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Ye People: A Photographic Account of Irish Travellers in Transition Tradition is what links one generation to the next. It is a cause for pride, a sense of belonging, and a way of life. For Irish Travellers living in Dublin, this legacy is in jeopardy. Recent legislation by the Irish government has caused the Travelling community to re-evaluate its terms of existence. For a people who only knew a life on the road, the Housing Act of 1992, banning roadside encampments, has come as a devastating blow. What was once commonplace, has become a rarity. Gone is the sight of a caravan rolling down the lane, or a tinsmith working a piece of metal into a bucket. The "old days" are over, and the future for Irish Travellers lacks the promise of economic and cultural success Early Travellers lived with their extended families and moved by horse and caravan across Ireland, selling crafts or working as tinsmiths to earn a living. But not all parts of Traveller life are as savory: drug use, suicide, and unemployment rates are also strikingly high compared to the rest of Ireland. These problems, according to Travellers, have been exacerbated by government inaction. In its failure to recognize them as a separate ethnic group or do anything to improve education and public service access, the inequitable status quo has remained as such. Many pubs and shops will not serve Travellers, and even public services such as hospitals and schools refuse to welcome them. In Dublin, the unique characteristics of Traveller culture are not recognized as differences, but as flaws. The Traveller accent, nomadic lifestyle, and tradition of intermarriage are used as justifications for social alienation and widespread discrimination. I produced a book of photographs and short essays, titled Ye People, to help rectify the injustices incurred by the traveling community. The purpose of this work is to draw commonalities between Travellers and greater society in order to generate public understanding and appreciation of their culture. I did so by photographing in the traditional documentary style, using black and white processing and simple compositions. This method helps to draw focus to the subjects' facial expressions and to communicate the somber mood that describes the struggles of the traveling community. The book is broken up into four themed sections, each of which represent a key aspect of Traveller life, including: home, youth, work and protest. My goal is to distribute copies of Ye People to Travellers' human rights organizations throughout Ireland so that they may utilize it as a resource for educating visitors about Traveller history and culture.

Pada era perkembangan Islam di masa lalu, negara persemakmuran Islam dipandang layak untuk dipertahankan. Keadaan tersebut menyebabkan terbaginya Negara persemakmuran Islam ke dalam dua kategori yaitu dar al-Islan dan dar a;-Harb.Pembagian ini telah melahirkan sebuah konsep sekolah Islam yang eksklusif yang mengangap orang kafir yang hidup di wilayah non-Islam dapat diperangi. Mereka mengira bahwa setiap orang kafir berniat untuk merendahkan dan memerangi mereka, meskipun anggapan tersebut tidak selalu benar. Sekolah Islam yang eksklusif ini juga menganggap bahwa tampuk pemerintahan harus dipegang oleh Muslim dan tidak ada kesempatan bagi orang kafir untuk menjadi pemimpin di segala aspek pemerintahan Islam.Para orang kafir masih dan akan selalu menjadi masyarakat kelas dua.Bagaimanapun, pemikiran tradisional semacam ini masih hidup dan menjadi paradigma berpikir para sarjana fiqih dewasa ini.Jika kita menilik pada Piagam Madinah, kita dapat mengetahui bahwa Nabi Muhammad tidak pernah merendahkan orang kafir.Beliau membuat unadang- undang yang harus dipatuhi setiap masyarakat Madinah, Muslim ataupun orang kafir.Di era kontemporer ini, dimana sebuah Negara bersifat teritorial, subordinasi golongan kafir harus dihapuskan.Negara teritorial pada masa ini dibagi tanpa membedakan antara Muslim dan golongan kafir karena mereka memiliki posisi dan hak yang sama untuk mengembangkan daerahnya dan hidup berdampingan satu sama lain.Kata Kunci: Dar al-Islam dan dar al-Harb, Negara berbangsa tunggal, pemikiran kontemporer, sama. The territorial of Islamic dominion was become worth to be struggled in the past era of Islamic development. This circumstance divided the territorial of Islamic dominion in to dâr al-Islâm and dâr al- Harb. This divide has conceptualized a new Islamic exclusive school who has assumed that the infidels who have been in the non Islamic territorial could be battled. They think that every infidels look Moslems away and wish to battle them, even contrary, in the actually. This Islamic exclusive school also think that the governance must be lead by Moslem and there is no chance for infidel to be a leader in all aspects of Islamic territorial government. The infidels always and still in the second class. Whatever, this classical thinking still alive in the mind (paradigm) of the present fiqh's scholars. If we remind to the Charter of Madinah, we can find that our prophet Muhammad never sub-ordinated the infidel. He made a charter where every Madinah's society had to obey the rules, there is no different between Moslem or infidel. In this contemporary time, where the system of territorial become a state, the sub-ordination to the infidel should be pushed away. The territorial today is stated by escaping the difference status between Moslem and infidel, because they have the same position and right to develop the state and live besides each other.

We have only afforded the political –not the cultural– aspect of the laicism although Tocqueville clearly supported both aspects. When approaching the religious fact, the author of the work The Democracy in America is not interested in the theological dimension but merely in the social one. The religion plays a stabilization role whether in the day life of each person or in the community life. In fact, its irruption in the public life takes place, when the main causes are analyzed, and, among other points, it is considered necessary to preserve the democratic republic. Its crucial importance was previously suggested when listing the quick list of people which it affects and it is enhanced when it becomes evident that its influence covers both the field of the thinking and the field of the action: this will be analyzed subsequently. Anyway, in our critical consideration, we have focussed not only in the confinement of the women in their homes according to the religious doctrine or in the expulsion of the atheists from the kingdom of the humanity because identified and considered as a devil sons –in the American society, a so religious kingdom– but also in the function of the religion as a counterpoint to the passion of the welfare which can be ruled with a minimum of success. ; En este trabajo abordamos sólo la dimensión política del laicismo –no la cultural–, bien que Tocqueville fuera partidario destacado de ambas manifestaciones. Al abordar el hecho religioso, el autor de La democracia en América no se interesa en su dimensión teológica, sino en la puramente social. La religión juega aquí un papel estabilizador, tanto en la vida del individuo como en la de la comunidad. De hecho, su irrupción en la vida pública tiene lugar cuando se analizan las "causas principales", entre las que se enumera, que preservan la república democrática. Su crucial importancia, ya insinuada en el rápido elenco de sujetos sobre los que actúa, se realza cuando se constata que su influencia abarca tanto el ámbito del pensamiento como el de la acción. Es eso lo que se analizará a continuación. Ahora bien, en nuestra crítica no sólo ponemos de manifiesto el supuesto de la confinación de la mujer al interior del hogar, exigido por su doctrina, o la expulsión del ateo del reino de la humanidad, al ser identificado como un vástago del demonio en un reino tan religioso como el de la sociedad americana, sino, igualmente, que la función de la religión como contrapunto a la pasión del bienestar pueda ser llevada con un mínimo de éxito.

Riassunto - Il concetto di "libertà" descrive uno dei valori fondamentali della società occidentale contemporanea. Tuttavia, sebbene tutti concordino circa la necessità di difendere la libertà, persone che incarnano convinzioni politiche, morali e sociali diverse interpretano la libertà in maniere differenti, se non perfino contrapposte. Nonostante queste evidenti divergenze, è opinione diffusa che questo concetto si caratterizzi alla sua base per una sorta di denominatore comune, a proposito del quale sussiste un'unanimità pervasiva e che delinea l'orizzonte di una comune battaglia. Questo studio investiga questa opinione da un punto di vista cognitivo allo scopo di determinare come sia costituito e di quale informazione si componga il concetto astratto di "libertà". La ricerca – che si rifà in parte alla teoria di G. Lakoff – identifica un nucleo cognitivo comune concreto del concetto e chiarisce come questo si contamini ideologicamente nel corso del suo sviluppo da concetto concreto a concetto astratto. Le conclusioni di questo studio evidenziano tuttavia come il nucleo universale del concetto sia eccessivamente indeterminato per costituire un denominatore comune politicamente rilevante che fornisca una base di accordo a proposito di un valore condiviso ed evidenzia alcuni limiti dell'impostazione data da Lakoff al problema, avanzando delle ipotesi per futuri sviluppi della ricerca su questi temi.Parole chiave: Libertà; Concetti astratti; George Lakoff; Frame; Nucleo concettuale. "Freedom" Without Meaning? Abstract Concepts, Cognition, and Linguistic DeterminismAbstract - The concept of "freedom" describes one of the most fundamental values in contemporary western society. However, even though everyone agrees that we need to defend freedom at any cost, people of different moral, political and social opinions interpret this concept in very diverse, or even opposing ways. In spite of these clear differences, it is common opinion that this concept is characterized at its basis by a kind of common denominator, on which everybody agrees and that represents the goal of a shared battle. The study we propose here investigates this opinion from a cognitive point of view with the aim of determining how the abstract concept of freedom is formed and what information it is composed of. The analysis – that in some respects relates to Lakoff's theory – identifies a common cognitive concrete core for the concept of freedom and explains how the development of this concept from its concrete to abstract form is influenced by the ideology individuals embrace. The conclusion shows that the cognitive core of the concept is too undetermined to serve as a common denominator in defining a shared value and points out some limits of Lakoff's approach, delineating a possible future line of research on these topics.Keywords: Freedom; Abstract Concepts; George Lakoff; Frame; Conceptual Core.

El avance más importante que se realizó en la Argentina en las propuestas ciudadanas para la democratización de las comunicaciones cristalizó en 2004, cuando la Coalición por una Radiodifusión Democrática presentó los 21 Puntos por una Nueva Ley de Radiodifusión para la Democracia. Fue la más amplia y plural alianza conformada en torno a esta demanda. Agentes diversos lograron consensuar una propuesta integral común; iniciativa que fue la de mayor radicalidad de las concebidas hasta el momento en el país, y que se impuso como ley en 2009. Además, fue la primera articulación de este tipo constituida en Latinoamérica. Su constitución es resultado de un proceso iniciado a partir de la restauración del gobierno constitucional en 1983 y los primeros intentos de reforma del decreto-ley de radiodifusión de la dictadura. Continuó en la década de 1990 ante la acelerada concentración de la propiedad de los medios y se profundizó a partir de la crisis de 2001-2002. Se analizarán estos antecedentes, en particular, las articulaciones del sector social frente al Estado y las empresas mediáticas en torno a la demanda de democratización de las comunicaciones a partir de 2001. Se caracterizarán las estrategias de la Coalición y se las relacionará con las condiciones de su producción y con los agentes que las produjeron. Palabras Clave: democratización de las comunicaciones, sociedad civil, Coalición por una Radiodifusión Democrática, condiciones sociales, estrategias. Abstract: The most important development that took place in Argentina in the citizens' proposals for the democratization of communications crystallized in 2004 when the Coalition for a Democratic Broadcasting presented the 21 Points for a New Broadcasting Law for Democracy. It was the most extensive and diverse alliance formed around this demand. Various agents were able to agree on a common and comprehensive proposal; this initiative was the most radical statements designed so far in the country, which was imposed as law in 2009. It was also the first joint of this type established in Latin America. Its constitution is the result of a process initiated after the restoration of constitutional government in 1983 and the first attempts to reform the Broadcasting Decree of the dictatorship. It continued in the 1990s before the accelerated concentration of media ownership and deepened after the 2001-2002 crisis. We will analyze these precedents, particularly the joints of the social sector in front of the state and media companies around the demand for democratization of communications since 2001. We will characterize the strategies of the Coalition and relate them to their production conditions and the agents that produced them. Key words: Communications democratization, civil society, Coalition for a Democratic Broadcasting, social conditions, strategies

El presente resumen es un estudio sobre la morfología del crecimiento en la ciudad intermedia colombiana, a partir del análisis de lo sucedido en el desarrollo urbano de Tunja durante el siglo XX. Se pretende contribuir al entendimiento de la producción y transformación de la ciudad y de su relación con los actores que la construyen. La lectura morfológica revela claves para entender la sociedad que produce la ciudad indisociable de su contexto político e ideológico, que condiciona los conceptos y formas adoptadas. Interesa encontrar una lógica de ocupación asociada a formas heredadas y a relaciones de poder entre agentes urbanos. En este sentido se intentó dar respuesta a las siguientes preguntas: ¿Cuáles son las formas de crecimiento urbano en Tunja y cuál es su relación con los actores urbanos? ¿Cuál es la expresión espacial y temporal de los agentes que construyen la ciudad, es posible identificar la influencia de cada uno de ellos?, y ¿cómo llegó a estructurarse la periferia urbana caracterizada por una gran cantidad de territorio asociado a crecimiento discontinuo de baja densidad y tierras vacantes?. Estudiar la historia urbana apunta a encontrar respuestas útiles para formular políticas, planes y proyectos que modifiquen situaciones problemáticas contemporáneas y a su vez, para sugerir mecanismos adecuados para lograrlo. Abstract:This abstract of a doctoral thesis is a study about the morphology of growth in a Colombian intermediate city, based on the analysis of the urban development of the city of Tunja during the XX Century. The study aims to contribute to the understanding of the production and the transformation of the city and to its relationship with the urban actors. The morphological reading reveals clues to understand the society that makes the city inseparable from its political and ideological context, and which conditioned the formal concepts and the formal implemented options. This study aims to find the logic of occupation associated to hereditary models and to power relationships among urban agents. The following questions are answered: What are the urban growth models in Tunja and what is their relationship with the urban agents? What is the space-temporary expression and influence of the agents that construct the city? How was the urban periphery structured from a wide range of territory that was associated with low density and discontinuous growing as well as unoccupied lands? The study of urban history seeks to find answers to these questions which are likely to be useful in the formulation of policies, plans, and projects that modify contemporary problematic situations, and in turn, it is a constructive tool aiming to suggest the appropriate mechanisms in order to achieve this.

534 p. : ill. : 21 cm. ; This volume offers a series of articles ranging from the origins of free and open-source software to future social, economic and cultural perspectives inspired by the free and open-source spirit. ; With the rise of the internet and the growing concern over intellectual property, this study provides an open, constructive platform for a wide range of lawyers, artists, journalists, and activists to discuss their views on the future of free and open-source software. By exchanging both complementary and conflicting opinions, the contributors look ahead to the evolution, prospects, and issues of sharing knowledge and ideas through technology. ; Table of Contents Foreword & Acknowledgements Preface Marleen Wynants & Jan Cornelis PART I – DRIVING FORCES: KEY PLAYERS & PROJECTS Will the revolution be open-sourced? How open source travels through society Marianne van den Boomen & Mirko Tobias Schäfer Free as in Freedom, not Gratis! An interview with Richard Stallman, the embodiment of the dilemma of our digital commons Marleen Wynants The Open Source Paradigm Shift Tim O'Reilly Open Courseware and Open Scientific Publications Frederik Questier & Wim Schreurs Roots Culture - Free Software Vibrations Inna Babylon by Armin Medosch PART II – MAKING IT HAPPEN: CASE STUDIES FROM BRUSSELS, BELGIUM, EUROPE & BEYOND Extremadura and the Revolution of Free Software Achieving digital literacy and modernizing the economy of one of the European Union's poorest regions Angel Vaca Building Open Ecosystems for Collaborative Creativity Peter Hanappe A Walk through the Music Bazaar & the Future of Music Sara Engelen Open Source, Science and Education Marc Nyssen & Frederik Cheeseman Open Standards Policy in Belgium Peter Strickx & Jean Jochmans PART III - ETHICS & BOTTLENECKS The Patenting of Life An interview with VUB scientist Lode Wyns about the dangers of patents in biotechnology and the pressing need for ethics in law Lode Wyns Fostering Research, Innovation and Networking Jan Cornelis Is Open-Sourced Biotechnology possible? Daniel de Beer Legal Aspects of Software Protection through Patents, and the Future of Reverse Engineering Bruno de Vuyst & Liv Steuts PART IV – THE FUTURE IS OPEN 393 Advancing Economic Research on the Free and Open Source Software Mode of Production J.-M. Dalle, P. A. David, Rishab A. Ghosh, and W.E. Steinmueller The Future of Open Source Ilkka Tuomi The Future of Software: Enabling the Marketplace to Decide Bradford L. Smith Dual Licensing – A Business Model from the Second Generation of Open-Source Companies Kaj Arnö Towards a EU Policy for Open-Source Software Simon Forge ANNEXES I. The GNU General Public License (GPL)- Version 2, June 1991 II. Building Innovation through Integration A Microsoft White Paper – July 2000 Index List of Pictures

Цель - изучение распространенности факторов риска (ФР) сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний (CCЗ) у бывших участников боевых действий (БД) из числа контингента, проживающего на территории Кемеровской области. Проведено обследование 60 ветеранов войны в Афганистане и Чеченской Республике мужского пола (средний возраст 40,1 ± 6,5 лет). Контрольную группу составили 47 военнослужащих, не принимавших участия в военных действиях, сопоставимых по возрасту (средний возраст 40,8 ± 4,7 лет, р = 0,94). Для изучения ФР развития CCЗ учитывались значения артериального давления (АД), индекс массы тела (ИМТ), курение, дислипидемия, уровень глюкозы натощак, нарушение толерантности к глюкозе (НТГ) и семейный анамнез ранних ССЗ (рекомендации ВНОК, 2008 г.). У ветеранов БД, в сравнении с невоевавшими военнослужащими, достоверно значимыми ФР ССЗ являются артериальная гипертензия (р = 0,01), курение (р = 0,03), нарушение липидного обмена (p = 0,04), при изучении которого в группе участников БД отмечено достоверное увеличение содержания ОХС, ТГ, ХС-ЛПНП и показателя наличия и прогрессирования атеросклероза - КА (р = 0,01; р = 0,03; р = 0,01; р = 0,04). У ветеранов БД отмечается более высокий риск развития CCЗ, чем у военнослужащих, не принимавших участия в военных действиях, что указывает на значимую роль психосоциального стресса и требует более раннего выявления факторов риска и их коррекции. ; Objective the study of the risk factors' prevalence of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) among the former combatants of the contingent, living on the territory of Kemerovo region. 60 male veterans of wars in Afghanistan and the Chechen Republic (in the middle age of 40,1 ± 6,5) were examined. The control group included 47 soldiers of the same age (in the middle age of 40,8 ± 4,7, р = 0,94), who did not take part in any military actions. To study the risk factors of the CVDs' development, arterial pressure, body mass index (BMI), smoking, dyslipidemia, glucose level on an empty stomach, impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and family anamnesis of the early CVDs (recommendations by All Russian Scientific Society of Cardiology, 2008) were taken into consideration. In comparison with the soldiers, who did not take part in any military actions, the former combatants have reliably significant risk factors of CVDs: arterial hypertension (р = 0,01), smoking (р = 0,03), dyslipidemia (p = 0,04), during its studying in the group of the combatants reliable content increase of total cholesterol (CH), triglycerides (TG), cholesterol-low-density lipoprotein (CH-LDL), availability index and atherosclerosis progression aterogencity index (р = 0,01; р = 0,03; р = 0,01; р = 0,04) were recorded. The former combatants have higher risk of CVD's development then the soldiers who have not taken part in any military actions. This fact shows the significant role of psychosocial stress and requires earlier detection of risk factors and their correction.

Abstract The international trade has been a usefully mechanism to achieve the economic development in developing countries. The advantages of the liberalization of the international trade have impact on exports, investment, production and employment. However, disadvantages are associated with the country size, market failures, government interventions (regulation), among others. The main purpose of this article is to explain the advantages and disadvantages for enterprises and sectors to compete in the international trade. Also, it is essential to suggest strategies to strength the position of the domestic firms in the international market. Two main questions have been including it. The first one, which barriers are facing the enterprises in the developing countries such as Costa Rica to be successfully positioned in the international markets? The second one, which strategy could Costa Rica follows to compete satisfactory in this market? The main conclusion could be that the liberalization of the international trade is one of many mechanisms to achieve the economic development and it is not the only one source of the development to face the multiples necessities of the local society. It is evident that the local government has to intervene using public policies to improve the infrastructure, technology, health, education, among others, as a process to re-strength the role of the international trade in Costa Rica. ; El comercio internacional es un instrumento para la consecución del económico en los países subdesarrollados. En Costa Rica las ventajas del libre comercio están asociadas a la generación de exportaciones, así como a la mayor producción y generación de nuevas oportunidades de empleo en comparación con las fuentes tradicionales. No obstante, persisten desventajas asociadas al tamaño del país, la presencia de imperfecciones de mercado, las fuertes distorsiones causadas por la intervención estatal por la excesiva regulación, entre otras causas. El propósito es explicar las ventajas y desventajas que tienen las empresas y los sectores productivos para competir en el comercio internacional y sugerir lineamientos estratégicos que fortalezcan la posición de las empresas en el mercado internacional. Las dos principales interrogantes que orientan este trabajo son: ¿cuáles obstáculos enfrentan las empresas de países en desarrollo como Costa Rica para posicionarse exitosamente en los mercados internacionales?, y ¿cuál estrategia podría seguir Costa Rica para competir adecuadamente en esos mercados? La principal conclusión es que los tratados de libre comercio son instrumentos para la consecución del desarrollo económico y, por tanto, no es adecuado poner todos los esfuerzos en ellos como única fuente de superación de las múltiples necesidades sociales y económicas que experimentan las economías en desarrollo. Con seguridad, se requerirá formular políticas adicionales en el campo de la infraestructura, tecnología, salud, educación, entre otros, para posicionar mejor al país en los mercados internacionales.

The trilogy, state, market and family, has to introduced the gender perspective, as a mainstreaming dimension because the way to organise society, market and family establishes a structure that will be the cause of a greater o lesser equality in relation to the role and functions that men and women assume in these three fields. In this article, after analysing, the liberal and Marxist models, is proposed as more equalitarian between sexes, the social democratic model of state, which establishes a close relation between state, market and family, between private and public fields. It argues that employment legislation, fiscal policies and the organisation of social rights influences directly in elections and ways of life of citizens. The decisions taken in the family sphere about the time employed in the productive and reproductive tasks are not autonomous but depend on employment and fiscal policies.True equality between sexes has to be build on harmonisation between personal, family and working life, that includes the reference to the care of dependent persons and self-care, and hence the importance of research on quantitative and qualitative methods of tasks of caring and the influence of the tax system from a gender perspective. ; La trilogía Estado, mercado, familia debe de introducir la perspectiva de género, como una dimensión transversal porque el modo de organizar la sociedad, el mercado y la familia establece una estructura que será la causa de una mayor o menor igualdad con respecto al papel y funciones que desempeñan hombres y mujeres en esos tres ámbitos. En este artículo, después de analizar los modelos liberales y marxistas, se propone como más igualitario entre los sexos, el modelo socialdemócrata de Estado que establece una estrecha relación entre Estado, mercado y familia, entre lo privado y lo público. Se mantiene que la legislación laboral, las políticas fi scales y la organización de los derechos sociales incide directamente en las elecciones y el modo de organización de vida que realizan los ciudadanos. Las decisiones tomadas en el ámbito familiar sobre el tiempo dedicado a las tareas productivas y reproductivas no son autónomas sino que dependen de las políticas laborales y fiscales. La verdadera igualdad entre los sexos se fundamenta en la conciliación entre vida personal, familiar y laboral, que incluye todo lo referente a las tareas de cuidado de personas y el autocuidado, de ahí la importancia del estudio con métodos cuantitativos y cualitativos de las tareas de cuidado y de la incidencia del sistema tributario desde una perspectiva de género.

La conocida como Ley de extranjería ha sido y es uno de los elementos que mayor atención y debate ha suscitado en el marco de la política migratoria española. Sirvan como ejemplo las sucesivas reformas de las que ha sido objeto en la última década, puesto que se han llegado a contabilizar hasta cuatro. La última tuvo lugar en el mes de diciembre de 2009. Con el objeto de profundizar en esta realidad, se ha desarrollado el proyecto de investigación I+D concedido por el Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología y titulado SEJ 2006-05222. Inmigración y Bienestar Social, en cuyo contexto se enmarca el presente artículo. Se ha analizado el articulado de la Ley y sus implicaciones sociales a través de los principios de la Grounded Theory. Para cada reforma, se ha contextualizado, además, el marco político y social que justificaba la misma. Entre otras conclusiones, se observa que la Ley es un intento de dar respuesta a la nueva realidad de la extranjería en España desde un planteamiento meramente técnico, sin mayor pretensión ideológica. No obstante, la lógica discursiva pone el acento de manera mayoritaria en la necesidad de «controlar socialmente» al extranjero. Todo ello provoca una suerte de metonimia en el articulado de la Ley entre extranjero e inmigrante, lo que convierte a la Ley en coadyuvante de una fractura social cada vez mayor entre extranjeros y nacionales, con todas las implicaciones que ello supone en los procesos de identidad y alteridad. ; Act 4/2000, commonly known as the Aliens Act, has caused considerable debate in Spanish society about migration policy. The last decade, the Act has been amended repeatedly- a total of four amendments have been made. The most recent amendment was proposed in December 2009. This article reports the findings of research project I + D SEJ 2006-05222. Social Welfare and Immigration, funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Technology, and aims to examine this issue in depth. The provisions of the Act and their social implications were analysed using Grounded Theory. In addition, this article contextualises the political and social framework for justifying the Act for each set of amendments. We conclude, inter alia, that the Act is an attempt to respond to changes in the situation of aliens in Spain from a technical perspective, without an ideological objective. Nevertheless, the discursive logic of the Act focuses mainly on the need of "social control" over foreigners. The Act's provisions cause a sort of metonymy between foreigners and immigrants. Thus, the Act contributes to an ever greater social divide between foreigners and nationals, with wide-ranging implications on identity and otherness processes.

In A Theory of Justice John Rawls argued that people in a just society would have rights to some forms of personal property, whatever the best way to organise the economy. Without being explicit about it, he also seems to have believed that protection for at least some forms of privacy are included in the Basic Liberties, to which all are entitled. Thus, Rawls assumes that people are entitled to form families, as well as personal associations which reflect their tastes as well as their beliefs and interests. He seems also to have assumed that people are entitled to seclude themselves, as well as to associate with others, and to keep some of their beliefs, knowledge, feelings and ideas to themselves, rather than having to share them with others. So, thinking of privacy as an amalgam of claims to seclusion, solitude, anonymity and intimate association, we can say that Rawls appears to include at least some forms of privacy in his account of the liberties protected by the first principle of justice. However, Rawls did not say very much about how he understands people's claims to privacy, or how those claims relate to his ideas about property-ownership. This is unfortunate, because two familiar objections to privacy seem particularly pertinent to his conception of the basic liberties. The first was articulated with customary panache by Judith Thomson, in a famous article on the moral right to privacy, in which she argued that talk of a moral right to privacy is confused and confusing, because privacy rights are really just property rights in disguise. The second objection has long been a staple of leftist politics, and is that the association of privacy with private property means that privacy rights are just a mask for coercive and exploitative relationships, and therefore at odds with democratic freedom, equality and solidarity. If the first objection implies that Rawls is wrong to think that protection for privacy can be distinguished from protection of personal property, the second objection implies that Rawls cannot hope to protect privacy without thereby committing himself to the grossest forms of capitalist inequality. In this paper I will not discuss Rawls' views of property-owning democracy. However, by clarifying the relationship between claims to privacy and claims to property-ownership, I hope to illuminate some of the conceptual, moral and political issues raised by Rawls' ideas, and by work on the concept of a property-owning democracy, which he inspired. As we will see, privacy-based justifications of private ownership are not always unappealing, and privacy is sometimes promoted, rather than threatened, by collective ownership. The conclusion draws out the significance of these claims for the idea of a property-owning democracy.

Este trabajo pretende ahondar en la comprensión del bienestar en una persona desplazada por motivos de violencia sociopolítica. Por bienestar se entiende el desempeño satisfactorio de las funciones mentales, lo cual se evidencia en actividades productivas, relaciones sociales gratificantes, la habilidad para adaptarse a los cambios y enfrentar la adversidad. Así mismo, se divide en bienestar subjetivo (evaluación que una persona hace sobre su vida), psicológico (balance entre lo que ha logrado y lo que se desea lograr), y social (valoración que hacemos de las circunstancias y elfuncionamiento dentro de la sociedad). El diseño de la investigación es un estudio cualitativo de caso único; a partir del contacto con la persona se establecieron las preguntas orientadoras. Para la recolección de la información se utilizó la entrevista abierta, la cual fue sometida a un análisis de contenido que fue posteriormente validado por la participante en repetidas ocasiones. Las conclusiones del estudio giran en torno a los tres tipos de bienestar, y se evidenciaron aspectos positivos y negativos en cada uno de los tres; así, es posible afirmar que existe una ambivalencia de la participante en algunos elementos de su discurso en relación con el bienestar subjetivo y psicológico, y muchos elementos negativos en lo que respecta a su bienestar social.Palabras clave: Bienestar subjetivo, bienestar psicológico, bienestar social, desplazamiento, violencia política.This paper pretend to go deeper in the understanding of well-being, in a displaced person, due to socio-political violence. The well-being is the acceptable performance of the mental functions in productive activities, beneficial social relationships, the ability to adapt to changes and to face adversity; likewise it divides into subjective well-being (a self assessment of a person own life) psychological (a balance between what a person has achieve and what it wants to accomplish) and social (assessment we do to the circumstances and functionality of society).The design of the research is a qualitative study of one case; in this line, the key questions were established through continual contact with the subject. For data recollection, the open interview technique was utilized, which was later confronted with an analysis of its contents, after that was a series of validations done by the participant in several occasions. The conclusions of this study go around the three types of well-being, proving both positives and negatives aspects in each one of the three; thus, is possible to affirm that it exist an ambivalence of the participant in some elements of her speech in relation with the subjective well-being and psychosocial well-being, and more negative elements related to its social well-being.Keywords: Subjective well-being, psychological well-being, social well-being, displaced, political violence.Dirección de correspondencia. fabian.buelvas@gmail.com

Studying Parisian booksellers through the bankruptcies they underwent sheds light on their finance networks. Drawing on the methods of corporate demography, prosopography and network analysis, this study shows how changes in book production translated into the spread of bookshops throughout Paris and the opening of credit accounts at banks. Whereas rates of occupational endogamy go down together with internal financing, commercial money-lending between professionals, dominant until then, tends from mid-century onwards to pass into the hands of local banks. The activity of the latter nonetheless is closely linked with that of public institutions, whether centralized or not. The reason for these bankers' success is that they themselves started their careers in the book trade, where they first acquired social status. By specializing in finance, they hope to rise to the top of the national political and economic sphere. The analysis of booksellers' bankruptcies and their credit networks shows how a relatively localised economy where productive organisation takes its toll financially on the suppliers evolves. But this " chain of the book " is not the only factor in the professional hierarchy. The breadth and diversity of the booksellers' social space appear to be crucial elements in determining their relative position inside the professional community and society at large. This study is also an indirect contribution to the history of local banking. ; L'étude des libraires parisiens, à partir des faillites, permet de mettre en évidence leurs réseaux de financement. En empruntant les méthodes caractéristiques de la démographie des entreprises, de la prosopographie ou encore de l'analyse de réseaux, nous montrons que les mutations de la production du livre s'accompagnent d'une diffusion des boutiques au sein de l'espace parisien et de l'ouverture de crédit auprès des banques. Si l'endogamie professionnelle diminue parallèlement au financement interne, l'escompte commercial entre professionnels qui domine jusqu'au milieu du XIXe siècle, tend, à partir de cette date, à être récupéré par les banques locales, dont l'activité reste néanmoins complémentaire de celle des institutions publiques, centralisées ou non. Le succès de ces banquiers repose sur le fait qu'eux-mêmes sont issus du secteur du livre, où ils ont acquis une position sociale certaine avant d'ambitionner intégrer, en se spécialisant dans la finance, les premiers rangs de la sphère politico-économique nationale. L'analyse des faillites de libraires et de leurs réseaux de crédit souligne finalement l'évolution d'une économie relativement localisée, au sein de laquelle l'organisation productive pèse financièrement sur les fournisseurs, mais cette " chaîne du livre " n'est pas la seule en jeu dans la hiérarchie professionnelle. L'ampleur et la diversité de l'espace social des libraires paraissent essentielles dans la détermination de leur position relative au sein de la communauté de métier et de la société. Cette étude participe indirectement à l'histoire de la banque locale.

Während Satelliten-Technologie und riesige internationale Konzerne die Globalisierung des Fernsehmarktes eingeleitet haben, revolutionierten Großbild-Fernseher und Dolby Surround Technologie die filmische Darstellung. Dies machte Fernsehen zu einem ernstzunehmenden Rivalen für das Kino und Amerika zum Marktführer im Fernsehbusiness. In Anbetracht dieser Entwicklungen widmet sich der erste Teil dieser Arbeit der Fernsehindustrie, ihrer Programmpolitik und den politischen und ökonomischen Einflüssen auf das Medium. Weiters werden die inhärente Dynamik von Serien-Erzählungen sowie gängige Strategien zur Steigerung der Zuschauerquoten untersucht. Anhand einer aktuellen Publikumsstudie des ORF folgt anschließend eine Analyse der Wechselwirkungen zwischen Fernsehen und Zuschauern. Neben der Vorbildwirkung von Seriencharakteren werden auch ihre Stereotypisierung und die Rolle von U.S. Serien als kulturelle Trendsetter behandelt. Der zweite Teil dieser Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit Krimiserien. Um zu verdeutlichen, in welchem Ausmaß sich das Genre seit den 1970ern verändert hat, wird die aktuelle CBS Erfolgsserie CSI Las Vegas (2000-) mit dem NBC Klassiker Columbo (1968-2003) verglichen. Nach einer umfassenden Beschreibung der televisuellen Eigenschaften der Serie CSI Las Vegas (Kameraarbeit, Schnitt, Ton) folgt eine Untersuchung ihrer Episodenstruktur. Diese zeigt auch, mit welchen Mitteln der Spannungsverlauf und Informationsfluss optimiert werden, um die Zuseher vom Umschalten abzuhalten. Zum Schluss widmet sich diese Arbeit der ideologischen und sozio-kulturellen Problematik der Darstellung von extremer Gewalt und Sex in diesem Genre. Ausgehend von der Annahme, dass das Fernsehen unsere Gesellschaft widerspiegelt, wird erörtert, warum dieses Format so viele Zuschauer anzieht und wohin dieser Trend führen könnte. ; While satellite technology and huge international networks triggered the globalization of the TV market, wide screens, and Dolby Surround technology revolutionized the filmic realization, making television a serious rival of cinema and America the biggest player in the TV business. With respect to these changes, the first part of this paper describes the TV industry, its program policy, as well as political and economic influences on the medium. Exploring the inherent dynamics of serial narratives, it identifies common strategies to increase viewing rates. In a further step, my paper approaches the interdependence between television and its viewers, discussing a recent ORF audience study. Along with the effects of series characters' role-model function, their stereotyping and U.S. shows' status as cultural trendsetters are discussed. The second part of this paper focuses on crime series. In order to show to what extent the genre has changed since the 1970s, the current CBS success show CSI Las Vegas (2000-) is compared to the NBC classic Columbo (1968-2003). After a detailed description of CSI's televisual qualities (such as camera work, editing and sound) the series' episode structure is analyzed. This also illustrates how the series' tension arch and flow of information are optimized in order to keep viewers from zapping. Finally, this paper discusses the ideological and sociocultural problematic of such shows' detailed depiction of extreme violence and sex. Considering television as a mirror of society, it answers the questions why this format appeals to such a huge audience and where this trend could lead us. ; vorgelegt von Vanessa Legenstein ; Abweichender Titel laut Übersetzung der Verfasserin/des Verfassers ; Zsfassung in dt. Sprache ; Graz, Univ., Dipl.-Arb., 2011 ; (VLID)216029