Suchergebnisse

Within the research on the implementation of European policies the thesis is advocated that implementation problems of European policy are due to a low degree of compatibility between European & national policies. However, recent studies did not confirm this thesis empirically & criticized the vague operationalization of the degree of compatibility as well as the missing microfoundation of the explanation of implementation problems. This contribution shall show how an operationalization & a microfoundation can be achieved with the help of the Advocacy Coalition Framework. Both the theoretical consideration & an empirical study of the legal implementation of the Directive concerning integrated pollution prevention & control in Germany & Ireland permit the inference to ascribe a limited explanation power to the degree of compatibility. Ideas & institutions are not regarded as competing but as complementary factors in explaining implementation problems. Figures, References. Adapted from the source document.

The article is based on an understanding of Political Culture as it is defined essentially by Almond, Verba & Powell. The existence of subcultures is stressed -- in their territorial as well as non-territorial dimension -- as well as the importance of cleavages for the development of political identities. The aspects of the lack of a comprehensive Political Culture in Europe (resp. of the European Union) are described. Focusing on Austria, the article explains the significant change of phenomena which -- for a long period -- were seen as specific qualities of Austria's Political Culture. The diminished importance of the subcultures reflects a transformation of political socialisation & the decline of traditional political loyalties. In this context, Austrian cultural policy & the role of political hegemony are discussed. References. Adapted from the source document.

Under the Austrian 'Federal Public Arts Subsidies Act' (SC 4 (4)) cultural workers are not legally entitled to any public subsidy; however, they do have the right to demand fair, objective & efficient treatment of their applications. The present article discusses the formal quality of procedures to obtain public subsidies in the arts. The call for good governance is discussed in the light of three criteria: (a) communication policies employed in the public administration of arts & culture (i.e. support & information intensity before an application, transparency, statement of the reasons for decisions taken); (b) quality of access to administrative staff (helpfulness, guidance on communication with the advisory board); (c) administrative efficiency (speedy processing, orderly procedures). Theoretical discussion of the subject is supported by insights gained from an empirical study on current administrative practices in the Austrian federal administration of arts & culture. Tables, Figures, Appendixes, References. Adapted from the source document.

The women's ratio in artistic & cultural labour markets is decreasing. While in the 1980ies & 1990ies women have been slightly overrepresented (i.e. more than 50 percent) the overall picture has changed around 2000. This is due to the fact that women have become statistically invisible finding themselves in atypical jobs such as for example temporary contracts. Like in all other segments of the labour market, also in the arts & culture, women are more likely to work in precarious conditions. Outsourcing processes reinforce this tendency. Recent empirical evidence shows that new fields such as the Creative Industries do not offer better working conditions. On the contrary: Also in these emerging fields women face the same problems as in the arts; vertical & horizontal segregation are dividing women's careers from men's. Furthermore, precarious working conditions are not only normal in the Creative Industries but even understood as part of its innovative potential. Nevertheless the Creative Industries are supported by official programmes. This contribution will discuss whether policies such as Gender Mainstreaming or special women's support programmes have had any effect in the arts & culture & whether these strategies do meet at all with the characteristics of the field. References. Adapted from the source document.

Our paper is concerned with the question of why & how national research policy strategies change. We approach this question by examining two case studies: First, the reform of PhD programmes at Austrian universities, & second, the integration of several research funding agencies into one common institutional structure ('Osterreichische Forschungsforderungsgesellschaft'). Drawing upon policy documents & a total of 15 expert interviews conducted in the fields of our case studies, we attempt to shed light on the policy making processes, from the stages of agenda setting to the process of implementation. Furthermore, we examine the involvement of actors, & ask for the origins of the decisive impulses for change. We analyze each case study first with the help of a systems analysis approach, & subsequently with the help of a policy network approach in order to draw conclusions with regard to which one of those approaches generates more fruitful insights. Figures, References. Adapted from the source document.

The conceptual frame of the article refers to ideas about the importance of the knowledge base for society & economy, introducing the concept of the "knowledge state" that reflects the conditions of the knowledge base as well as opportunities of politics for promoting knowledge. In the context of an international comparison the analysis focuses on structures, challenges & options for development of national (nationally aggregated) research systems, using quantitative indicators for the key research questions & problem assessments. We refer to the research systems of the EU, the U.S. & of Japan. The applied indicators are placed at different levels. First, for a global positioning of these research areas, the comprehensive national expenditure for research is traced & compared. Second, we concentrate on specific modes of financing (government versus business). Third, we differentiate the specific patterns of research performance (universities versus business). Finally, fourth, also the content-based distribution of different R&D activities (basic research, applied research & experimental development) plays an important role for the placement of the research systems & their options for development. The results we tie together into a comparative draft typology of national (nationally aggregated) research systems, & propose several hypotheses for discussion. Figures, References. Adapted from the source document.

In the middle of the 20th century, British universities enjoyed, in international comparison, a unique amount of academic autonomy & independence from both governments & markets. The 1980s marked a radical policy shift. Governments made funding of universities & research dependent on indicators & formulas in order to assure that public funds are allocated in accordance with policy goals. This paper places the British case in an international context perspective & discusses the driving forces which have motivated the change. Main findings are: (a) Public spending per student (unit costs) was significantly reduced -- this, policy makers considered as efficiency gains; (b) Basic funding of research was linked to the outcomes of a periodically carried out Research Assessment Exercise; (c) Research Councils finance research projects increasingly in accordance with criteria of policy relevance. Figures, References. Adapted from the source document.

From the beginning, research & technology policy is challenged in how to set priorities. After World War II, we can observe different paradigms for priority setting: "classical mission-oriented technology policy" for nuclear, space & defence R&D; the focus on "key technologies," motivated by industrial policy considerations; the rise of so-called "systemic policies" (eg, cluster-oriented policies) in the 1990s; & most recently probably the emergence of a "new mission orientation" as a new paradigm with its thematic priorities set along societal needs. In this contribution, these paradigms, their characteristics & the rationales behind them are analysed. We intend to demonstrate that the further development of research & technology policy paradigms occurs, when the current paradigm cannot cope with the increased complexity of the innovation system. "Old" paradigms are not replaced completely, but co-exist with the new paradigms -- which, in turn, increases the complexities that research & technology policy must tackle. Tables, Figures, References. Adapted from the source document.