European and global but of private origin, the IASC. In the 2000s, the IASB, which succeeded the IASC, asserted its power, especially with the adoption of its standards, IFRS, by the European Union. After this victory, the IASB now faces two new challenges: how to develop global standards for SMEs when they do not have access to the capital market; how to account for the non-financial dimensions of corporate performance when all dimensions are interdependent and, beyond investors, of interest to all stakeholders.

International audience ; De la mondialisation au confinement : Mondialisation, globalisation, libéralisation financière, décloisonnement, commerce international, coopération et coalition, flux des capitaux et mobilité ; des termes qui ont largement façonné l'ordre économique mondial depuis plus qu'un demi-siècle, basé sur des modèles de croissance favorisant les échanges internationaux stimulés par des incitations, des mesures d'allègement des restrictions et un essai de standardisation des procédures, tel que la théorie de J.H Willamms (1929) et la Politique du Trade Expansion Act de Kennedy en (1962). Alors que ces politiques de développement ont bien permis d'améliorer le bienêtre social et ont contribué à la génération des facteurs de croissance à travers le globe, des questions de base restent encore non-résolues tel que la pauvreté, l'équité sociale, la sous-alimentation, l'accès aux soins sanitaires, et plusieurs autres défis d'ordres démographiques et sociaux.

The progress of technology and the increasingly widespread use of the Internet are leading to deviant behaviours such as cyber violence and, among these, cyberbullying. The latter is a growing phenomenon among adolescents that has forced institutions to implement action plans, such as legislative interventions, to prevent and counteract cyberbullying. The aim of this contribution was to provide a brief overview of the projects and laws implemented at international level to prevent this phenomenon as well as the fundamental role of teachers and parents. The analysed studies demonstrate how widely the phenomenon of cyberbullying is widespread in numerous countries with percentages that grow year by year and the Italian situation also appears in line with the international context. Further projects should be implemented to prevent the growing phenomenon of cybercrime in general.

International relation can not be separated from state as the main actor. It is common for state to gain interest as much as it needs. Foreign policy becomes a way to communicate with another state. The state can use their foreign policy not only to communicate but also to show their manifestation and existance in the international system. Before producing a foreign policy, a state might want to prepare themselves in order to create a suitable policy for their people. Several factors like geographical position and demography or military strengh might influence the foreign policy. A decent foreign policy should reflect the will of the people. Foreign policy in the other way as a proof of existence could use a tool to deal with others

This symposium is concerned with understanding the forces that shape and influence curriculum in international contexts. The study of curriculum in international contexts reveals the insidious impacts of colonial, ideological and neoliberal influences on contemporary curriculum development in a variety of geo-cultural, political and economic contexts (Kumar, 2019). Four theoretical responses—Indigenous, critical, autobiographical and meditative—that provide thoughtful perspectives to challenge these negative influences will be explored in the symposium. The impact of intellectual movements such as Marxism and postmodernism on curriculum theory in varied political and economic settings will also be underscored. The symposium invites and initiates a complicated conversation around the internationalization of curriculum studies by inviting panelists from posthuman, Indigenous, black feminist, critical discursive and foundational perspectives to respond to the aforementioned colonial, ideological and neoliberal influences on curriculum development.

This article elaborates the influence of sports and music on the diplomatic position of Kosovo. Despite being a new country and struggling with political recognition and diplomatic relations, Kosovo has gained popularity through the global success of its citizens in sports and music. An analysis of international media has shown that there is a significant correlation between the success of individuals in changing diplomatic approaches towards Kosovo and redefinition of constraints towards its citizens. Moreover, the image of a country built through success stories of individuals has a significant effect on the general international public and has changed the negative perception of the country. Kosovo here is used as an example to illustrate how sports and cultural diplomacy have been more successful than classical diplomacy.