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This article considers the potential and limits of quantitative approaches to labour law research. It explores the methods used to construct and validate indicators of labour regulation ('leximetrics') and those used in the econometric analysis of the effects of labour law rules on employment, productivity and inequality. It is argued that while there is a risk of the misuse and misappropriation of legal indicators, they can provide new evidence on the nature and effects of labour law rules, and thereby contribute to labour law theory as well as to the resolution of some practical issues of regulatory policy.

Soft law plays an important role in the regulation of international tax matters. This paper focuses on the case of the OECD Transfer Pricing Guidelines and analyses the relationship between this non-binding instrument and the formal sources of law. From the perspective of international law, the OECD Guidelines are mainly connected to double tax treaties, but they may also influence customary norms and the general principles of law. From the point of view of domestic legal systems, references to the OECD Guidelines can be found in the tax legislation of some countries and, especially, in the interpretative circulars of the Tax Administrations. Furthermore, in some states the courts have also taken the OECD Guidelines into account in their judgements, which shows that they are almost treated as hard law. However, this practical relevance of the Guidelines does not seem to be in accordance with the process in which they were made in the OECD, which could be more open to the different stakeholders and more transparent. ; Soft Law spielt eine bedeutende Rolle in der Regulation internationaler Steuerangelegenheiten. Das vorliegende Arbeitspapier konzentriert sich auf die OECD-Richtlinien für Verrechnungspreise und analysiert das Verhältnis zwischen diesem nicht bindenden Instrument und den formellen Quellen des Rechts. Aus der Perspektive des Völkerrechts sind die OECD-Richtlinien primär mit Doppelbesteuerungsabkommen verknüpft. Dennoch können diese sowohl Auswirkungen auf das Gewohnheitsrecht als auch auf die allgemeinen Rechtsgrundsätze haben. Aus der Sicht der nationalen Rechtsordnungen finden sich Verweise auf die OECD-Richtlinien in den Steuergesetzen einiger Länder und insbesondere in den interpretativen Rundschreiben von Finanzverwaltungen. Die Berücksichtigung der OECD-Richtlinien durch die Gerichte einiger Staaten weist außerdem darauf hin, dass diese fast wie hard law behandelt werden. Trotzdem scheint die praktische Relevanz der Richtlinien nicht im Einklang mit dem Prozess zu stehen, in dem diese von der OECD geschaffen wurden. Dieser könnte offener für unterschiedliche Interessengruppen sein und mehr Transparenz aufweisen.

Problematic of Brexit in the Context of Company Law On June 23 of 2016 a referendum of British citizens expressed a support for the United Kingdom withdrawal from the European Union. Despite the fact, this public decision was advisory, it paved the way further for United Kingdom's withdrawal from the European Union. The paper discusses the Court of Justice of the European Union assessment of the United Kingdom unilateral notice of withdrawal. As the formation of a state exit from the European Union is taking place for the first time, many legal issues have arisen, including alternative, 28th legal regime of company law and cross-border mergers between United Kingdom companies and European Union member states companies. This paper examines the theoretical foundations of cross-border mergers in the field of freedom of establishment in national, European and international regulation, taking into account the conditions applicable to reorganization and legislation invoked in European Union, United Kingdom and the Republic of Lithuania. Relevant cases brought before the United Kingdom Supreme Court help to understand how European Union law will be treated in the United Kingdom after Brexit transitional period if one of the parties of the merger or establishment is in a Member State of the European Union. The paper also discusses the 28th alternative legal regime of company law and its post-Brexit status. The aim is to explore the perspectives of the European Union-formed institutes - European Company (SE) and European Economic Interest Grouping (EEIG) in the United Kingdom in the context of state exits. Thus, the paper reviews the prospects of Brexit in the context of cross-border mergers and the 28th alternative legal regime.

Problematic of Brexit in the Context of Company Law On June 23 of 2016 a referendum of British citizens expressed a support for the United Kingdom withdrawal from the European Union. Despite the fact, this public decision was advisory, it paved the way further for United Kingdom's withdrawal from the European Union. The paper discusses the Court of Justice of the European Union assessment of the United Kingdom unilateral notice of withdrawal. As the formation of a state exit from the European Union is taking place for the first time, many legal issues have arisen, including alternative, 28th legal regime of company law and cross-border mergers between United Kingdom companies and European Union member states companies. This paper examines the theoretical foundations of cross-border mergers in the field of freedom of establishment in national, European and international regulation, taking into account the conditions applicable to reorganization and legislation invoked in European Union, United Kingdom and the Republic of Lithuania. Relevant cases brought before the United Kingdom Supreme Court help to understand how European Union law will be treated in the United Kingdom after Brexit transitional period if one of the parties of the merger or establishment is in a Member State of the European Union. The paper also discusses the 28th alternative legal regime of company law and its post-Brexit status. The aim is to explore the perspectives of the European Union-formed institutes - European Company (SE) and European Economic Interest Grouping (EEIG) in the United Kingdom in the context of state exits. Thus, the paper reviews the prospects of Brexit in the context of cross-border mergers and the 28th alternative legal regime.

Problematic of Brexit in the Context of Company Law On June 23 of 2016 a referendum of British citizens expressed a support for the United Kingdom withdrawal from the European Union. Despite the fact, this public decision was advisory, it paved the way further for United Kingdom's withdrawal from the European Union. The paper discusses the Court of Justice of the European Union assessment of the United Kingdom unilateral notice of withdrawal. As the formation of a state exit from the European Union is taking place for the first time, many legal issues have arisen, including alternative, 28th legal regime of company law and cross-border mergers between United Kingdom companies and European Union member states companies. This paper examines the theoretical foundations of cross-border mergers in the field of freedom of establishment in national, European and international regulation, taking into account the conditions applicable to reorganization and legislation invoked in European Union, United Kingdom and the Republic of Lithuania. Relevant cases brought before the United Kingdom Supreme Court help to understand how European Union law will be treated in the United Kingdom after Brexit transitional period if one of the parties of the merger or establishment is in a Member State of the European Union. The paper also discusses the 28th alternative legal regime of company law and its post-Brexit status. The aim is to explore the perspectives of the European Union-formed institutes - European Company (SE) and European Economic Interest Grouping (EEIG) in the United Kingdom in the context of state exits. Thus, the paper reviews the prospects of Brexit in the context of cross-border mergers and the 28th alternative legal regime.

Problematic of Brexit in the Context of Company Law On June 23 of 2016 a referendum of British citizens expressed a support for the United Kingdom withdrawal from the European Union. Despite the fact, this public decision was advisory, it paved the way further for United Kingdom's withdrawal from the European Union. The paper discusses the Court of Justice of the European Union assessment of the United Kingdom unilateral notice of withdrawal. As the formation of a state exit from the European Union is taking place for the first time, many legal issues have arisen, including alternative, 28th legal regime of company law and cross-border mergers between United Kingdom companies and European Union member states companies. This paper examines the theoretical foundations of cross-border mergers in the field of freedom of establishment in national, European and international regulation, taking into account the conditions applicable to reorganization and legislation invoked in European Union, United Kingdom and the Republic of Lithuania. Relevant cases brought before the United Kingdom Supreme Court help to understand how European Union law will be treated in the United Kingdom after Brexit transitional period if one of the parties of the merger or establishment is in a Member State of the European Union. The paper also discusses the 28th alternative legal regime of company law and its post-Brexit status. The aim is to explore the perspectives of the European Union-formed institutes - European Company (SE) and European Economic Interest Grouping (EEIG) in the United Kingdom in the context of state exits. Thus, the paper reviews the prospects of Brexit in the context of cross-border mergers and the 28th alternative legal regime.

Dance and movement therapy is about the creative use of movement and dancing in a therapeutic alliance. The present study analysis semi-structured interviews from people connected to young people with Down's syndrome. Our subjects practiced dances like ballet, zumba, vals, tango and also therapeutic movement. Some of them proved their skills in events specially organized for people with disabilities, but also in inclusive events, where they danced together with professional dancers, in Romania, Republic of Moldavia and Italy. The effects of dancing include increased self- esteem, relaxation, social inclusion, improved learning skills; they also developed social skills, because they met a lot of people in different social contexts.

Legal philosophers, especially of the positivist variety, traditionally have assumed that the proponents of natural law theory present too facile an answer to the vexed question of whether an unjust law can be said to exist when it is duly sanctioned by legal and political authority. If not disappointed by the answer itself, they have been most unhappy with the explanation that accompanies it and, indeed, are prepared to challenge the very foundations of a theory of law which pays so little heed—either empirically or in terms of pure logic—to the actual operations of existing legal systems. Kant initiated the rebellion against the law–morality equation by distinguishing them as two separate spheres of activity.) Subsequent philosophers, thanks to the analogy between legal rules and the rules of a game, inaugurated the movement towards the purely systemic analysis of law.

AbstractAdults with Down syndrome are at increased risk of dementia at a significantly younger age and remain under‐represented as participants in dementia‐related research. Because little is known about their personal experiences either immediately postdiagnosis or as dementia progresses, there is little opportunity that shared individual experiences can shape future policy and practice. To remedy this omission, the author examined methodological and ethical challenges identified as part of a research study that included people with Down syndrome affected by dementia. It has been contended that traditional qualitative approaches are less effective when participants are affected by changing cognitive functioning and reduced verbal communication. To counteract this contention overt participant observation and an adapted narrative research method were used as part of a three‐year longitudinal study to help better understand the lived experiences of three adults with Down syndrome affected by dementia. Methodological and ethical challenges were shown to collide, and factors contributing to this effect included identifying process consent, accurate representation of participants, the role of and relationship with the researcher, participants, lack of awareness of their diagnosis of dementia, and need to recognize the importance of social interaction while maintaining academic rigor. Reflections are proffered on two conceptual and practice issues, with a call for both to be recognized and addressed in terms of future policy and practice. First is a lack of awareness of a sense of "self" or identity, resulting in individuals with Down syndrome and dementia being defined by their situation rather than individual preference or need. Second is the lack of information postdiagnosis about dementia being shared with people who have Down syndrome.

This book examines authoritarian practices in relation to humanitarian negotiations. Utilising a wide variety of perspectives and examining a range of contexts, the book considers how humanitarians assess and engage with authoritarian practices and negotiate access to populations in danger.
Chapters provide insights at the macro, meso, and micro levels through case studies on the international and domestic legal and political framing of humanitarian contexts (Xinjiang, Afghanistan, Venezuela, Russia, and Syria), as well as the actual practice of negotiating with authoritarian regimes (Ethiopia). A theoretical grounding is provided through chapters elaborating on the ethics and trust-building dimensions of humanitarian negotiations, and an overview chapter provides a theoretical framework through which to analyse humanitarian negotiations against the backdrop of different types of authoritarian practices.
This book provides a wide-ranging view which broadens the frame of reference when considering how humanitarians view and engage with authoritarian practices. The objective is to both put these contexts into conceptual order and provide a firm theoretical basis for understanding the politics of humanitarian negotiations in such difficult contexts. This book is useful for those studying international politics and humanitarian studies, as well as for practitioners seeking to better systematise their humanitarian negotiations.

Using a study on foundings of Silicon Valley law firms, I propose and test an organizational theory on the genealogical persistence of gender inequality that emphasizes the routines (or blueprints) and experiences that founders transfer from their parent firms to their new firms. This transfer links the parent firm's gender hierarchy to women's advancement opportunities in the new firm. Founders from parent firms that historically had women in leadership positions, such that female leadership is institutionalized, are more likely to found firms that promote women into prominent positions. Conversely, founders from firms that historically had women in subordinate positions, such that female subordination is institutionalized, are less likely to promote women into prominent positions. Findings are consistent with the theory and also show that the persistence effect is stronger for founders who were previously lower-ranked employees and for founders who institute an organization of work similar to their parent firm. The study suggests that future research should investigate routines and structures that not only generate gender inequality unintentionally but are in turn replicated across generations of organization through the mobility of employees.

The intersection of discourses of civility & barbarism within discussions of the legality of war is examined to ascertain how the George W. Bush administrations civilized objective of protecting civilian lives domestically & internationally contradicts its barbaric treatment of detainees at US military detention centers. After providing an overview of the international war against terror, the extent to which the Bush administrations response to terrorism has coincided with the 1949 III & IV Geneva Conventions concerning the protection of civilians & prisoners of war is examined. An explanation for the Bush administration & US militarys mistreatment of prisoners of war at the US military base in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, is subsequently provided; basically, it is demonstrated that the administration perceives the detained individuals as battlefield detainees who do not possess the international protections granted to civilians or prisoners of war. Normative & strategic explanations for the Bush administrations refusal paradoxical protection of civilians rights & disregard of the rights of prisoners of war are then considered, but it is determined that both accounts fail to properly explain this inconsistency. It is concluded that the discourses of civility & barbarism have legitimized the ill-treatment of prisoners of war as a means of safeguarding civilized humanity. J. W. Parker