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The significance and specificity of the use of stock instruments in the aspect of formation of economic security of economic entities are considered. The interdependence of macroeconomic state regulation of the business environment as the main prerequisite for eliminating economic threats through the formation of effective competition and economic freedoms is determined. Emphasis is placed on the characteristics of investment security, as the initial component of the principles of business security in general, and an indicator of the importance of strategic management intentions. The importance of financial instruments and the state of the stock market in terms of ensuring the stability of business processes in the relevant economic environment, as well as current problems of stock market efficiency, in particular the investment potential of issuers, imperfections of existing stock mechanisms, shortcomings of related areas. The potential of involving separate stock instruments in the formation of economic security of economic entities - institutions of joint capacity investment is substantiated. The key characteristics of mutual investment institutions, specific features of their functioning and features of ensuring the protection of management with their involvement are given. The main strategic directions of economic security formation of business entities are presented, such as prevention of raider attacks, protection against undue pressure from fiscal authorities, management of real estate rent and cash. The effectiveness of the organizational, economic and legal mechanism of functioning of mutual investment institutions in counteracting a number of threats and dangers of the subjective nature of the current business environment is determined. The dynamics of development of mutual investment institutions in Ukraine is studied, the conclusion on expediency and prospects of application of this fund instrument both for development of activity of subjects of managing, and for protection of economic interests and prevention of a number of potential threats is made.

Abstract
In response to the Russian invasion of Ukraine on 22 February 2022, the European Union (EU) and states such as Canada, Japan, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the United States of America froze assets of the Russian central bank held in their jurisdictions. The sanctions fit in a longer pattern of states freezing assets of foreign central banks, which has been criticized by several states to be incompatible with the law of state immunity. The criticism on these types of sanctions raises the question whether freezing assets of Russia's central bank complies with the law of state immunity. This article answers this question by investigating whether the law of state immunity is confined to the jurisdiction of courts or if it also applies in the context of executive action. Considering that the law of state immunity also applies to executive action, these sanctioning states (and the EU) violated Russia's state immunity by freezing assets of Russia's central bank. These sanctions, however, could be justified as (third party) countermeasures in response to Russia's invasion of Ukraine.

This article analyses documents before the Radcliffe Committee on the Working of the Monetary System. The proceedings of the Radcliffe Committee are recognised as providing a watershed in the history of monetary thought, particularly as pertains to the propositions of post‐Keynesian monetary economics. These propositions, recently detailed in two books (Rousseas, 1968; Moore, 1987), can be summarised as follows:

Intro -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- References -- Chapter 2: From Beginning Until the World War I -- The Early Works of the Sixteenth and the Seventeenth Centuries -- The Eighteenth and the Early Nineteenth Centuries -- Economic Thought in the Eighteenth and the Early Nineteenth Centuries -- Mátyas Bél (Matej Bel, Matthias Bel) (1684-1749) -- Gregorius Berzeviczy (Gregor von Berzeviczy, Berzeviczy Gergely) (1763-1822) -- Marton Schwartner (Martin von Schwartner) (1759-1823) -- Early Influence of Adam Smith in Central Europe -- From the Middle of the Nineteenth Century till World War I -- Gyula (Julius) Kautz (1829-1909) -- Béla Földes (Weisz) (1848-1945) -- Albín Bráf (1851-1912) -- Early Transfer of Austrian Ideas into Central Europe -- References -- Chapter 3: The Interwar Period -- Economic Thought in the Interwar Period -- Rosa Luxemburg (1871-1919) -- Wladyslaw Marian Zawadzki (1885-1939) -- Alois Rašín (1867-1923) -- Karel Engliš (1880-1961) -- Imrich Karvaš (1903-1981) -- Elemér Hantos (Hecht) (1880-1942) -- Ákos Navratil (1875-1952) -- Farkas (Wolfgang) Heller (1877-1955) -- References -- Chapter 4: The Socialist Period -- Economic Thought During Socialism -- Reforms in the Framework of Czechoslovakia of the 1960s -- Ota Šik (1919-2004) -- Jozef Goldmann (1912-1984) -- György Péter (1903-1969) -- János Kornai (1928-) -- Oskar Lange (1904-1965) -- Michal Kalecki (1899-1970) -- References -- Chapter 5: Early Years After the Break-up of Socialism -- Ideas in the Early Czech Transformation -- References -- Conclusion -- Appendix: Economists from Central Europe in West -- References -- Index.

"The Covid pandemic has put all modern societies to a serious test of resilience. The interdisciplinary research on which this book is based examined how four European governments behaved in these circumstances. During the months of the crisis, the team of experts coordinated by the editors of this volume took a close look at the decision-making processes in the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, and Slovakia - the so-called Visegrad Four.The inquiries focused on experiences from the academic, health, economic and social fields. The methods of comparison included surveys, interviews, discourse analysis, for which the adaptive leadership theory provided the conceptual framework. The conclusions are both academic and practical. Aside the description of the pandemic responses, the research had a formative dimension: how can an adaptive leadership approach better help societies manage the health and societal impacts of similar challenges? The spectrum of emerging anti-democratic tendencies in the region provided the specific context of the exercise. The four states face varying degrees of democratic backsliding as well as illiberal influences that have affected their response to the pandemic, which gives this research on the Visegrad Four a worldwide resonance"--

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