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Abstract

Capital Campaign Snafus to Avoid


Planned Giving Tools


Create A 'Letter of Intent' Form


Prospect Identification Essentials


Major Gifts Program Is Worth the Investment


Prospecting Procedures


Check Internal Sources for Potential Donors


Useful Tools


Free Software to Create Your Own Campaign Pyramid


Record Keeping Procedures


Essential Elements of a Contact Report


Campaign Goal Setting


Study Named Endowments to Forecast Campaign Gifts


Campaign Communications


Create a Naming Opportunities Brochure


Precursor Publications


How to 'Plant the Seed' for Your Upcoming Campaign


Portrait, Recognition Ceremony Honors Top Donors


Now is the Time To Promote Tax‐Free IRA Gifts


IRA Gift Options


Securing Pledges


Professional Opinion


Prepare Your Board for Collective Giving Amounts


Prospect Cultivation


'Coffee Gatherings' Cultivate Relationships With Major Gift Prospects


Records And Research


Why You Need a Prospect Profile For All New Prospects


Focus 'Centers of Influence' On Million‐dollar Prospects


Listening Skills Tip


Bring Public Closure To Your Capital Campaign


Staff Meeting Exercise


Help Your Staff 'Make It Happen'


Endowed Programs


What You Should Know About Establishing an Endowed Lectureship Program


Strategic Planning Follow Up


Get Strategic Plan Buy‐in From Probable Donors


Research Procedures


Advice On Researching Agricultural Land Owners


Prepare Your Board For a Capital Campaign


Foundation For Major Gifts


Develop an Annual Giving Program That Exceeds Goal Every Time


When You Succeed, Celebrate the Success

PurposeThis paper seeks to provide a timely consideration of how regional governments in Asia and other national governments around the world collect, manage, and share critical geo‐technical information in what is becoming an increasingly global community.Design/methodology/approachThe paper addresses the socio‐technical perspective of government information systems and management, and draws on the collection and analysis of several public reports, media articles, and expert opinions published in the aftermath of the Asian tsunami of 26 December 2004.FindingsOn the basis of the published material, the paper observes how critical early warning information was handled by government authorities in the hours before the tsunami wave strike, discusses the availability of technological solutions that can provide earthquake and tsunami warning information, and poses that government bureaucracies and human relations form the weakest link in the information chain.Research limitations/implicationsThe paper concludes with a potential research agenda for government warning information systems and management.Practical implicationsThe type of early warning information system that might be created to avoid another loss of life, suggested improvements to inter‐government information sharing and communications, and the emerging requirement for earthquake and tsunami information dissemination and education in lesser developed countries are also discussed.Originality/valueThe research enabled the examination of weaknesses in critical information sharing between governments and members of the international community, and highlights the issue of strong human relationships as a key to preventing the loss of life and better managing disasters.

There are two important differences in the outcomes of postsocialist transformation of the Baltic countries: (1) Due to the inclusive citizenship laws the liberal democracy in Lithuania is more consolidated than in other Baltic countries. (2) However, in the economy Estonia has established reputation of "a shining star from the Baltics," while Lithuania during first decade of market transition acquired the reputation of a pupil that although made the homework asked by the international institutions, but always a bit too late & never with excellent marks. While the explanation of the first difference is relatively uncontroversial, the opinions clash around the explanation of the differences in the economic performance. The article analyzes how can the reemergence of the difference between Baltic South & North be explained after the levels of socio-economic development between Baltic states had converged during the Soviet time? Did better initial economic conditions, peculiarities in the political process (eg., exclusion of significant part of non-ethnical Estonian population that could be potential electorate for postcommunist party like the Lithuanian "Labourists"), Protestant cultural legacy, better public relation work -- or what? -- make Estonia "a shining star from the Baltics"? The paper closes with the discussion of the further difficulties of the culturalist explanation (including the Latvian riddle again) & possible solutions, & presents some proposals of further research relevant for the progress in the testing of conflicting explanations. Adapted from the source document.

What forms of U.S. intervention are likely to prove realizable & to be appropriate for facilitating the implementation of peace agreements & protecting human rights in Africa? The choices for action are certainly wider than the polar opposites of disengagement & large-scale military intervention. Because the United States can afford neither prolonged military hegemony nor the indulgence of neo-isolationism, it must find some form of creative engagement that fulfills its obligations to facilitate & protect in ways that are acceptable to both American & overseas opinion. Limited interests in Africa & the nature of public pressures leave little alternative to utilizing soft intervention approaches in most cases. Within the category of soft intervention, there appears to be a continuum of means leading to possible movement into muscular intervention. At one end, there is coercive diplomacy, which is associated with threats of military & economic sanctions; if these sanctions are actually used, the intervening state becomes involved in muscular intervention. At the other end is diplomacy associated not with threats, but with the promise of rewards. Between the two poles lies diplomacy that involves neither threats nor rewards (i.e., conciliation & mediation without the use of pressures & incentives). In real world contexts, third parties tend to apply mixed packages of non-coercive & coercive incentives, with coercive incentives becoming increasingly dominant as the costs of altering preferences & the intensity of conflict rise. Figures, References. Adapted from the source document.

AbstractWhat forms of U.S. intervention are likely to prove realizable and to be appropriate for facilitating the implementation of peace agreements and protecting human rights in Africa? The choices for action are certainly wider than the polar opposites of disengagement and large-scale military intervention. Because the United States can afford neither prolonged military hegemony nor the indulgence of neo-isolationism, it must find some form of creative engagement that fulfills its obligations to facilitate and protect in ways that are acceptable to both American and overseas opinion. Limited interests in Africa and the nature of public pressures leave little alternative to utilizing soft intervention approaches in most cases. Within the category of soft intervention, there appears to be a continuum of means leading to possible movement into muscular intervention. At one end, there is coercive diplomacy, which is associated with threats of military and economic sanctions; if these sanctions are actually used, the intervening state becomes involved in muscular intervention. At the other end is diplomacy associated not with threats, but with the promise of rewards. Between the two poles lies diplomacy that involves neither threats nor rewards (i.e., conciliation and mediation without the use of pressures and incentives). In real world contexts, third parties tend to apply mixed packages of non-coercive and coercive incentives, with coercive incentives becoming increasingly dominant as the costs of altering preferences and the intensity of conflict rise.

Reports on Japan, a country in which the falling birth rate gives marketers some interesting opportunities. Explores how smaller numbers of children leads to more money being spent on each, in particular the "six pockets" or six sources of financial support that children have from their two parents and four grandparents. Illustrates this by the example of Studio Alice, a photographic studio that lends ceremonial costumes to maximise the appeal to grandparents of the child's appearance. Continues with "Morning Musume", a manufactured pop group of ordinary young girls who audition on a TV show; aspirational clothing brand Narumiya International has been able to supply fashionable costumes for this at prices considerably higher than competitors. Moves on to the cosmetics industry: this is now a large market for the under‐tens, aided by appealing packaging, suitable products that are safe for children, low prices, child‐oriented sales channels, and information sources like magazines and TV advertisements. Shows how children under 16 are now the focus of the huge mobile phone market, especially for emails, and indicates the problems and advantages involved in the desire for this fashion accessory. Outlines how Japan's corporate marketing teams are now trying to assess what children want, and the problems involved in designing questionnaires for young Japanese children, who are less used than Europeans or Americans to expressing opinions in public.

PurposeMost public foresight programmes in the 1990s limited participation to technological experts in the identified fields. However, almost all the programmes had an implied social dimension and several concluded that more inclusive participation was needed in future programmes. The paper aims to discuss how inclusiveness might be achieved.Design/methodology/approachAt first sight extending participation seems eminently possible. Inclusiveness is a matter of definition and process that has been encountered in other foresight style activities where the opinions of the polity need to be taken into account. Definitions and processes form the core of our approach, using ideas from human behaviour, sustainability and corporate governance.FindingsLearning how to extend participation has started through the German FUTUR programme and the creation of some online discussion forums. Some other programmes in The Netherlands (1996) and the UK (from 1998 onwards) have attempted to become more inclusive, with varying degrees of success.Research limitations/implicationsThe discussion is restricted to exploring some general principles related to making foresight programmes more inclusive. Some of the detail has been worked out but is not complete enough to be discussed.Practical implicationsInclusiveness introduces specific management and process needs, if foresight programmes are to be extended into the social sphere without their becoming chaotic. The principles discussed imply a need for a change in mind‐set for foresight sponsors and practitioners.Originality/valueNone of these ideas have been used in practice and to that extent are original.

Die von Dezember 2003 bis Juni 2005 geführte Diskussion über neue wettbewerbsrechtliche Vorschriften für Zeitungsverlage hat zahlreiche grundlegende Fragen aufgeworfen: Welche Rolle spielen die Prinzipien des Wettbewerbsschutzes in Krisenzeiten? Wie viel Diskussion braucht eine Gesetzesänderung? Welchen Einfluss haben große Zeitungsverlage auf Politik und Öffentlichkeit? In welchem Verhältnis stehen Wettbewerb und Meinungsvielfalt zueinander? Der vorliegende Beitrag analysiert in diesem Zusammenhang kritisch die vorgetragenen Argumente für pressespezifische Ausnahmen vom allgemeinen Wettbewerbsrecht, erläutert die im Laufe der Diskussion mehrfach veränderten Vorschläge für eine solche Regelung und beurteilt deren branchenspezifische wie gesamtwirtschaftliche Auswirkungen aus wettbewerblicher Sicht. Darüber hinaus ordnet der Autor das Thema Pressefusionskontrolle in den größeren Kontext von unternehmerischer Freiheit und unternehmerischer Verantwortung ein und warnt vor einer mangelnden Sensibilität der großen Unternehmen gegenüber unserem Wirtschafts- und Gesellschaftssystem. ; The discussion from December 2003 until June 2005 about new competition provisions for newspaper publishers has raised numerous basic questions: What role do the principles of protecting competition play in times of crisis? How much discussion does an amendment to the law need? What influence do major newspaper publishers have on politics and the public? In what relation do competition policy and diversity of opinion stand to each other? In this context this article critically analyses the arguments presented for press-specific exemptions from general competition law, explains the proposals for such a regulation which were amended several times during the discussion and assesses their effects on the sector and the overall economy from a competition perspective. In addition the author classifies media merger control within the greater context of entrepreneurial freedom and responsibility and warns of the lack of sensitivity on the part of the large companies towards our economics and social system.

Building on companion work investigating the efficacy of financial statement insurance (FSI) as an alternative to traditional auditor liability, this Article presents the terms of a national enabling statute to implement this concept. The Model Financial Statement Insurance Act uses the architecture of the U.S. Trust Indenture Act of 1939. It authorizes issuer application for qualification, in connection with annual proxy statement filings, of policies of financial statement insurance. The Model FSI Act deems a series of provisions necessary to achieve securities law objectives to be part of all financial statement insurance policies so proposed, and requires insurers to possess characteristics relating to financial capacity, independence from issuers and adequate regulatory supervision. It empowers the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission to issue stop orders against such applications in cases where insurers lack such qualifications. Qualifying policies are put to security holder vote and become effective when a registered public accounting firm engaged by the insurer issues an unqualified opinion that the financial statements provide a fair presentation in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. Later-discovered material misstatements result in covered losses under the policy, administered in accordance with terms the Model FSI Act deems included, along with other tailored policy terms not in contravention of the Act. While using a United States template, the Model FSI Act is designed to be adaptable for use in other countries and jurisdictions of the world.

▪ Abstract  Researchers across a wide range of fields, policy makers, and large segments of the public believe that the work-related skills of the labor force do not match the requirements of jobs and that this explains a large part of the growth of wage inequality in the United States in the past 20 years. Opinions are divided on whether the trend is driven by workforce developments, such as an absolute decline or declining growth of human capital due to changes in educational attainment or test scores, or employer-side changes, such as accelerating growth of job skill requirements due to the spread of computers and employee involvement techniques. Some believe the problem has grown worse over time. However, the evidence is often more ambiguous and fragmentary than recognized, and the argument overlooks the roles of institutional changes and management's policies toward labor in workers' changing fortunes. Evidence suggests that the growth in educational attainment has decelerated, cognitive skill levels have remained stable, and job skill requirements have gradually increased, but a large portion of employer dissatisfaction relates to effort levels and work attitudes of young people that may represent transitory, life-cycle effects. There is little information on whether job demands are actually exceeding workers' capacities. The absence of a standardized, up-to-date method of collecting information on the actual skill content of jobs is a significant obstacle to answering this question with confidence.

The two-handed saw is a foresters' instrument that two men use, one at each end, sawing in reciprocating rhythm. The blade of the best two-handed saws balances a sharpened stiffness with a shimmering flexion; its use requires individual strength and skill at cooperation. Because Gene Rostow too combined these opposing qualities – indeed had them in abundance – it is especially noteworthy that one day, using such a saw as a young man in New England, he severely injured his back, keeping him out of active service in World War II and causing recurrent difficulties throughout his gallant life. Was he unyielding for just a moment when giving in would have spared him? Did the other man pull too hard, throwing Gene off balance despite his strength, or push to an extreme that was unnatural for Gene? You see, it takes a certain unyieldingness to insist that Japanese Americans not be interned after the devastating military and psychological blow at Pearl Harbor. Only someone with a strong frame could possibly resist the near-universal pull of public and governmental opinion. There was a certain fierce dignity in Gene's contempt for racism, not unlike that of the colleagues he recruited to Yale – Charles L. Black, Jr., of course, but also Grant Gilmore, Boris Bittker, Myres McDougal, and the young Guido Calabresi – who made the Yale Law School a strong redoubt for civil rights.

Abstract: Public perception today is that the CIA enjoys a close working
relationship with the military, but that has not always been the
case. Since its inception in 1947, the CIA has traditionally had an
uneasy relationship with the military. During the Cold War, the CIA's
relationship with the military was strained periodically by conflicting
analyses. Only since the end of the Cold War has the relationship
been on more sure footing. The Gulf War underscored the need for
national-level intelligence to meet the accelerating demands of the
military in an increasingly technology-driven and face-paced combat
environment. Perceived shortcomings during the campaign to liberate Kuwait
led to a major institutional effort to link the CIA more closely to
the U.S. military by establishing the Office of Military Affairs (OMA)
in 1992. The creation of the OMA, however, is unlikely to eliminate
differences of analytic opinion between the agency and the military
services. In fact, such conflicts will be healthy indicators of the
CIA's rationale as a bureaucratic entity able to formulate independent
and objective analysis precisely because it has fewer vested interests
in military operations. The agency, however, must guard against being
overwhelmed by the intelligence demands of the military that could spread
limited analytic assets thin, further erode the quality of analysis,
and derail the CIA from performing its critical mission of providing
national intelligence and strategic warning to civilian policymakers.

This paper is concerned with performance evaluation of top professional managers by local politicians. Based on the opinions of a small group of experts and a written survey of 262 aldermen, it examines criteria and performance evaluation styles which are used by aldermen of Dutch municipalities - elected politicians - to evaluate performances of professional managers. The paper examines to what extent the large number of aldermen who participated in the survey displayed characteristics of politicians using the 'operations-conscious' (or 'facilitating') performance evaluation style. Based on previous case research, this style was added to three evaluation styles for the government sector which originated from Hopwood's evaluation styles for the profit sector. The survey shows that, in general, aldermen judge whether professional managers and their organizations function in a 'businesslike' manner. In this respect, evaluation of top managers may be in line with more businesslike and performance-oriented control of government organizations, which is essential to New Public Management. However, aldermen are usually not only or mainly interested in the way managers function in a businesslike manner and in concrete and 'objective' data on outputs, costs and efficiency. Aldermen actually evaluate top managers' performances on a rather wide range of criteria. Subjective impressions of these criteria play an important part in their evaluations. The outcome of the survey is a more detailed description of local politicians' performance evaluation style and a refinement of the operations-conscious style.

Many observers perceive a gap between the need for high risk, patient equity capital and its availability to privately-held, small businesses. Owners of successful companies. consistently profitable but small and lacking glamour, often report that rapid expansion is hard to fund. The major sources of working capital for such firms are loans, and lenders are uncomfortable with rapid change, lenders view fast growth and debt financing as incompatible. The alternative is equity funding, and equity funding seems hard to find.The authors review the equity capital situation for small business. They weigh the relative merits of differing expert opinion, and assess the policy implications. The authors take an economic development perspective; i.e., they seek solutions that will make the economic pie bigger. They contend that the best solutions will have a balanced, twofold impact: (1) increase the availability of high risk, patient equity capital, and (2) increase the availability of high-quality equity investments in privately-held, small businesses. They argue that the best solutions will combine evolutionary changes in public policy and private action. The authors describe specific 'ally how legislation, regulation, and financial institutions might evolve. The resulting marketplace would provide the strongest small companies with better access to the capital needed for rapid growth. They also describe specific steps that small businesses and their advisors can take to better prepare to enter equity markets.