Suchergebnisse

In today's world there is diversification of different models of higher education. At the same time, the multiplicity and the diversity of higher education models do not exclude their identity. Internationalization and integration of institutions of higher education in a global and international dimension raise many new questions for the theory and practice. Among them the author emphasizes the most important ones: what is the general and the particular in education and science; what patterns, forms, methods of management are universal and which are in the range of the specific conditions of different countries; what is the best way to realize the functions of education and science in the international activity; what are the features of national identity in education and in the development of the University as an institution of education, and also in organizational behavior, management systems; to what extent these features are important to achieve the desired results; how can foreigners quickly adapt to national environment. All these problems are extremely important and interesting, still waiting for their reply. At the same time multi-modeling education systems do not exclude their common problems: the necessity of permanent adaptation of educational programs to current needs of society, the increased requirements to the level and quality of education. The modernization of social, economic and political development and the potential of anthropological and psychological structure of the personality in values and normative dimension of the contemporary globalized societies of the world; reformation strategies in society, education and management, their globalization and the processes of institutionalization and perspectives of humanization of educational systems, management, upbringing are analyzed in the given article. It is noted that among the existing conditions and prerequisites the existence of developed civil society is necessary for the successful formation and functioning of educational systems and effective models of multi-level educational management. Thus, we can conclude that the strategy of development of the modern world social philosophy of upbringing and education is one of the key issues in the field of social management and philosophy, pedagogy, global social development. The way of organization and functioning of civil society in present-day and future to a great extent depends on what exactly do we mean by upbringing, education and science, or which paradigm of upbringing and education is dominant at the given social and historical stage. The continuity of public education, quality management, their intensity can only be achieved under two conditions of a fundamental character. One of them is use of new, theoretically grounded and practically proven management, philosophically developed, and available technically secured high technology of social work, education and training, learning. The second one is the perfect mastery of human in the methodology of self-socio-axiological and research activities. The established structure shall provide the same conditions for equitable selection of civil, educational, scientific and educational actions, excluding coercion and domination. ; У сучасному світі відбувається диверсифікація різних моделей вищої освіти. У той же час багато­варіантність, різноманіття моделей вищої освіти не виключає їх своєрідності. Одночасно багатомо­дельність систем освіти не виключає і їх загальних проблем, пов'язаних з необхідністю перманентної адаптації освітніх програм до сучасних потреб суспільства, з підвищенням вимог до рівня і якості освіти. Ін­тернаціоналізація та інтеграція вищої освіти в глобально-міжнародному аспек­ті ставить багато нових питань перед теорією і практикою. Найважливіші з них – що є загальне і особливе в освіті і науці, які закономірності, форми, методи управління є універсальними, а які діють у діапазоні конкретних умов різних кра­їн, як найкращим чином виконувати функції освіти й науки у міжнародній ді­яльності, у чому полягають особливості національного стилю в освіті і розвитку університету як інституту освіти, в організаційній поведінці, системах управ­ління, наскільки ці особливості важливі для досягнення бажаних результатів, як іноземцям швидше пристосуватися до національного місцевого середовища. Усе це винятково важливі й цікаві нові питання, багато з яких ще чекає своєї відпо­віді. Аналізується модернізація соціального та економіко-політичного розвитку і потенціал антропологічно-психологічної структури людини в ціннісно-норма­тивному вимірі сучасного глобалізованого суспільства світу, реформаційні стра­тегії в соціумі, освіті і менеджменті, їхня глобалізація та процеси інституаліза­ції і перспективи гуманізації систем освіти, управління, виховання.

Solo exhibition at Zak|Branicka, Berlin Investigating the politics and poetics of spatial arrangement, order and organization, interpersonal and social relations, Vlatka Horvat's practice explores the characteristics of interaction between the body, the built environment and the objects that inhabit it. In her collages, photographs and installations, Horvat often places the body in awkward, puzzling and uncanny positions, situating it on the horizon of objecthood – a move which questions the stability of categories and structures through which social and political meaning is made. Whilst the body in Horvat's work is repeatedly depicted as disjointed and discombobulated, situated between functional and dysfunctional, between subject and object, the space in which it performs its often absurdist and Dadaist operations, is itself 'out of joint'. Horvat approaches built space and time as series of elements, which can be re-arranged and reconstituted, as though the true nature of both might only become intelligible through the process of unraveling them. In these procedures, – which include cutting and severing objects, merging them with other dismantled objects, or intervening in built spaces by emulating elements of architecture using cheap disposable materials such as sponge, cardboard and rubber bands –, the space, the objects and bodies it contains, all converge into a puzzling and uncanny field of new special and temporal becomings. At the centre of the gallery's main space, Horvat presents a selection of new wall-based collage works The Past is Another Country in which the artist reaches for what lies beneath the surface of her family photographs from the 1960s and 1970s, made in Socialist Yugoslavia, at the time when the idea of solidarity, belief in the future and progress were still at their pinnacle. Horvat's mode of 'entering' these images–all featuring her mother as young adult–through a set of sophisticated, formal gestures, suggests an almost infantile attempt of evicting the intergenerational transfer of the sense of loss and disillusionment. Using a series of cutting and folding gestures, the artist sometimes removes all context and surroundings around the figure, leaving it suspended in the midst of empty frames. At other times Horvat folds the figure outside the edges of the photograph, or outside the edges of the paper itself. The relation between the sides and the middle similarly comes to the fore in the sculptural work Peripheral Awareness, in which a range of round or tubular objects are placed at the very edges of a table, precariously stopped at the table's brink, apparently caught at a precipice. The safety of the middle and the stability of the centre are abandoned here for a more precarious space of the edge, and the possibility of the objects "going over the edge" (in both literal and metaphorical sense) hangs in the air. As is the case with Horvat's collages, in Peripheral Awareness, the safe center also becomes a site of abandonment–evacuated and deserted –while the edges become sites of activity, enlivened with the presence of objects/figures occupying it, but which are displaced and stopped in a precarious balance between stability and the potential fall. The walls around the sculptural works hold Spread Pages, Horvat's delicate reworkings of the surface of A4 paper. Here the artist again applies a formally consistent process of cutting and folding their surfaces, expanding them outwards from their one-time boundaries to create a constellation of Moebius-like geometrical conundrums. In this process, basic blank pages are dismantled as solid flat-plane surfaces to become problematic three-dimensional artifacts whose borders, edges, and interior dimensions are constantly an issue. While much of Horvat's work to date has subjected a human figure to gestures such as cutting and severing, recombining and reconfiguring, here the focus shifts to the reconfiguration of an object, to negotiation and distribution of space itself, to the possibilities of occupying it, and of re-drawings its borders. In the spatial redefinition and literal unpacking of this everyday object–the page–and in the repeated flux/reversal of outside and inside, Spread Pages evokes the social and political movements of territorial expansion and conquest, and the psychological processes of interior revelation and exploration.

Проведен судебно-фармацевтический анализ фактов убийств, совершенных женщинами в состоянии алкогольного опьянения на основе криминалистики. Установлено, что в странах ЕС, Ближнего Востока и в Украине остро стоит проблема алкоголизма, как среди мужчин, так и среди женщин. Выяснено, что решение данной проблемы в Украине находится в плоскости совершенствования законодательства относительно ограничения доступа к алкоголю всех слоев населения на примере мусульманских стран. Кроме того, необходимо дальнейшее развитие междисциплинарных связей между уголовным правом, криминалистикой, медицинским и фармацевтическим правом. ; Problem setting. In Ukraine from the very beginning people thought, that the woman is the homemaker, wealth, inheritance, child health and gene pool of the nation, which is the foundation of a healthy family and society. Therefore, from a woman, of her health, the opportunity to realize their aspirations in the implementation of labor and social activities depends on the health of each individual family and society as a whole. In recent decades, the role of women has changed: a mother and homemaker, she has become an active public figure that feels high physical and psychological pressure. Recent research and publication analysis. According to researches of the Sosin I.K., Linsky I.V., Minko A.I., Voloshin P.V., Maruta N.O., Chuev Y.F., Melnik A.V. on the examples of clinical practice proved that the female body is weaker than men's and, unlike the latter, not accustomed to long and excessive abuse of alcohol. That is why addiction to substances among women faster than men's behavior while intoxicated aggressive and treatment of female alcoholism and drug addiction are longer and harder. Paper objective. The aim of the paper was to study the statistical data from the WHO and the Department of Healthcare of Kharkiv Regional State Administration regarding the incidence of alcoholism among young people in the European Union and the level of alcohol consumption among women in Ukraine, the study of forensic and pharmaceutical facts concerning the murders committed by women in intoxicated state and on the examples to show the damage that causes irregular drink of alcohol to the human and its associates, generalization of legal acts and proposals to reduce alcohol circulation and increase the women's access to certain types of drugs. Paper main body. Based on examples from forensic and pharmaceutical practice found that women in drunk state commit illegal acts that are criminal offenses resulting in suffering her family and children, and the state holds the social and financial burden and severe financial losses aimed at its treatment and medical supply all legal classification groups. According to the results of forensic and psychiatric research by the Linsky I.V., Minko A.I. and Shapovalov Val.V. established causal relationships and positive relationship between the number of alcoholic psychoses, drug-addicts and the number of crimes committed on the territory of Ukraine in general and in the Kharkiv region in particular. That is, women with signs of alcohol dependence, and continued abusing of the psychoactive substance alcohol are often the victims or perpetrators of various offenses committed by intoxicated. Conclusions of the research. Forensic and pharmaceutical examination of the facts of murders committed by women in drunk state based on criminalistics principles shows that in Ukraine acute problem of female alcoholism. In addition, the problem is acute in the EU and the Middle East, both for men and women. Therefore, its solution is in the plane of the improvement of legislation to limit access to alcohol for the population of Ukraine as an example of Muslim countries. Experience in other countries shows the need for amendments to certain laws of Ukraine, which would impose a limitation commercial promotion of alcoholic beverages during the day, namely a ban on the sale from 9.00 pm to 9.00 am; prohibition of placing windows, shelves with alcohol on a trading floors, along with other products, they should be placed in a secluded room, access to which is restricted to certain categories of people. Also needed the further development of interdisciplinary connections between criminal law, criminology, medical and pharmaceutical law.

Рассмотрена проблема повышения эффективности военно-профессиональной деятельности специалистов авиации на основе ведения здорового образа жизни. Анализ летной практики показал, что на современном этапе развития Вооруженных сил России войска оснащаются высокотехнологичным вооружением и военной техникой, разрабатываются современные формы и способы ведения боевых действий. В этих условиях выдвигаются высокие требования к качеству подготовки военно-профес-сиональных кадров для ВВС РФ, психическому и физическому состоянию здоровья летного состава, уровню подготовки выпускников военных авиационных вузов, определяющих готовность и способность выполнять задачи по предназначению в сложной динамично изменяющейся обстановке. Установлено, что комплекс мер, реализуемых командованием ВВС РФ, медицинской службой, специалистами физической подготовки, не в полной мере соответствует современным требованиям безопасности полетов, сохранению и укреплению здоровья летного состава. Проведен анализ профессионального долголетия, обоснованы причины сокращения численности летного состава допущенных к проведению полетов, раскрыты внешние факторы, оказывающие негативное влияние на сохранение и укрепление здоровья летного состава, представлен мониторинг статистических данных наиболее характерных заболеваний специалистов авиации. Выявлена низкая эффективность традиционных форм и методов, реализуемых в системе физической подготовки летного состава ВВС РФ, самостоятельная физическая тренировка представлена как важная составляющая здорового образа жизни специалистов авиации. Проведен междисциплинарный анализ здорового образа жизни, как многомерного междисциплинарного феномена, охватывающего все сферы жизнедеятельности. Обоснована востребованность здорового образа жизни летного состава ВВС РФ как обязательного условия успешной военно-профессиональной деятельности. В части, касающейся летного состава, здоровый образ жизни рассматривается как индивидуальный механизм социальной и психологической реабилитации военных специалистов. Раскрыты особенности самостоятельной физической тренировки летного состава Соединенных Штатов Америки. Актуализирована необходимость разработки научно-методического аппарата формирования здорового образа жизни летного состава, обоснована потребность поиска направлений повышения эффективности процесса подготовки военно-профессиональных кадров для ВВС РФ. ; The problem of improving the efficiency of military-professional activity of specialists of aviation on the basis of a healthy lifestyle is considered. The flying practice analysis showed that at the present stage of development of the Armed Forces of the Russian troops will be equipped with high-tech weaponry and military equipment, modern forms and methods of warfare are developed. In these conditions high requirements to quality of preparation of professional military personnel for Air Force, mental and physical condition of the crew, the level of training of graduates of military aviation universities that determine the willingness and ability to perform the tasks as intended in complex dynamically changing environments are put forward. It is established that the complex of the measures implemented, the command of Air Force of the Russian Federation, medical service specialists of physical training did not fully meet modern requirements of safety, preservation and strengthening of health of flight crews. The analysis of career longevity justified the reasons for the reduction in the number of flight crews allowed to fly, and identifies external factors that have a negative impact on the preservation and strengthening of health of flight crews presented the monitoring of statistical data the most typical diseases of aviation specialists. Low efficiency of traditional forms and methods implemented in the system of physical training of flight personnel of the Air Forces of the Russian Federation is revealed, the independent physical training is presented as an important component of a healthy lifestyle of aviation specialists. Interdisciplinary analysis of a healthy lifestyle, as a multidimensional interdisciplinary phenomenon, covering all spheres of life is conducted. The demand for a healthy lifestyle of flight personnel of the Air Forces of the Russian Federation, as an obligatory condition of successful military-professional activity is justified. In part related to the air crew of a healthy lifestyle is regarded as the particular mechanism of social and psychological rehabilitation of military specialists. The features of independent physical training of flight personnel of the United States of America are revealed. Actualized by the need to develop methodological apparatus for the formation of healthy lifestyle of the crew, a necessity of search of ways of increase of efficiency of process of preparation of professional military personnel for the air force is justified.

Международные конфликты происходят на протяжении всей истории человечества и при- водят к серьезным экономическим и политическим последствиям. Стремясь защитить свои интересы, руководители стран используют разные способы взаимодействия: от мир- ных переговоров до военных действий. В психологических исследованиях уделяется боль- шое внимание факторам, оказывающим влияние на поддержку военного вмешательства в дела других стран как способа разрешения международных конфликтов. Однако данные исследования обладают двумя основными ограничениями. Во-первых, в них рассматри- ваются аттитюды к военному вмешательству своей страны (ингруппы), но не к аналогич- ным действиям других стран (аутгрупп). Во-вторых, в качестве основного предиктора аттитюдов к военному вмешательству изучается авторитаризм, но не национальная иден- тификация. В данном исследовании были рассмотрены два пути формирования аттитюдов к военному вмешательству в дела других стран. В соответствии с теорией авторитарной личности мы предположили, что вера в опасный мир предсказывает уровень авторитаризма, который, в свою очередь, предсказывает отношение к военному вмешательству своей страны (ингруппы) и других стран (аутгрупп). В то же время в соответствии с теорией социальной идентичности мы предположили, что вера в добрый мир предсказывает силу национальной идентификации, которая, в свою очередь, также предсказывает аттитюды к использованию военной силы для разрешения международного конфликта. В исследова- нии приняли участие 844 жителя России. Они заполняли онлайн-версию опросника, кото- рый включал в себя шкалы для измерения веры в опасный и добрый мир, правого автори- таризма, национальной идентификации, а также аттитюдов к вводу на территорию Украины войск России, ООН и НАТО. Для проверки гипотез использовалось моделирова- ние структурными уравнениями. Результаты исследования подтвердили выдвинутые гипотезы. Они показали, что чем больше россияне верили в опасный мир, тем выше был уровень авторитаризма. Чем больше они верили в добрый мир, тем выше был уровень национальной идентификации. Чем выше был уровень авторитаризма и национальной идентификации, тем больше они поддерживали введение на Украину российских войск и тем меньше — войск ООН и НАТО. ; International conflicts take place throughout the course of human history and result in serious economic and political aftermaths. Seeking to protect their interests, countries-participants use various methods of interaction: from peace negotiations to military actions. In psychological studies great attention is paid to factors that influence the support for military intervention in other countries affairs as means of international conflicts resolution. But the data of the research have two main limitations. Firstly, they consider attitudes toward military intervention of one's own country (in-group), but not to the analogical activity of other countries (out-groups). Secondly, as the main predictor of the attitudes toward military intervention authoritarianism is studied, but not national identification. In this research two ways of formation of attitudes toward military intervention in other countries affairs were studied. According to the theory of authoritative personality we hypothesized that belief in dangerous world would predict the level of authoritarianism, which, in its turn, would predict the attitude toward military intervention of own country (in-group) and other countries (out-groups). In the same time, according to the theory of social identity we hypothesized that benevolence of the world beliefs predict the strength of national identification, which, in its turn, also predicts attitudes toward the use of military power for the resolution of international conflict. 844 Russian residents took part in the survey. They filled the on-line version of the questionnaire, which included scales of measuring the dangerous and benevolent world beliefs, right authoritarianism, national identification and attitudes toward introduction of Russian, United Nations and NATO troops in the territory of Ukraine. To test the hypotheses we used Structural Equations Modeling. It showed that the more Russians believed in the dangerous world, the higher was the level of authoritarianism. The more they believed in benevolent world, the higher was the level of national identification. The higher were the levels of authoritarianism and national identification, the more they supported the introduction of Russian troops in Ukraine and the less they supported the introduction of UN and NATO troops.

Развитие научно-технического прогресса обусловило эволюцию института средств массовой информации. Современные масс-медиа являются системообразующим элементом политики, выполняя имиджевые функции. Имидж политического лидера это его публичный образ, складывающийся в общественном мнении и являющийся одним из факторов поддержки обществом его инициатив, который находится во взаимном влиянии с имиджем страны. Вхождение России в систему международного разделения труда сопровождалось возрастанием интенсивности коммуникаций. Именно поэтому возросла актуальность того, какой имидж приобретает государство в глазах мировой общественности, насколько эффективны методы социально-психологической мотивации и нейтрализации негативного отношения к стране. Информационно-аналитические материалы, создаваемые в российской и зарубежной печати, радио и телепрограммах на различные темы, оказывают существенное влияние на общественное мнение. Современные технологии позволяют информационным агентствам России и других стран цитировать и комментировать любую поступающую информацию, касающуюся государственной власти. Цель статьи это попытка провести анализ влияния средств массовой информации на формирование имиджа государственной власти на основе теоретических и эмпирических исследований. В этой связи задача исследования состоит в выявлении закономерностей в данных опросов общественного мнения граждан России, ФРГ, США, полученных в период обострения международной обстановки в 2014 году. Результаты последних социологических исследований, касающихся событий в Украине, показали, что Россия способна активно участвовать в информационных противостояниях. Большинство жителей страны полагается на государственные медийные источники. Освещение в средствах массовой информации успехов российских спортсменов и присоединения Крыма обусловили подъем патриотизма и консолидацию населения вокруг главы государства. Противоположная точка зрения, отстаиваемая зарубежными масс-медиа, способствовала расколу в западном обществе. Социологические опросы на Западе также подтверждают, что успешно проводимая внешняя политика выступает ключевым фактором формирования благоприятного имиджа государственных деятелей. Создание позитивного имиджа главы государства это сложный процесс, в котором существенную роль играют средства массовой информации. ; The development of scientific-technological progress has led to the evolution of the mass media institute. The modern mass media is an essential element of the politics as it performs image functions. The image of a political leader is an image prevailing in public opinion; it is one of the factors of social support for his/her initiatives, which corresponds to the image of the country. Russia's entry into the system of international division of labor was accompanied by the increase in the intensity of communication. Therefore, it is important what image the state has in public opinion and how effective the methods of socio-psychological motivation and neutralization of negative attitudes towards the country are. The information and analytical materials that are widespread in Russian and foreign press, radio and TV have a significant impact on public opinion. The modern technologies help the news agencies in Russia and other countries to quote and comment on any incoming information concerning the government. The article is aimed at analyzing the media's influence on the formation of the state power image on the basis of theoretical and empirical research. In this context, the objective of the study is to identify patterns in the data of public opinion polls of the citizens of Russia, Germany and the USA, obtained in the period of the aggravated international situation in 2014. The results of the recent sociological research on the events in Ukraine show that Russia is able to participate in the information confrontations actively. The majority of the population relies on public media sources. The coverage of the Russian sportsmen's success and the Crimea's entry in the media has led to the rise of patriotism and the population's consolidation around the head of state. The opposite point of view advocated in the foreign mass media has contributed to the split in the Western society. The opinion polls in the West also confirm that the successfully conducted foreign policy is a key factor to form the favorable image of public figures. Creating the positive image of the head of state is a complex process and the media plays an essential role in it.

The dynamism of human needs and the inability of the state and governments to guarantee a satisfactory access to, as well as consumption of private and public goods and services have prompted an up-sprung of alternative institutions such as the Non-Governmental Organizations. This study sought to evaluate selected NGOs in provision of health, education and housing services in Alice Township of the Eastern Cape Province. The study had the following specific objectives: to evaluate the role of selected NGOs in Alice in the provision of health, education and housing services; to examine the successes and possible gaps of selected NGOs in provision of aforementioned services; to examine the relationship between the NGOs and the government in provision of above mentioned services; and finally to establish the strategies that can be adopted to enhance NGOs' capabilities in services delivery. To achieve these objectives, the study utilized mixed methods research approach, with an explorative and a mini-survey design. Non-probability sampling methodology was used and specifically purposive sampling was used to get a sample of 115 research participants and respondents. Data collection was cross- sectional and was facilitated by the use of in-depth interviews using semi-structured interviews and questionnaires. Data was analysed using both qualitative and quantitative approaches, and the results were triangulated to answer the research problem. The study was premised on the Public-Private Partnership (PPP) model of service delivery, and diverse literature was sought to strengthen the findings. The study revealed that: the females were more active in welfare sector than men; the concept NGO posed a conceptual challenge to the research participants; high level of unemployment and low level of tertiary literacy among study participants was reported. Furthermore, NGOs in Alice provided health based services which included creating awareness, control and treatment of communicable and non-communicable diseases such as HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, diabetes, psychological and palliative care, counselling and old age care services. Educationally, early childhood development services took the lion's share. This is evidenced by an array of day care centres in Alice. Regrettably, there were no housing services offered by NGOs in the area. The findings also revealed diametrically opposed debates on successes of NGOs in Alice, with some not seeing the success while others indicated some successful milestones. Notably, the NGOs in Alice suffered a paucity of resources which included: lack of funds, unskilled and inadequate staff, infrastructural and technological challenges, lack of transport facilities among others. The study also indicated a sour relationship between the government and the NGOs. Despite this, the NGOs were reported to adhere largely to the policy guidelines postulated by the government. Moreover, the government was the major funder of the most NGOs in the area of study. The findings revealed that fundraising skills were needed to bolster the NGOs financial muscle towards the achievement of project implementation. The state of infrastructure also needed to be addressed as well as scaling up the NGOs services to reach to a greater section of the society, Partnerships, collaborations and networking for NGOs would enable NGOs services delivery. The study also recommended: inclusivity in the welfare sector, establishment of vibrant housing NGOs in Alice, empowerment approaches to service provisioning, proper visibility of the NGOs in the community, systematic and regular promotion of training among the NGOs' staff, sound and up to date harmonised policies, mutually designed partnerships, collaborations and networks, flexibility of donor funding approaches, intensive and extensive government support to NGOs, periodic scientific inquiry on NGOs operations and finally recommendation is made for further research in the area under the study. Conclusively, it is critical that NGOs in Alice are doing their best compared to their resource base and therefore, the government should study the environment of the NGOs in the area with the hope of coming up with plausible and pragmatic ways of bolstering their operations. ; Thesis (M Soc Sc)(Social work) -- University of Fort Hare, 2015

Феномен терроризма сделался неотъемлемой частью общественно-политического и научного дискурса. При этом у соответствующего термина отсутствует четкое определение. Актуальная идеология и связанные с ней понятия эксплицируются в словах текущего момента, или актуальных словах, или словах-хронофактах. В последнее время в этом качестве активизировались слова «экстремизм» и «терроризм», семантические вариации которых рассматриваются на примере материалов СМИ. Семантически эти лексемы связаны: в международном праве о терроризме говорится как об одном из проявлений экстремизма. При нетерминологическом использовании эти лексемы часто включаются в состав сочинительного словосочетания, что приводит к прагматическому эффекту, поскольку употребление имен отрицательной семантики в однородном ряду приводит к усилению отрицательных смыслов. В толковых словарях рассматриваемые слова имеют аналогичные дефиниции и предстают однозначными. Как ключевым словам текущего момента, единицам «экстремизм» и «терроризм» присущи определенные черты. В газетах они часто занимают центральную позицию, т. е. оказываются в заголовках. Эти лексемы регулярно включаются в предложения-дефиниции. Кроме того, рассматриваемым словам свойственна словообразовательная активность. У слова «терроризм» сформировалось богатое словообразовательное гнездо, включающее дериваты разных частей речи. Слово «экстремизм» обладает меньшей словообразовательной активностью. Для лексем «экстремизм» и «терроризм» характерно расширение сочетаемости. Нейтрализуется семантический признак 'деятельность, направленная на физическое и моральное уничтожение человека', актуализируется признак 'крайняя степень'. Терроризм представляется не только как физическое действие, а как речевое сообщение, содержащее угрозу о возможном террористическом акте. Источником терроризма могут быть вербальные средства, которые оказывают сильное воздействие на человека. Кроме того, изменяется сфера функционирования слов. Они употребляются по отношению не только к политике, но и к другим общественным сферам. У значений этих слов появляются новые оттенки: экстремизм «поведение личности, выходящее за рамки обычного; действия, не соответствующие норме», терроризм «психологическое подавление противника». ; The phenomenon of terrorism has become an integral part of socio-political and scientific discourse. Still there is no clear cut definition of this term. Urgent ideology and the notions connected with it are explicated in the words of the present time, or urgent words, or chrono-words. The Russian words "ekstremizm" and "terrorizm " have been actively used recently as such words; semantic variations of these words are studied in the given article on the material of mass media texts. These lexemes are semantically close to each other: international law treats terrorism as a manifestation of extremism. In non-terminological usage, these lexemes are often included in coordinating phrases, which produces a pragmatic effect, because the use of words with negative meanings in a homogeneous sequence brings about intensification of the negative semantics. In explanatory dictionaries the words under study have similar definitions and are referred to as close in meaning. As words of the present time, the units "ekstremizm" and "terrorizm" possess certain characteristic features. In papers, they often occupy the key position, i.e. they are found in headlines. These lexemes are often included in sentences-definitions. What is more, the words under consideration display high word-building activity. The word "terrorizm" has developed a rich word-building paradigm, including derivatives in various parts of speech. The word-building activity of the lexeme "ekstremizm" is not so high. The lexemes "ekstremizm" and "terrorizm" are characterized by expanding combinability. The semantic mark "activity aimed at physical and moral destruction of a person" is neutralized, and the semantic property of "the highest degree" is actualized. Terrorism is presented not only as a physical action, but also as a speech communication, containing a threat of a possible terroristic act. Verbal means, which have a strong impact upon a person, can be a source of terrorism. Above all, the sphere of functioning of these words is also changing. They are being used not only in relation to politics, but to other social spheres as well. The meanings of these words develop new shades: with "ekstremizm" these are "person's unconventional behavior; actions not conforming to the norm " and with "terrorizm" "psychological suppression of the opponent".

Abstract
The traditional approach to the relation between parents and their prenatal child presents the child as a fetus, a mainly passive recipient of the mother's vital biological resources. Contemporary prenatal psychology and pedagogy recognizes this relationship in a quite different perspective: the prenatal child is a member of the family and may be seen as an active member of the wider family as a community, extended to grandparents and other relatives. Between parents and their child in the womb exists a reciprocal relationship at a physiological (hormonal), psychological and spiritual level. The prenatal child communicates with the parents in different ways and reacts to their stimulation (acoustic, tactile, loco-motoric, chemo-receptive, thermo-receptive, and emotional). This dialogue of the parents and their prenatal child enriches each member of the family community. In this sense, the prenatal child is a gift and a challenge for the parents to develop their personality, social competences and spiritual life. The reflections presented in this paper fit the conception of the paradigm of unity applied into the area of prenatal education and prenatal pedagogy as a new pedagogical subdisciline.
The concept of paradigm in the philosophy of science was introduced by T. Kuhn (1962). In his understanding, paradigm means a mental breakthrough in the way of ujmowaniu/describing/approaching the subject of study, and/or in the research methods used, but above all in the theoretical and systemic vision of reality, which is the basis for formulating research questions and hypotheses, operationalising the research procedure, analyzing the obtained research results and a theoretical interpretation of these results. To Kuhn, a paradigm may be understood in such way only in the natural sciences, when new visions of the studied natural reality appear. This is accompanied by a mental change in the cognitive schema itself of understanding reality not only for the creator of this vision, but also in its/his/her broader scientific environment. Kuhn considered the most eminent example of such appearing paradigm in the history of science to be the Copernican revolution, thanks to which the view on the world of nature surrounding the human being has completely changed and there was a mental breakthrough in the 15th and 16th century not only in the area of science, but also in the worldview of people of those times, for whom the world has become more open and broad. Kuhn, however, did not consider a paradigm to be a methodological concept in the humanities or social sciences. He was of the opinion that they must first mature more and make their methodological status more precise if one wishes to talk about a paradigm in these sciences.
A scientific event that gave an occasion to reflect on the possibility of introducing the concept of paradigm into social sciences was the occasion of granting the title of doctor honoris causa in the field of social sciences by the Catholic University of Lublin to Chiara Lubich. The Focolare movement, also called The Movement of Unity, founded and led by her, introduced, a new approach to the area of human relations at every level (interpersonal, family, local society, economic relations, intra- and inter-denominational dialogue). The arguments for granting the title included the fact that the practical activity of Ch. Lubich in various areas of social integration may be described as a Copernican revolution in the cultural-religious relations, and even in social-economical ones, according to the new paradigm, understood practically, which may be called a paradigm of unity. It was stressed that these activities may play a serious/significant inspiring role in the methodological reflections on the paradigm of unity in the social sciences (Biela, 1996). Such reflections were actually brought up first generally in the social sciences (Biela, 2006), and then within the methodology of psychology (Biela, 2009) and education (Kozubek, 2009). At present, one may consider introducing this paradigm into prenatal education and pedagogy.

John Paul II and Europe
In his article entitled 'Una frontiera per l'Europa: dove?' (The boundary of Europe: where is it located?), published in Vita e Pensiero (October 1978), a monthly periodical disseminated by the Catholic University in Milan, Cardinal Karol Wojtyła presented the significance of such concepts and ideas as Europe, being a European, Europeaness, the West and the East. These concepts were a fruit of a longer period of reflection which was born in a culture that was almost unknown for Western Europe until then. This essay constituted a sort of a basis of a richer and more multi-faceted concept which began to emerge in the first months of the long pontificate in the religious, cultural and political perspective. John Paul II's ideas concerning Europe derived from other cultural roots than the ones of his predecessors in the seat of the Holy See who had a Western European background. These ideas originated from the experience of a son of one of the nations that were persecuted in Central-Eastern Europe who referred to the right of joint creation of Europe and presence in Europe. Such rights could not be rejected by history. The promotion of the importance of Slavic peoples and their Christian experiences constitutes a key element of the entire political project of Pope John Paul II whose final goal was to unite the European continent. By anticipating the political and institutional changes of 1989, this vision aimed to prepare the nations of Central-Eastern Europe for these changes, and eventually it proved victorious. John Paul II's concept of Europe was equally cultural as it was political. The thought and the awareness of the Church concerning Europe became enriched in an unprecedented way thanks to the Pope's versatile magisterium. We may say that John Paul II had his own project of Europe. Thanks to the groundbreaking events in international politics, which were brought about himself to a large extent, the late Pope could live till the day that his ideas were at least partly realized.To sum up, the main points of John Paul II's thinking concerning Europe included the following issues:– the division of Europe into a western and eastern part, which emerged after the Second World War and which also entailed the division of Germany into two parts, eliminated in a sense the peculiar character of Central Europe (Mitteleuropa) from the common public space of the continent; – the identification of the geographical boundary of Europe not only in the western, northern and southern parts, but also in the eastern part, is unarguable: the boundary runs along the Ural mountain range; – "the eastern variant" of Europeaness runs along the Ural to the Caspian Sea and along the Caucasus to the Black Sea; in the psychological and ethical sense, the Eastern boundary of Europe is above all the boundary of the pen-etration of the Gospel; then it is the boundary of the invasions coming from the heart of Asia, whose aim was to subjugate the European nations which had a well-developed cultural and political profile; – language, culture and history allow us to define the human and spiritual boundaries between countries; the term "European" has many meanings and it allows us to derive various concepts due to the existence of two religious and cultural centres in the past (Rome and Constantinople) and the Greek influence. Moreover, the migration of non -Christian peoples and historical events concerning also the Nordic peoples, also play a role. The factor which eventually defines the concept of Europeaness is making reference to the sense of man's existence, to human dignity which is based on the Gospel. In one of his last documents concerning Europe – the post-synodal Apostolic adhortation "Ecclesia in Europa", published on 28 June 2003, John Paul II clearly emphasized the necessity of the "evangelization of the culture" of contemporary Europe, but he also considered the existing reality which required a substantial critical confrontation with the current cultural situation of Europe.

The case of a 17-month baby starved to death has made the whole town questioning about the existing prevention systems and about the real functioning of a service net defined, by different documents, as one of the principal instruments to face with social problems. How is it possible to let people starve to death today? Starting from this question, the case of this young victim has been constantly studied: a baby who has been exposed to physical and psychological mistreatments for months and months, losing her dignity as a "person" and living an existence on the borderline between "visible and invisible". The authors have delved deeper into the matter, analysing what has been done and what should have been done. An analysis of the context in which facts occurred, paying attention to the institutional contradictions that were the real background in the baby's life events. After an introduction to the international, national and regional laws about childhood protection, the authors focused their attention on the activities carried out by local services, analysing the importance of Pediatricians' role, Social Welfare Services and people. The analysis about interventions and strategies aimed to protect the childhood world has pointed out how difficult it is to switch from an initial planning to the definitive realization of practical interventions about health and social services. These difficulties are partially due to a series of legislative and bureaucratic steps that strongly slow down the projects realization. This young baby's death was a strong emotional shock for the entire city that started to call into question health and social services systems already existing over the territory. Nevertheless this case was also a way to reflect about people's attitude to feel as part of a community but without doing anything to play their roles as active citizens. Through the analysis of the actual situation in Bari, the authors have found important changes in policy towards children and families. ; il caso di una bambina di 17 mesi morta di fame ha fatto interrogare l'intera città di Bari sui sistemi di prevenzione esistenti, sul reale funzionamento di quella rete di servizi che numerosi documenti definiscono come uno degli strumenti principali per affrontare le problematiche sociali. Come è possibile che oggi si muoia ancora di fame? Partendo da questo interrogativo è stato approfondito il caso di questa piccola vittima, la quale per mesi è diventata oggetto di maltrattamenti fisici e psicologici, perdendo la dignità di "persona" e vivendo un'esistenza al confine tra il "visibile e l'invisibile". Gli autori hanno svolto una'analisi di quello che è stato fatto e di tutto ciò che si sarebbe potuto e dovuto fare, prestando attenzione al contesto all'interno del quale i fatti si sono svolti e alle contraddizioni istituzionali che hanno fatto da sfondo alle vicende di vita della bambina. Dopo una presentazione della normativa (internazionale, nazionale e regionale) in materia di tutela dell'infanzia, gli autori hanno focalizzato l'attenzione sull'attività svolta dai servizi territoriali, analizzando nello specifico il ruolo dei Pediatri di libera scelta, dei Servizi Socio-Assistenziali e della cittadinanza. La ricognizione sugli interventi e le strategie finalizzate a tutelare il mondo dell'infanzia ha evidenziato la difficoltà di passare dalla progettazione alla realizzazione degli interventi nell'area socio-sanitaria; tale difficoltà sembrerebbe determinata, in parte, da passaggi burocratici e legislativi che rallentano l'attuazione dei progetti. La morte di questa piccola bambina è stato uno shock emotivo per la città che ha messo in discussione non soltanto il sistema dei servizi già presenti sul territorio, ma anche il modo di sentirsi parte di una collettività troppo spesso abituata a non svolgere il proprio ruolo di cittadini attivi. Attraverso l'analisi dell'attuale realtà barese, gli autori hanno rilevato segni di importanti cambiamenti nell'ambito delle politiche per i minori e le famiglie.

The article is devoted to the definition of the main obstacles in the political, economic and legal areas between Ukraine and the EU towards the integration process of the country. In addition, the article contained specific internal and external factors that stimulate or vice versa – hinder the process of integration.Choosing a national strategic priority of rapprochement with the European Union, Ukraine is not fully appreciates the modern real possibility of achieving the end result of this process of joining the Association. The adoption of Ukraine in the EU should be seen not as an end in itself, it should be equal and mutually beneficial cooperation between the States within the integration associations.The importance of the European integration vector of foreign policy for the first time reflected on the legislative level in the resolution of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine in 1993 «About main directions of the foreign policy of Ukraine». The defining feature of the document is that the priority areas for cooperation were identified almost all countries in the world that gives the possibility of one or another political power to change the direction of foreign policy at their own discretion and political preferences. Uncertainty is an important issue for Ukraine, which may be outside of the European integration processes and become a buffer zone or serve as a link between East and West.Now, the big question remains change the political discourse in the country on the European identity of Ukraine through the overcoming of a psychological barrier post-Soviet complexes and illusions, in the direction of a new system of European and world coordinates and integration prospects. It is important to understand Ukraine itself as an integral part of modern Europe and the component of the European integration processes. Today, the European integration is not only external, how much internal problem. It is a question of compliance with specific criteria. The economic component dominates in the rationale of the integration process.A considerable obstacle to European integration are frequent crises in the economy. For the main economic sectors (metallurgy, light industry, agriculture) in the market of the European Union practically no vacant niches: access to the European markets on decent conditions require deep restructuring of the economy of Ukraine, increase of competitiveness of domestic products on the majority of commodity positions, establishing mutually beneficial relations with manufacturers in Western Europe.Тhus, European integration is a multidimensional process, which needs reforming all spheres of human life. Today there is a number of factors standing in the way of European integration of Ukraine. Scientists from different disciplines have different views priority address these concerns, however their presence remains unchanged. Among the topical issues of European integration should be identified: the question of politically-economic instability in Ukraine, and underdeveloped economy, issues of the transit of gas through the territory of Ukraine; the problem of approximation of Ukraine to EU standards. In particular, the author came to the conclusion that the aforementioned problems have both internal and external aspects. Among those that have an internal character, should, first of all, to note the problem of the conflict among power structures mismatch of the legislation to the EU standards, the problem of overcoming of Soviet stereotypes in the society, lack of staffing of the European integration course, its weak financial and technical support, over-the declarative nature of action on the European Union, frequent crises in the economy, poorly developed market economy and the like. ; Статья посвящена определению основных препятствий в политической, экономической и правовой сферах в отношениях между Украиной и ЕС на пути интеграционных процессов страны. Кроме того, в статье перечислены конкретные внутренние и внешние факторы, которые стимулируют или наоборот – сдерживают процесс интеграции страны. ; Статтю присвячено визначенню основних перешкод у політичній, економічній та правовій сферах у відносинах між Україною та ЄС на шляху інтеграційних процесів країни. Крім того, у статті зазначаються конкретні внутрішні та зовнішні чинники, які стимулюють або навпаки – стримують процес інтеграції країни.

This dissertation consists of three chapters exploring the role of social norms and social image in economic decision-making. A combination of theory and experiments is used to understand how certain social preferences might form, how they influence our individual choices through both internal and external motivation, and how they might aggregate into societal norms when individuals are externally pressured to appear to be doing the right thing. The first chapter examines how individual beliefs, or personal norms, interact with the desire to maintain a positive social image when individuals disagree about what should be done in that situation. This commonly occurs in settings such as partisan politics or when moral norms are in flux. Traditional notions of social norms cannot describe these situations, and there is correspondingly no unambiguously ``good'' action that social pressure can promote. I develop two alternative, psychological game theoretic models that explain how social pressure affects behavior even if individuals do not agree on the norm. One channel is ``approval seeking'', in which individuals want their peers to approve of their actions. Another channel is ``respect seeking'', in which individuals want to be known for strict adherence to their personal norms. Approval seekers pool on one option as social pressure increases, thus creating the illusion of societal consensus. This can potentially leading to destructive posturing, in which damaging norms are perpetuated. Respect seekers, on the other hand, are less hypocritical the more social pressure increases, and are accordingly less willing to compromise. Respect is thus a less likely force to produce a societal consensus norm. These results demonstrate that using social pressure to promote a certain behavior may backfire if it targets the wrong kind of social image. In the second chapter, Ulrike Malmendier, Roberto Weber and I explore the case of the norm of reciprocity, both positive and negative. Reciprocal behavioral has been found to play a significant role in explaining outcomes in many important economic domains. However, despite mounting empirical evidence, economists still struggle to converge on the correct model of the underlying motives. Existing theories posit internal preferences for the welfare of others, inequality aversion, or utility from repaying others' kindness. Recent evidence reveals that `one-sided' acts of kindness, not involving reciprocity, exhibit a large degree of reluctance, with people trying to avoid opportunities to act generously, suggesting that external factors such as social image, self image, or social pressure are important determinants of unilateral sharing. However, this revision of conventional theoretical motives for sharing has had little spillover to `two-sided' reciprocity environments, where one individual responds to the actions of another. We review the literature on reciprocity and point to the relative lack of attention paid to external factors. We then present a novel experiment that explores the importance of internal versus external factors in driving reciprocal behavior. We find that, in a laboratory reciprocity setting (the double-dictator game), failure to account for external motives leads to a significant overestimation of internal motives such as fairness and altruism. We use the experimental data to illustrate the importance of combining reduced-form and structural analyses in disentangling internal and external determinants of pro-social behavior. In the third chapter, Pamela Jakiela, Edward Miguel and I look deeper into the origins of norms. We combine data from a field experiment and a laboratory experiment to measure the causal impact of human capital on respect for earned property rights, a component of social preferences with important implications for economic growth and development. We find that higher academic achievement reduces the willingness of young Kenyan women to appropriate others' labor income, and shifts players toward a 50-50 split norm in the dictator game. This study demonstrates that education may have long-run impacts on social preferences, norms and institutions beyond the human capital directly produced. It also shows that randomized field experiments can be successfully combined with laboratory experiment data to measure causal impacts on individual values, norms, and preferences which cannot be readily captured in survey data.

Old age was never a problem in India. Old age homes were alien in concept and elder abuse was considered a Western problem. As life expectancy has increased from 41 years in 1951 to 64 years today, hundreds of old age homes have sprung up in India. Neglect of parents has become a big issue, so much so that the Indian government has passed "The maintenance and welfare of parents and senior citizens bill 2006", which makes it imperative for adult children to look after their parents. Healthy ageing is not only related to the advances in medical technology but also to a wide range of other factors like enabling the aged to lead a stimulating life, being fully involved in society and having meaningful social relationships. As the role of families as a social safety net for the elderly is fast eroding, the poor among the elderly have become the most vulnerable sections of society in India. India, like many traditional societies, today faces a unique situation in providing care for its elderly as the existing old-age support structures in the form of family are fast eroding and the elderly are ill-equipped to cope alone with their lives in the face of infirmity and disability. The onus of caring for the elderly is therefore now much more on the state than the family and has necessitated the creation of adequate institutional support. The present paper is descriptive in nature. It tries to bring out the health status of elderly in Vimala Terminial, Mysore. Since the study is conducted with 30 respondents in the old age home. All the details and information with regard to their Health status are collected by used both secondary and primary data are collected. Most of the respondents (57) are male and remaining 43 are female. Out of 30 respondents, 47 lies between the age group of 6570 years, 27 lies between the age group of 7580 years and rest 23 lies between the age group of 6065 years. Out of 30 respondents (33) are widow/widower, 30 of them are unmarried and 40 are married, which shows there is high prevalence of widows and unmarried in old age home and among those 40 married only 12 are living along with spouse and others are separated. More than half of the respondents 70 are illiterate, 17 are have only primary level education and remaining 13 are have high school level education. None of the respondents are not engaged in any form of gainful employment presently. And out of 30 respondents, 51 of them are getting monthly pension. Remaining 49 respondents doesn't have any form of source of income. It is a significant fact that, 49 of the respondents have no independent source of income, which shows their economic dependence. Most of the respondents 43 are destitute and 57 are physically disabled respectively. More than half of the respondents (53) are suffering from various physical ailment such as blood pressure (27), Diabetes (17), blindness (10) and remaining respondents (47) are suffering from joint pain and pain in joints. Most of the respondents are suffering from visual problems and pain in joints and joint pain is more prevalent among the female respondents. Majority of 88 of the respondents are availing the treatment currently availing in the old age home. Nearly 90 of elderly are suffering from different psychological issues among them 37 suffering from loneliness, 30 are suffering from hypertension and remaining 23 are suffering from feeling of depressed from life. In old age home, elderly people not getting nutritious food on regular basis but often they are providing nutritious food mainly when sponsored by outsiders. Currently, None of the elderly having bad habits like smoking, chewing tobacco and alcoholism. Results of the study revealed that most of the elderly felt the attitude of the younger generation is unsatisfactory towards them especially those who were in old age home

Цель : определение и обоснование медико-биологических, психологических и социальных проблем допинга в спорте. Материал : проведен анализ более 50 источников научной и методической литературы. Результаты: показано, что допинг является одной из очень серьезных проблем современного спорта и общества в целом. Определены важные вопросы относительно антидопинговых правил и антидопингового контроля в спорте. Установлена проблема применения допингов в профессиональном и детско-юношеском спорте. Обозначены перспективные пути решения проблемы допинга в Украине. Среди проблем современного спорта все большее значение приобретает проблема допинга. Она является чрезвычайно сложной, поскольку включает в себя взаимосвязанные медицинские, юридические, политические, моральные, организационные, социальные и педагогические аспекты. Социально-педагогические факторы антидопинговой политики в спорте учеными комплексно до сих пор не рассматривались. Отдельные аспекты антидопинговой политики представлены в научных трудах, которые можно разделить на две группы. Первая группа работ посвящена допингу в спорте как социальному явлению. Вторая группа работ посвящена проблемам допингового контроля. Выводы: сегодня в Украине назрели необходимость и объективные предпосылки для разработки и принятия общей концепции антидопингового контроля. Она должна обобщить полученные данные и послужить основой для разработки эффективных мер для совершенствования законодательной и нормативно-правовой базы, а также инфраструктуры антидопинговой политики, которые должны быть приведены в соответствие с современными международными стандартами. ; Purpose : to identify and substantiate medico-biological, psychological and social problems of doping in sport. Material: Theoretical study is based on analysis of more than 50 scientific and methodical literatures. Results : it was shown that doping is one of the serious problems of modern sport and society in general. Defines important questions regarding anti-doping rules and the anti-doping control in sport. Installed the use of performance enhancing drugs in professional sports for children and youth. Given the promising solutions to the problems of doping in Ukraine. Conclusions: Among the problems of modern sport is becoming increasingly important issue of doping. It is an extremely complex because it involves the interrelated medical, legal, political, moral, organizational, social and pedagogical aspects. Socio-pedagogical factors of anti-doping policy in sports scientists comprehensively still not addressed. Certain aspects of anti-doping policy presented in scientific papers, which can be divided into two groups. The first group of papers is devoted to doping in sport as a social event. The second group of papers devoted to the problems of doping control. Today there is a need and objective preconditions for the development and adoption of a General concept, which would be generalized numerical amount of data received and served as a basis for developing an effective anti-doping control at the expense of improvement of legislative and normative-legal base and infrastructure of the anti-doping policy in Ukraine, which should be brought in line with modern international standards. ; Мета : визначення та обґрунтування медико-біологічних, психологічних та соціальних проблем допінгу у спорті. Матеріал : проведено аналіз більше 50 джерел наукової та методичної літератури. Результати : показано, що допінг є однією з надзвичайно серйозних проблем сучасного спорту і суспільства в цілому. Визначено важливі питання щодо антидопінгових правил і антидопінгового контролю в спорті. Встановлено проблема застосування допінгів у професійному та дитячо-юнацькому спорті. Надано перспективні шляхи вирішення проблеми допінгу в Україні. Серед проблем сучасного спорту все більшого значення набуває проблема допінгу. Вона є надзвичайно складною, оскільки включає в себе взаємопов'язані медичні, юридичні, політичні, моральні, організаційні, соціальні та педагогічні аспекти. Соціально-педагогічні чинники антидопінгової політики в спорті вченими комплексно досі не розглядалися. Окремі аспекти антидопінгової політики представлені у наукових працях, які можна розділити на дві групи. Перша група робіт присвячена допінгу в спорті як соціальному явищу. Друга група робіт присвячена проблемам допінг-контролю. Висновки : сьогодні в Україні є необхідність й об'єктивні передумови розробки і прийняття загальної концепції, антидопінгового контролю. Вона має узагальнити значну кількість отриманих даних та слугувати основою для розробки ефективних заходів за рахунок удосконалення законодавчої і нормативно-правової бази та інфраструктури антидопінгової політики, що мають бути приведеними у відповідність до сучасних міжнародних стандартів.