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Abstract.As compared with federal and provincial elections, municipal elections in Canada present voters with challenges of informational quantity and quality. These unique challenges have implications for the psychological structure of citizens' voting calculus. Using a survey of voters conducted after the city of Vancouver civic election of 2002, we estimate a model of vote choice for mayor. We show that voters respond to the different context in predictable ways: their choices are determined largely by ideological orientations and provincial partisanship, with local economic evaluations and local issues playing only a very small role.Résumé.Si on les compare aux élections fédérales et provinciales, les élections municipales au Canada posent, pour les électeurs, des problèmes d'accès à une information de qualité en quantité suffisante. Ces défis particuliers ont un impact sur la structure psychologique de leurs stratégies de vote. Nous estimerons ici un modèle de choix d'un candidat au poste de maire à l'aide des données d'un sondage effectué après les élections municipales de Vancouver de 2002. Nous démontrerons que les électeurs répondent à ce contexte différent de manière prévisible : leurs choix sont déterminés principalement par leur orientation idéologique et leur soutien partisan au niveau provincial, alors que l'évaluation de l'état de l'économie locale et les questions de politique locale ne jouent qu'un rôle limité.

Integration and reinforcement of network infrastructure for transport, energy and water is a key component in the European policy framework for market competitiveness. However, in spite of considerable analysis and community co-funding since 1995, actual implementation progress for the 90 priority projects in the Transeuropean Energy Networks programme has been meager.The estimated network investment need of 40,000 M euro (2003-2013) is challenging the current heterogenous institutional mix of European network operators, regulators and the role of the commission. This paper presents an analytic framework for the network investment problem under decentralized control in both regulation, infrastructure ownership and management. Our results on the underinvestment problem from regulatory competition and non-coordination provide insights into the policy relevant topic of common infrastructure investment under varying budget balancing constraints and management objectives. From an economic policy viewpoint, the paper is tangential to the more general discussion on regulatory centralization vs. subsidiarity in the European Union. ; Ce papier présente un cadre analytique simple permettant de comprendre les problèmes de coordination entre gestionnaires d'infrastructure nationaux en présence de service internationaux (i.e., qui doivent utiliser les différentes infrastructures) et les rôles pontentiels pour l'intervention d'une autorité supra-nationale à la fois au niveau des décisions d'investissement mais aussi aux niveaux des politiques de tarification de l'accès et de financement des infrastructures

Integration and reinforcement of network infrastructure for transport, energy and water is a key component in the European policy framework for market competitiveness. However, in spite of considerable analysis and community co-funding since 1995, actual implementation progress for the 90 priority projects in the Transeuropean Energy Networks programme has been meager.The estimated network investment need of 40,000 M euro (2003-2013) is challenging the current heterogenous institutional mix of European network operators, regulators and the role of the commission. This paper presents an analytic framework for the network investment problem under decentralized control in both regulation, infrastructure ownership and management. Our results on the underinvestment problem from regulatory competition and non-coordination provide insights into the policy relevant topic of common infrastructure investment under varying budget balancing constraints and management objectives. From an economic policy viewpoint, the paper is tangential to the more general discussion on regulatory centralization vs. subsidiarity in the European Union. ; Ce papier présente un cadre analytique simple permettant de comprendre les problèmes de coordination entre gestionnaires d'infrastructure nationaux en présence de service internationaux (i.e., qui doivent utiliser les différentes infrastructures) et les rôles pontentiels pour l'intervention d'une autorité supra-nationale à la fois au niveau des décisions d'investissement mais aussi aux niveaux des politiques de tarification de l'accès et de financement des infrastructures

Paraguay is a developing country with low levels of health coverage, with 81% of the population without health insurance, a proportion that reaches 98.1% among the poor, 93% among the rural population and 91.7% among the mainly Guarani-speaking population. The infant mortality rate is 19.4 per 1,000, although there is gross under-reporting. Maternal mortality rate is alarmingly high at 110.9 per 100,000 livebirths, reaching 420.5 in rural areas. There are only two clinical geneticists and four biochemists trained in human genetics, and virtually all genetic services in the country are concentrated in the 'Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud' (IICS) from the National University. The teaching of medical genetics in medical schools is included in physiology and pathology courses, while at the postgraduate level, training in medical genetics is limited to pediatrics and gynecology. In 1999, a pilot newborn screening program was initiated to determine the frequency of congenital hypothyroidism and phenylketonuria and to provide early treatment for affected babies. Another pilot project recently launched by the Ministry of Health is the Program for the Prevention of Neural Tube Defects, mandating folic acid fortification of flour, but as of the end of 2003 it had not been implemented. Paraguay lacks adequate resources to provide accurate diagnoses and treatment of genetic conditions.

Abstract.This paper examines the existence of sub-State political cultures in Canada. In so doing it revisits research conducted by Richard Simeon and David Elkins into the existence of provincial political cultures in Canada. It reviews the evidence for provincial political cultures and examines recent data from the Canadian Election Study in an effort to determine whether attitudes towards government have changed. Second, it revisits the process by which sub-cultures are identified. Using data from the federal election profiles and the CES the paper identifies nine distinct regional variant cultures within Canada. These regional cultures possess different political attitudes and behaviours that cannot be explained by the existence of provincial boundaries.Résumé.Cet article examine l'existence de cultures politiques sous-étatiques au Canada. Il reprend, ce faisant, les recherches de Richard Simeon et David Elkins qui démontrent la réalité des cultures politiques provinciales au Canada. L'article reconsidère l'authenticité de l'existence des cultures provinciales et étudie les données récentes de l'Étude électorale canadienne pour tenter de déterminer si les attitudes politiques ont changé. Ensuite, il réexamine le processus d'identification des sous cultures . En utilisant les profils des circonscriptions fédérales et l'ÉÉC, l'article identifie neuf variantes régionales distinctes au Canada. Ces cultures régionales manifestent des attitudes et comportement distincts qui ne peuvent pas s'expliquer par l'existence des frontières provinciales.

A censorship chronicle incorporating information from Agence France-Press (AFP), Allafrica. com, Alliance of Independent journalists (AJI), Amnesty International (AI), Arab Press Freedom Watch (APFW), Article 19 (A19), Association of Independent Electronic Media (ANEM), the BBC Monitoring Service Summary of World Broadcasts (SWB), Centre for Human Rights and Democratic Studies (CEHURDES), Centre for journalism in Extreme Situations (CJES), the Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ), Canadian Journalists for Free Expression (CJFE), Democratic Journalists ' League OlitHI), Freedom House, Global Internet Liberty Campaign (GILC),Human Rights Watch (HRW), Inter American Press Association (IAPA), Indy- media, Institutefor War & Peace Reporting (IWPR), Instituto de Prensa y Sociedad (IPYS), the United Nations Integrated Regional Information Network (IRIN), the International Federation of Journalists (IFJlFIP), Journaliste en danger (JED), International Press Institute (IPI), the Media Institute of Southern Africa (MISA), Network for the Defence of Independent Media in Africa (NDIMA), Network for Education and Academic Rights (NEAR), International PEN (PEN), Pacific Islands News Association (PINA), Pacific Media Watch, Periodistas Frente La Corrupcion (PFC); Press Freedom Foundation (FLIP), Radio Free EuropelRadio Liberty (RFE/ RL), Reporters Saris Frontieres (RSF), Southeast Media Organisation (SEEMO), Statewatch, Transitions Online (TOL), World Association of Newspapers (WAN), World Press Freedom Committee (WPFC), and other sources including members of the International Freedom of Expression eXchange (IFEX).

International audience ; This paper considers inventors' rights as revealing shifts in the elaboration of public trust in inventions. The two main issues, the method of invention and the credit invested, are analysed both in terms of Diderot's writings and in the economic, social and political context of invention during the eighteenth century. In a pamphlet written in 1755, Histoire et secret de la peinture en cire, Diderot criticized the Count of Caylus's attempt to keep the invention of wax painting secret and to enhance his fame thanks to this technical achievement. Diderot developed a conception of invention as an activity based upon methodical rediscoveries, imitations and translations. Although this could also concern artistic practice, imitation in art had a quite different meaning for Diderot. The main issue was the status of artists and inventors in society. Personal glory and private appropriation were denied to inventors, in contrast to artists. Secrecy, pride and exclusivity in invention were mean and ridiculous strategies. This was precisely what had been happening since the beginning of the eighteenth century, with the development of a market for inventions and exclusive titles, which also affected art. Diderot's narrative of invention as a daily, collective and historical process echoed the necessity of reassessing the value of invention by the criteria of public utility and shared evaluation.

International audience ; This paper considers inventors' rights as revealing shifts in the elaboration of public trust in inventions. The two main issues, the method of invention and the credit invested, are analysed both in terms of Diderot's writings and in the economic, social and political context of invention during the eighteenth century. In a pamphlet written in 1755, Histoire et secret de la peinture en cire, Diderot criticized the Count of Caylus's attempt to keep the invention of wax painting secret and to enhance his fame thanks to this technical achievement. Diderot developed a conception of invention as an activity based upon methodical rediscoveries, imitations and translations. Although this could also concern artistic practice, imitation in art had a quite different meaning for Diderot. The main issue was the status of artists and inventors in society. Personal glory and private appropriation were denied to inventors, in contrast to artists. Secrecy, pride and exclusivity in invention were mean and ridiculous strategies. This was precisely what had been happening since the beginning of the eighteenth century, with the development of a market for inventions and exclusive titles, which also affected art. Diderot's narrative of invention as a daily, collective and historical process echoed the necessity of reassessing the value of invention by the criteria of public utility and shared evaluation.

International audience ; This paper considers inventors' rights as revealing shifts in the elaboration of public trust in inventions. The two main issues, the method of invention and the credit invested, are analysed both in terms of Diderot's writings and in the economic, social and political context of invention during the eighteenth century. In a pamphlet written in 1755, Histoire et secret de la peinture en cire, Diderot criticized the Count of Caylus's attempt to keep the invention of wax painting secret and to enhance his fame thanks to this technical achievement. Diderot developed a conception of invention as an activity based upon methodical rediscoveries, imitations and translations. Although this could also concern artistic practice, imitation in art had a quite different meaning for Diderot. The main issue was the status of artists and inventors in society. Personal glory and private appropriation were denied to inventors, in contrast to artists. Secrecy, pride and exclusivity in invention were mean and ridiculous strategies. This was precisely what had been happening since the beginning of the eighteenth century, with the development of a market for inventions and exclusive titles, which also affected art. Diderot's narrative of invention as a daily, collective and historical process echoed the necessity of reassessing the value of invention by the criteria of public utility and shared evaluation.

5 páginas, 5 figuras.-- El documento en word es la versión post-print. ; We sought to determine the relative importance of aging and hypercholesterolemia on atherosclerosis. Although plasma cholesterol levels increased similarly in young and old rabbits fed an atherogenic diet for 2 months, aortic atherosclerotic lesions were more prominent in young animals. This finding was associated with an age-dependent reduction in the DNA-binding activity of the proinflammatory nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) in aortic tissue. Atherosclerotic lesions consisted mostly of macrophages, which displayed a similar proliferative response in both age groups. Independently of the age, medial cell proliferation was low and increased as a function of intimal lesion size. Thus, higher atherogenicity in young rabbits exposed to extreme hypercholesterolemia compared to old counterparts is associated with higher activity of NF-κB in the juvenile vessel wall without apparent age-dependent changes in arterial cell proliferation. ; This work was supported by grants from the Spanish Government and Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (PM97- 0136, SAF2001-2358) and from the American Heart Association, Massachusetts Affiliate (9860022T). A.D.-J. was partially supported by the Spanish Government and Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (Grant 1FD97-1035-C02-02), and by Fondo Social Europeo (CSIC-Programa I3P fellowship). M.J.C. was supported by a CSICBancaja postdoctoral fellowship. ; Peer reviewed

International audience This paper considers inventors' rights as revealing shifts in the elaboration of public trust in inventions. The two main issues, the method of invention and the credit invested, are analysed both in terms of Diderot's writings and in the economic, social and political context of invention during the eighteenth century. In a pamphlet written in 1755, Histoire et secret de la peinture en cire, Diderot criticized the Count of Caylus's attempt to keep the invention of wax painting secret and to enhance his fame thanks to this technical achievement. Diderot developed a conception of invention as an activity based upon methodical rediscoveries, imitations and translations. Although this could also concern artistic practice, imitation in art had a quite different meaning for Diderot. The main issue was the status of artists and inventors in society. Personal glory and private appropriation were denied to inventors, in contrast to artists. Secrecy, pride and exclusivity in invention were mean and ridiculous strategies. This was precisely what had been happening since the beginning of the eighteenth century, with the development of a market for inventions and exclusive titles, which also affected art. Diderot's narrative of invention as a daily, collective and historical process echoed the necessity of reassessing the value of invention by the criteria of public utility and shared evaluation.

Both federal and provincial governments in Canada levy corporate taxes on businesses in their jurisdictions, which potentially gives rise to horizontal and vertical tax externalities within the federation. Using a simple model of interdependent tax choices, we estimate tax‐setting functions for the federal government, Ontario, Quebec, and an aggregate of the remaining eight provinces. We find evidence of significant vertical and horizontal tax interactions. Provincial tax rates respond negatively to the federal tax rate, while at least some provinces increase their tax rates in response to increases in the tax rates of other provinces. JEL Classification: H25, H7 Une analyse empirique de l'interaction fiscale entre gouvernements: le cas des impôts sur les revenus d'affaires au Canada. Au Canada, les gouvernements fédéral et provinciaux collectent des impôts sur le revenu de sociétés sous leur jurisdiction. Voilà qui peut donner lieu à des effets externes horizontaux et verticaux à l'intérieur de la fédération. A l'aide d'un modèle de choix fiscaux interdépendants, les auteurs calibrent les fonctions d'imposition du gouvernement fédéral, des gouvernements du Québec et de l'Ontario, et d'une entité composée des huit autres provinces. On montre que les effets verticaux et horizontaux d'interaction fiscale sont significatifs. Les taux d'imposition des provinces réagissent négativement au taux d'imposition fédéral, mais certaines provinces accroissent leur taux d'imposition en réponse à des accroissements dans les taux d'imposition d'autres provinces.

Historian still has to make words. His discipline begins precisely when the writing, the narrative and the archive appear. This original relationship between history and language or writing takes a special turn when the historical object studied is itself words, speeches and discursive events. In any case, in order to support its understanding of the texts, historian must go beyond intuitive reading and develop analytical methods that can control interpretation. ; International audience ; Historian still has to make words. His discipline begins precisely when the writing, the narrative and the archive appear. This original relationship between history and language or writing takes a special turn when the historical object studied is itself words, speeches and discursive events. In any case, in order to support its understanding of the texts, historian must go beyond intuitive reading and develop analytical methods that can control interpretation. ; L'historien a toujours à faire aux mots. Sa discipline commence précisément lorsqu'apparaissent l'écriture, le récit, l'archive. Cette relation originelle de l'histoire au langage ou à l'écriture prend un tour particulier lorsque l'objet historique étudié est lui-même les mots, les discours, l'événement discursif. Quoi qu'il en soit, pour nourrir sa compréhension des textes, l'historien doit dépasser la lecture intuitive et se doter de méthodes d'analyse susceptibles de contrôler l'interprétation.

Books reviewed in this article:Rodriguez, Victoria E. and Ward, Peter M. (eds) (1995), Opposition Government in MexicoBrysk, Alison (1994), The Politics of Human, Rights in Argentina: Protest, Change and DemocratizationSerrano, Sol (1994), Universidad y Nación: Chile en el Siglo XIXPuryear, Jeffrey M. (1994), Thinking Politics: Intellectuals and Democracy in Chile, 1973–1988Rein, Raanan (trans. Martha Grenzcback) (1993), The Franco‐Perón Alliance: Relations Between Spain and Argentina, 1946–1955Amaral, Samuel and Plotkin, Mariano Ben (eds) (1993), Perih: del exilio al poderWeaver, Frederick Stirton (1994), Inside the Volcano: the History and Political Economy of Central AmericaSchulz, Donald E. and Schulz, Deborah Sundloff (1994), The United States, Honduras, and the Crisis in Central AmericaDomínguez, Jorge, Pastor, Robert and Worrell, Delisle (eds) (1993), Democracy in the Caribbean: Political, Economic and Social PerspectivesRidgeway, James (ed.) (1994), The Haiti Files: Decoding the CrisisAedo, Cristian and Larranaga, Oswaldo (eds) (1994), Social Service Delivery Systems: an Agenda for ReformOcampo, Jose Antonio and Steiner, Roberto (eds) (1994), Foreign Capital in Latin AmericaSalazar‐Carrillo, Jorge (1994), Oil and Development in Venezuela during the Twentieth CenturyPainter, James (1994), Bolivia and Coca: A Study in DependencyMeyers, William K. (1994), Forge of Progress, Crucible of Revolt. The Origins of the Mexican Revolution in La Comarca Lagunera, 1880–1911McCreery, David (1994), Rural Guatemala 1760–1940Brotherson, Gordon (1992), The Book of the Fourth World: Reading the Native Americas through their Literature

À partir de données tirées d'un sondage effectué en 1990 sur un échantillon aléatoire de résidents d'Edmonton et à l'aide des métho‐des du LISREL, nous examinons certaines influences perceptuelles, situationnelles et structurelles sur les choix d'habitudes de vie sur le plan de l'environnement. Pour cela, nous utilisons des modèles déquations structurelles dans lesquels les attitudes à l'égard de l'environnement interviennent comme variables. Nous complétons notre analyse par une étude des facteurs qui influent sur la cohérence des attitudes et des comportements environnementaux. Les données obtenues suggèrent que les degrés de comportements environnementaux individuels étudies demeurent faibles, sauf lorsqu'un problème environnemental rejoint une préoccupation de manière immédiate ou lorsque le contexte contribue à réduire les coûts entraînés par l'acceptation des conditions et facilite l'action coopérative.Using data from a 1990 random sample of Edmonton residents and applying LISREL techniques, selected perceptual, situational and structural influences on environmental lifestyle choices are examined using structural equation models that feature environmental attitudes as a mediating variable. An exploration of the factors that influence environmental attitude‐behaviour consistency in this case supplements the analysis. The findings suggest that levels of the individual environmental behaviours examined here will remain low, regardless of concern, unless an environmental issue is linked to immediate personal concerns, or societal arrangements exist that help to reduce the costs of compliance and facilitate cooperative action.