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Norwegian foreign policy discourse is mainly based on the premise that Norway is a "small state." This insistence has linked it to another discourse within the IR community, namely small state literature. The author examines this tradition critically, emphasizing its main tenet: the significance of military power. Paradoxically, one might say, because this way of thinking presupposes a "great power" perspective. Small states have usually been regarded as too weak to influence world politics to any significant extent, but this view is only valid within a "Westphalian" political order. The article explores the various attempts of defining the small state, & the general perception of a specific small state behavior. These efforts, however, presuppose a kind of similarity between small states, which is not historically evident. Instead the author highlights the significance of studying small states more historically, taking into consideration the great variations between them. In recent years, the claim that there exists a universal small state behavior has been challenged by developments within the EU. This "post Westphalian" kind of political order demonstrates the way in which small states within the community now develop a new sense of "activism" & a new small state identity -- changes which add up to a radically new small state profile. 120 References. Adapted from the source document.

This response to Hellmann's diagnosis of the deepest crisis of German foreign policy since 1949 reflects on the nature of & resistance to power politics. While German foreign policy has a number of problems, particularly with respect to resources, dramatization of political affairs does little to illuminate them, & Hellmann's less than persuasive crisis is nothing more than a delayed & protracted adjustment process of foreign policy to a new international framework. As Hellmann knows, a general problem in social science disciplines is the use of metaphors instead of specific terms, & yet ironically he utilizes a vague resocialization metaphor in his critique. It is unclear why Germany should exclude itself from the typical mode of politics, & in light of the international approach Germany has taken, it is difficult to see how Hellmann's perspectives on resistance to power politics resulted in such a negative assessment. The true difficulty the German administration has with power politics is it requires that the important participants employ calculation, moderation, & dependability. L. Kehl

Contends that the current low international standing of the US does not mean other governments/peoples do not support the advancement of democratic ideals. Foreign policy elites in Europe & Asia believe President George W. Bush's rhetoric about democracy conceals ulterior motives of US imperialism & many American commentators have argued that the US must give up democracy promotion in favor of a more pragmatic foreign policy. It is argued that this stance is misleading because democracy as an international norm is stronger than ever before & widely perceived as both an ideal system of government & an acceptable foreign policy goal. The historical rise of democracy to international prominence is traced. Other issues discussed include the growing gap between liberal democracies & electoral democracies; "facade democracies" that mask authoritarian rule; democracy promotion's replacement of the erosion of state sovereignty as one of the most important international norms; flaws in the US practice of democracy; & the relationship between the worldwide advancement of democracy & the growth of US power.. J. Lindroth

The impact of the policy reform on economic performance has
been one of the stifling issues in development economics in the recent
years. Since the middle 1970s, there has been considerable progress in
the trade reform in the most developing countries, turning from an
import substitution strategy to export-oriented approach. Pakistan also
follows export-oriented policies. Pakistan's trade pattern and trade
policy have been moving towards fewer and fewer controls, tariffs rates
have come tumbling down. Export-led-growth hypothesis (ELG) suggests
that due to positive correlation between export and growth, therefore,
export-oriented policies contribute to economic growth. Thus,
international trade and development theory suggests that export growth
contributes positively to economic growth. On the basis of this
framework, most empirical work on the effects of export promoting
strategy followed in developing countries evaluated openness with trade.
Empirical research about the effect of this liberalisation process has
treated export as principal channel for growth. The relationship with
exports and growth, grounded in endogenous growth theory, has been
tested for Pakistan [Khan (1995); Ahmad, Butt, and Alam (2000) and Akbar
(2000)].

The paper explores controversial representation of the European Union in the Georgian political public sphere through the deconstruction of public political narratives of the pro-Western and anti-Western/pro-Russian political and societal forces in Georgia. The dis-information incursion and propaganda of the Russian Federation in the societal landscape of Georgia – soft power capabilities of Moscow – have become the primary tools of the Kremlin to undermine the soft-power policy of the EU and the pro-Western/pro-EU driven agenda in Georgia. The study reflects on the rotating political discourses on the EU through narrative analysis and deconstructs those metanarratives, which legitimize or undermine the pro-Western foreign policy discourses in Georgia. The mutually exclusive metanarratives build on shared cultural values (the pro-Western) and religious commonality (the pro-Russian): the pro-Western – on the myth of Georgians as an ancient European nation and on the 200 years-long Russian colonization, embedded in symbolisms of "mental revolution" and "re-joining the European nations;" the anti-EU – on the Orthodox unity and on a belief that balanced politics between Russia and the West will restore country's territorial integrity. This fact contributes to the fragmentation of the political public sphere in Georgia and makes it vulnerable to the external encroachments. The pro-Western narrative evolves around liberal conceptions, which try to transform the post-Soviet Georgian society through 'mental revolution.' The political discourse analysis – understanding and interpreting meanings – refers to public speeches of elites and policy documents for deconstruction of narrative structures provided by the pro-Western political elites, as their causal explanations provide insights into the ambiguous and contradictory representations of the West/EU in the Georgian political public sphere.

"Serial no. 102-24, (Committee on Agriculture)." ; Shipping list no.: 92-0683-P. ; Distributed to some depository libraries in microfiche. ; Mode of access: Internet. ; 2

AbstractThis article discusses the changing relations between the United States and Turkey in light of Turkey's contemporary foreign policy that often challenges American interests. More specifically, it adopts a comparative approach to examine the variables that determine the course of US reaction when unwanted policy shifts take place in the Middle East. To this end, apart from Turkey, the article examines two more cases: US relations with Egypt in the 1950s, and with Iran right before, during and after the 1979 revolution. The comparative analysis reveals that the case of contemporary Turkey has been more similar to the historical case of Egypt, which explains why Washington has been adopting (and is more likely to continue doing so) a "wait‐and‐see" approach vis‐à‐vis Ankara. However, domestic changes in Turkey, though not as abrupt and radical as in Iran, remain significant and may have a deeper impact on US–Turkish relations in the future.

Mexico's foreign policy toward nonaligned countries, 1961-91.