Suchergebnisse

В исследовании анализируются проблемы современной демократии как наиболее сложной системы власти, нуждающейся в достаточно высоком уровне самосознании граждан. Подчеркивается значимость духовно-нравственных основ демократии, без которых она легко вырождается в свою противоположность. Отмечается, что сегодня демократия из политического идеала народовластия превратилась в геополитическую доктрину однополярного мира. ; Democracy, the rule of law, and civil society cannot exist without the authorities' and the people's mutual responsibility: citizens are also required to obey the law and be responsible for any breaches in accordance with the legislation. Nowadays, civil society is defined as an organized and internally ordered sphere of human activity free from any direct influence of the state and its officials. However, there are several persistent myths regarding civil society that are intensely imposed on society. The first one concerns the absence of civil society in Russia. The next myth concerns opposing civil society and the state to each other, as if they had no common goal creating a well-functioning society. Another myth refers to accusing the authorities of the absence of civil society. We are currently in need of consolidating civil society and the state, because they have the same goals and objectives, and the same country, Russia, which is obviously easy to destroy and lose while talking about "democracy" and "civil society". It already happened in 1917, and repeated in 1991. The government cannot solve the problems society faces without being supported by civil society. Today, the Russian authorities realize this and are committed to this goal. In addition, there are theoretical problems originating from a specific type of social relations, which are distinctive and country-specific. A.S. Panarin (1940-2003) understands civil society primarily as 'united by certain values or ideas'. It cannot be created by 'atomized individuals'. It implies that individuals must be ready to sacrifice their private lives for the sake of common values and objectives. Civil society is not a mere bunch of 'angry citizens'; it consists of responsible citizens striving for solidarity and creation, not destruction. Maximalist goals, irresponsible criticism, and corrosive poison of nihilism do not contribute to development; they only endanger society and the state. All the Russian citizens, regardless of their ethnic origin or religious affiliation, need a strong democratic country dominated by social fairness. M.K. Mamardashvili (1930-1990) emphasizes that a simple mechanical combination of people needs a certain kind of connectedness to be transformed into civil society. Without any effort, civil society will disappear the way it happened to the Greeks. Like Dostoyevsky, Mamardashvili regards the 'drama of the soul' as 'one of the historical forces in man'. The outburst of "democracy", as the Weimar Republic and Russia in 1917 and 1991 demonstrated, may lead to the destruction of sociality instead of constructing a real civil society. All the real things, according to the ancient Chinese wise saying, take place slowly but inevitably. Democracy and civil society in Russia, as in any other country, should be created in accordance with its traditions, standards, and values, and be based on social and cultural heritage, and the dominant mentality. The historical experience of nations is unique; this statement is also applied to the Western liberal model of civil society, where the system of property relations serves as the key factor. However, Russian history reveals the priority of non-economic factors. In Russia, the state has always acted as the main initiator of the development of civil society, especially when it was required to overcome troubled times. As the state acquired despotic totalitarian traits, it certainly could crush all the civil society institutions. Nevertheless, it plays a key part, and it is demanded in today's conditions. One can say about Russia, "The State Is All We Have". I conclude any social factors should be analyzed on the basis of 'actual normativity'', i.e. stereotypes developed in other socio-historical context should not be imposed on a certain society, for they are not likely to work in a different environment.

Despite the ubiquitous political and educational strategies aimed at redressing gender inequality in sport in Australia for the past 30 years, the number of women in sport in decision-making and leadership positions has remained low when compared to men. While a number of studies have explored women's under-representation in sport leadership roles, there is limited understanding of how women practice sport leadership and how they develop as leaders. To address this gap in the literature, this study took a humanistic approach to account for, and consider, the nature of experience and the influence of context. This study sought to provide a more personal, nuanced, and socially situated understanding of how women practiced and learned to lead in sport. An interpretive qualitative research design framed by a social constructivist lens was used for this study to examine 23 women's accounts of what constituted and framed their leadership practices, including how they learned leadership from their engagement in day-to-day social practices and life experiences over time. Data for this study were generated through in-depth, semi-structured interviews conducted with each of the participants over a period of two years. A multi-case study approach was used to analyse the data. It was found that the participants' leadership practice featured distinctive feminine characteristics. However, for those participants at the elite level their approaches to leadership were characterised by interaction that seemed to be traditional masculine features of leadership with the participants' "core" feminine approaches to leadership. The participants' leadership practice focused on social interaction and relationship building underpinned by a strong sense of moral and ethical values. Key features included collaborative decision-making, taking a team-oriented approach, using open dialogue, valuing relationships and caring about others, and positive modelling. The model of authentic leadership offered a useful way of conceptualising how the participants' approached their practice of leadership. An examination of the participants' accounts of their experiences of the ways they learned their leadership highlighted that leadership development for these women was a relational and social process of learning over a lifelong journey that was influenced by individual, personal experience situated within larger socio-cultural contexts. The relational nature of the participants' learning of leadership was fundamentally connected to, and drawn from their interactions and interplay within their day-to-day social practices and life experiences from their early childhood through to their adulthood. The findings of study revealed that a range of past and present experiences and social factors influenced and shaped the participants' values and beliefs about their leadership practice such as the development of their awareness and self-belief in their ability, the value of relationship building, and development of strength of character associated with resilience. This study also identified the significance of the informal social nature of the development of leadership through the participants' "lived" experiences but also recognised the importance of some formal learning in developing the human capital aspects of the participants' leadership. Findings from this study have contributed to the relatively small body of literature concerned with the examination of leadership practice and learning leadership for women in a context of sport. This study has drawn attention to the different sets of relationships that women draw on to develop their leadership practice from a young age through to their adulthood, and has highlighted the multidimensional role of relational dynamics in the construction of leadership. This study has also illustrated the importance of experiential and situated learning that occurs during the formative years through to adulthood in terms of developing women's social skills and social awareness. These findings have implications for the way in which women's sport leadership practice is viewed and encourages a rethinking on how affirmative action policies address the leadership developed for women in sport in Australia. ; Doctor of Philosophy

Literature on immigration in Ireland has focused on analyses of rates and flows, the impact of labour migration, immigrants? experiences of racism and integration, and asylum/refugee studies. Empirical work on the response of the host population to immigration is dominated by studies on people occupying the lower levels of socioeconomic attainment. Such studies consistently argue that the lower classes are less tolerant toward immigrants and more likely to exhibit racist behaviour than other social classes due to real or perceived competition for economic resources and/or low levels of education. There have been no in-depth qualitative studies of the Irish professional class in this respect until now. This peer research study seeks to generate a substantive theory of how members of this class respond to immigrants and immigration. Reaching this objective requires examining how Irish professionals conceptualise contemporary immigration, eliciting the factors that influence how they respond to immigrants and immigration, and exploring their main concerns in such discussions. My research contributes to the literature on the intersection of race, ethnicity, and class and to the literature on a small, yet influential, section of the Irish population whose relative advantages include workplace decision making, political power, and access to influential social networks such as the media. I employ grounded theory methodology, with its emphasis on the emergence of new theory through data rather than testing ideas or existing theories. Iterative coding and analysis is informed by the grounded theory recommendation to go beyond ?what arc people saying? and explore ?what is happening?. The interviewees were formerly my professional class peers and aged between 30 and 60. Fieldwork was conducted in 2008 and 2009, a period of socio-economic change in Ireland, substantial even by historic and international comparison. Based on my findings, I argue that the main concern of the Irish professional class, when discussing immigration, is to perform, and be seen to perform, the professional social class norms of tolerance and anti-racism. Dissonance between negative perceptions of some immigrants and some fellow-nationals on the one hand, and class norms of tolerance and anti-racism on the other, is managed through a process I conceptualise as Performing Distance, which, I argue, is operationalised through a range of discursive strategies deemed suitable for the public domain or ?frontstage?: disclaiming, hierarchising, distancing, deflecting, and rationalising. Critically, the performance of racialising discourse is confined to the private domain or ?backstage? among trusted friends and family. Disclaiming refers to the Performance of Distance by claiming to know little or nothing about the subject. Hierarchising refers to indigenous, as well as foreign-born, groups in Irish society categorised and deemed more/less socially acceptable. Distancing from raced and classed others is further supported by descriptions of living and working in homogenous raced and classed spaces with no/few work colleagues, neighbours, or friends, who would be categorised as immigrants. Critically however, this study found that there exists an understanding of the term ?immigrant? which, while drawing on perceptions of racial and ethnic difference, distinguishes between people perceived to be in a position to contribute economically to the host state and groups deemed dependent, or potentially dependent, on state resources. Thus, professional class immigrants are not ?real immigrants?. While immigration is presented as ?not an issue? for the higher social classes, it is perceived to ?impinge? on the lower social classes who are understood to be in competition for resources such as jobs and welfare. Thus the ?problem? of immigration is deflected on to the Irish lower social classes. When immigration is problematised, the rhetoric of rationality is used, grounded mainly in economic arguments and, to a lesser extent, in a perceived threat to Irish cultural identity. Finally, racialising refers to my finding of a ?backstage? discourse which employs racial terms, stereotypes and tropes. ; TARA (Trinity's Access to Research Archive) has a robust takedown policy. Please contact us if you have any concerns: rssadmin@tcd.ie

My motivation to study Dany Laferrière's novels is inspired by the fact that the majority of studies or analyses made on works from francophone former colonies, are focused on cultural aspects and deal with questions of nationality or social problems. Furthermore, these works, favouring a thematic approach, are considered as testimonial works and are relegated to a lower level than works from the metropole. Formal and stylistic understanding of this literature needs further research. From this viewpoint, Haitian francophone literature still has areas that require deeper investigation. This provides justification for the present research, focused on works by Dany Laferrière, the Haitian francophone author. Two of his works: le goût des jeunes filles (Young girls' cravings), and le cri des oiseaux fous (The screech of crazy birds) are analysed. A big part of these novels is autobiographical. This raises the following questions which we will try to elucidate. Is the author the narrator in those novels? Also, is he the main character, Vieux Os? In le goût des jeunes filles, the narrator is now in his new homeland, in Miami. Through is aunt's character, he drew the picture or the reality of the country of exile. He is also presenting three days he passed with a group of young girls, when he was in Haiti. He remembers how he was initiated to make love for the first time in his life. From there, he depicts the revolt of a young girl, against the oppressing middle class into which she is born. She leaves the perverted circle of her class and joins a group of young liberated girls. Dany Laferrière presents a novel of social observation, which castigates chaotic times created by a sordid dictatorship that results in teenagers' immorality and debauchery. The second novel, le cri des oiseaux fous, set in the time of Bébé Doc Duvalier and the militia, the tontons macoutes, deals with the anguish of the Haitian people, who are afflicted, impoverished and tortured by the dictators. Dany Laferrière depicts violence and abuse of power. The torture inflicted on opponents to the regime deprives mothers of their sons and their husbands, who, in order to protect their lives, are obliged to go into exile. Dany Laferrière stirred my interest because he presents a work of the moment. His novels portray adolescence, dictatorial tyranny and the integration of the exile into a new homeland. Laferrière brings up a worthwhile debate: how to become western when one comes from Haiti (Africa, Asia)? In his quest for identity, the author raises the issues of the contemporary struggle of hybrid identity. The two novels relate the personal trajectory of the author, to illustrate what he has become: a writer. My concern was, firstly, to understand, and to explain through the narrator's socio-historical trajectory, his interest to become a writer. I show that in these works the author projected himself as the narrator. For this phase, I relied on Bourdieu's method "la sociocritique" which allowed me to discover the origin of the author's obsession with the question of identity. He refused to be dictated by politics and wanted to work in the field he chose: literature. This refusal to be constrained is a sign of the search for identity. Secondly, my study has investigated the narrative techniques used by Laferrière, through the analysis of narration. Using one of Philippe Lejeune's works, I examined the relationship between the narrator, the author and the hero. Genette's narratology approach led my way in this study. It is impossible to deal with Laferrière's works as simple examples of francophone literature. At the end of my analyses, I found important literary merit in the organisation of related events. I have shown that Dany Laferrière is a talented writer and his works are an inexhaustible source from which one can draw.

There is international concern relating to access and opportunity in Higher Education, particularly for those from traditionally marginalized groups (Council of Europe, 1996; Rougaas, 2001). In Australia, the Government has recently established targets to increase the proportion of Australian 25–34-year-olds with a Bachelor degree to 40% by 2025 and the proportion of undergraduate enrolments from low-socioeconomic backgrounds to 20% by 2020 (Gillard, 2009). The drive towards equity and social cohesion in tertiary education is a clear political goal internationally (OECD, 2008, Rougaas, 2001; ) with significant policy congruence across Europe, the USA and Australia (Ball, 1998). However, longitudinal studies in the USA (Tinto, 2006-7) Australia (Kift, Nelson & Clarke, 2010) and Europe (UK) suggest that concerted government and individual institutional efforts are piecemeal or have made minimal difference to overall retention and completion rates of students from traditionally marginalized groups. Furthermore, the intent and effectiveness of these interventions have been brought into question (Osborne, 2003)This 'wicked' international problem seems resistant to focused policy interventions suggesting, as argued by Gale (2009), that a more fundamental shift is required in how tertiary institutions might be more responsive to increasing diversity. Like Kift et al. (2010) and Krause et al. (2005), Gale (2009) focuses on the student learning environment as the site or "glue that holds knowledge and the broader student experience together" (McInnis, 2001)" and consequently where issues of exclusion and embodied knowledge may best be addressed. However, unlike these researchers, Gale advocates a more sophisticated approach to student equity and social inclusion [that] entails the creation of space in higher education not just for new kinds of student bodies but also for their embodied knowledges and ways of knowing … [that] has relevance for the epistemologies of all socio-cultural groups. (2009, p.14) Higher education institutions and researchers have become increasingly interested in how and why tertiary education systems tend to reproduce privilege (Bourdieu & Passeron, 1977; Teese, 2011). Sellar and Gale (2011) after Connell (2007) posit that real student engagement necessarily involves a shift towards 'epistemological equity' (Dei, 2008) "…from a politics of representation ( of population groups and particular interests) to a politics of recognition (of knowledges and ways of knowing in addition to Eurocentric forms). This conceptual framework resonates strongly with a design-thinking orientation to pragmatic ways in which universities might rethink and reshape their approaches. Taking up Sellar and Gale's (2011) proposition, this paper analyses data collected in the development and implementation of a whole-of-institution Transition Framework for commencing students at one Australian university which used a design-thinking oriented methodological approach to try to disrupt the dominant institutional paradigms at work. In particular, attention is paid to the epistemologies and institutional policies and practices that work as powerful technologies (Ball, 2003) in maintaining a dominant culture. Method: This paper uses a creative and innovative combination of conceptual frameworks; design thinking and the notion of epistemological equity (Dei, 2008) to analyse data collected over two years in the development and implementation of a whole of institution transition framework. Design thinking is an intellectual approach to tackling complex (wicked) problems that focuses on close observation, understanding of and empathy with, end-users (students) as a way of obtaining deep knowledge and rapid prototyping of effective solutions (Caroll et al. 2010). The processes of development of the transition framework followed design thinking processes. Data sources included quantitative institutional data as well as qualitative data from staff and student interviews and surveys. Expected Outcomes: The analysis provides insights into how and why institutional policies, practices and epistemologies militate against the creation of more inclusive spaces and experiences for non-traditional students and proposes some ways in which institutions might tackle the issue of widening participation. It also suggests ways in which institutions might enact a politics of recognition and design more positive and productive higher education experiences for increasingly diverse students.

Over the last three decades, there has been a policy shift towards Inclusive Education (IE) across the world. This has led to reform initiatives aimed at access and equity for all students within regular classrooms, irrespective of children's individual differences on the basis of abilities, disabilities or any conditions due to their socio-economic or cultural background. Like many developing countries, Bangladesh has commenced IE reform to educate all school-aged children in its regular education system, particularly those who have been traditionally excluded (e.g., children with disabilities, those with social/economic disadvantage and those from ethnic minorities). Whilst enrolment of children with disabilities in regular schools has increased in Bangladesh, the majority of the 1.6 million children with disabilities remain out of school. Past research indicates that the negative attitude of teachers is one of the significant barriers impeding the implementation of IE policies. Building upon previous research, this project sought to understand in-service teachers' attitudes towards enacting IE by using the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) as the key conceptual framework. Use of this framework was considered critical for this research as it not only allows us to explore educators' attitudes but also to better understand other key constructs that may have a direct influence on attitudes and, ultimately, upon the behavioural intentions of teachers. Two key constructs potentially influencing behavioural intention conceptualised for this research were perceived teaching efficacy beliefs and perception of support available for inclusion of students with disabilities in regular classrooms. An investigation was made into what background variables could influence the key constructs of TPB (i.e. attitudes, perceived teaching efficacy, and behavioural intentions). More specifically, the major aims of the research were to examine the influence of teachers' attitudes towards inclusion of students with disabilities in regular classrooms, teacher efficacy to undertake inclusive practices in classes, and their perceptions of school support for such practices, on their intentions to include students with disabilities in their classes. The study also investigated the influences of demographic variables and of perceived school support for IE on teachers' attitudes and teacher efficacy, assessing the levels of the major variables and the influential dynamics. This study employed both survey questionnaires and focus group interviews. A total of 738 in-service teachers from government primary schools in Bangladesh's Dhaka division completed a survey and 22 in-service teachers participated in focus group interviews. Key findings of the research revealed that teacher attitudes, teacher efficacy and perceived school support were significant predictors that explained 40% of the variance in teachers' intentions to include students with disabilities in their classes. Teachers' attitudes towards inclusion rated close to neutral, perceived school support was distinctly negative, teacher efficacy was moderately positive, and teachers' intentions to include students with disabilities was slightly lower than 'somewhat positive' towards inclusion. Perceived school support was consistently a powerful predictor across the variables (i.e., teachers' intentions, teacher attitudes, and teacher efficacy). Specific demographic variables were also identified as important predictors of teachers' attitudes and their perceived teacher efficacy. Thematic analysis of the interview data found teachers' intentions put them in a quandary – they were simultaneously sceptical about the success of full inclusion, yet supportive of inclusion from social and professional perspectives. The interviews also identified salient institutional and environmental factors behind the teachers' intentions. The study documented areas for further research (e.g., context specificity, factors behind attitude status and effectiveness of training strategies) as well as offered specific recommendations for educational policy makers and teacher educators (e.g., building training programmes for the teachers that address IE requirements). As teachers' behaviour in the classroom is critical to the successful implementation of IE reform, it is imperative that a thorough understanding of the influences and motivators is attained. This study offers a contribution towards such an understanding with its findings that elucidate the impact of and relationships between the investigated variables.

Índice. Presentación. 1. Análisis socio-político y económico: Análisis de coyuntura sociopolítica / María Lis Rodríguez. Análisis Económico: El sistema económico heredado / Lila Molinier. 2. Derecho a la Vida: Violencia policial, fatales desenlaces / Hugo Valiente. 3. Derecho a la libertad, seguridad personal e integridad física: Tortura: impunidad garantizada / Hugo Valiente. La crisis del sistema penitenciario paraguayo no es nueva / Elizabeth Flores Negri, Hernán Mayor y Jorge Rolón Luna. 4. Derecho a la protección judicial: Estalla la crisis del sistema de justicia / Luis Emilio Escobar Faella. Derecho a las Garantías Judiciales y al Debido Proceso / Alfredo Enrique Kronawetter Zarza. Signo de esperanza de lograr la reparación: la Comisión Verdad y Justicia / Dionisio Gauto y Raquel Talavera. 5. Derecho a la igualdad y a la no discriminación: La igualdad de las mujeres y los desafíos ante el nuevo gobierno / Ofelia Martínez y Myrian González. Institucionalidad de género: El acceso a cargos en la administración de justicia / Carmen Vallejo. Buscando un espacio contra la intolerancia / Grupo de Acción Gay Lésbico (GAG-L). Situación de los migrantes en el país / Tomás Palau Viladesau. La situación de exclusión de las personas con discapacidad en las políticas sociales nacionales / Claudia Pacheco y Martha Horvath. 6. Derecho a la libertad ideológica, religiosa y de conciencia: La objeción de conciencia: 10 años de crecimiento constante / Orlando Castillo Caballero y Enrique Gauto Bozzano. 7. Derecho a la información y a la libertad de expresión: No disminuyen obstáculos para el acceso a información pública / Sindicato de Periodistas del Paraguay (SPP). Libertad de expresión a través de las radios comunitarias / Mirian Candia S. Derechos humanos, sociedad de la información y acceso informacional / Roberto L. Céspedes y Luis Ortiz Sandoval. 8. Derecho a la asociación, reunión y participación: Organizaciones campesinas / Quintin Riquelme. Movimiento sindical: aún mucho por resolver / Roberto Villalba. La participación para la defensa de los derechos / Laura Bareiro. 9. Derechos Políticos: Elecciones generales 2003: avances y retrocesos de la participación ciudadana / Rossana Gómez. 10. Derecho al Desarrollo Sostenible: Pobreza y desigualdad / Domingo M. Rivarola. Un año de intensa "descampesinización" por empobrecimiento / Gladys Fariña. 11. Derecho al Empleo: Un marco normativo global que atienda condiciones particulares / Verónica Serafini Geoghegan y Hugo Royg Aranda. 12. Derecho a la Seguridad Social: El estado del Derecho a la Seguridad Social en Paraguay / José María Amarilla. 13. Derecho a la Salud: Se aguardan medidas en el sector salud / Esperanza Martínez. La reestructuración de los servicios de atención en salud mental / Carlos Portillo. 14. Derecho a la Seguridad Alimentaria: Seguridad alimentaria: cada vez menos segura, cada vez menos alimentaria / Tomás Palau Viladesau. 15. Derecho a la Educación: Desafíos impostergables en Educación / Cristina Coronel y Marta Almada Denis. 16. Derechos Culturales: Cultura: el derecho postergado / Gabriel Lema. 17. Derecho a la Vivienda: El déficit de vivienda crece año a año / Cristina Vila y Ricardo Canese. 18. Derechos de la Infancia y la Adolescencia: Avances que se deben consolidar / Heve Otero. 19. Derechos de los Pueblos Indígenas: Pocos avances para los pueblos indígenas / Andrés Ramírez. 20. Derecho a la Paz y al Desarme: El riesgo de la militarización de los problemas sociales / Orlando Castillo. Víctimas de violencia institucional en las Fuerzas Armadas / María Noguera y Andrés Vázquez. 21. Derecho al Ambiente Sano: La falta de políticas públicas y de instituciones como contraste / Beatriz Silvero. 22. Cumplimiento de Compromisos Internacionales: Aumenta la conciencia ciudadana a favor de una política exterior en pro de los derechos humanos / Raquel Talavera. 23. Temas del Año: Oportunidad para la democracia del Paraguay: implementación y funcionamiento de la Comisión de Verdad y Justicia / Aldo Antonio Pelli. Significativo aumento de la criminalización de las luchas sociales / Marielle Palau y Raquel Talavera. Síntesis General de las recomendaciones. Directorio de organizaciones integrantes de la CODEHUPY.

Определено понятие "регион". Исследовано, что в условиях современной рыночной экономики для эффективного управления финансовыми ресурсами необходимо обеспечение деятельности предприятия оптимальным объемом финансовых ресурсов, рациональное их использование, максимизация прибыли и обеспечение рыночной стоимости предприятия. В этих условиях актуальными становятся вопросы усовершенствования управления процессами производства, эффективным использованием финансовых, трудовых, материальных ресурсов. Для решения таких задач руководителям предприятий необходимы знания экономики, технологии производства, финансов. Переход к современной рыночной экономике вызывал изменения всей экономической системы и в первую очередь предприятий регионов. Условия ведения хозяйства претерпели превращения, которые выразились в изменениях форм собственности, условиях государственного регулирования, системы налогообложения. В результате реформ появился негосударственный сектор экономики, современная банковская система, рынки товаров, услуг, капитала. Это дает возможность для расширенного воспроизводства, росту доходов предприятия и его владельцев. Эту цель можно достичь лишь при оптимальной организации финансов. В современных условиях ведения хозяйства система управления смещается на регионы, которые отличаются между собой национальными, историческими, географическими, экономическими и другими особенностями. В Украине осуществляется структурная политика, которая должна предусматривать перевод экономики страны на новую ресурсо-обеспеченную, высокотехнологичную и экономически безопасную модель функционирования. Перспективным является создание в стране свободных экономических зон, на которых действуют льготные таможенные, валютно-финансовые, налогу и другие условия экономической деятельности. Территориальный уклад Украины основывается на принципах единства и целостной государственной власти, сбалансированности социально-экономического развития отдельных территорий с учетом исторических и культурных традиций, демографических и экологических особенностей. В региональной проблеме существует задание: кому помогать депрессивному региону или его населению. Если региону то необходимо вкладывать средства, если населению, то лучше стимулировать отток население в более состоятельные регионы. Но даже самый отсталый регион это родина части населения и потому он заслуживает этой помощи. ; The term "region" is defined. It is studied that in the conditions of modern market economy for an effective management of financial resources it is necessary providing the enterprise activities with optimal amount of these resources, their rational use, maximization of income and providing the appreciation of market enterprise value. In such conditions the issues of improvement of management of production processes, the effective use of financial, labor, and material resources become topical. The transition to the modern market economy caused the changes of all the economic system and, for the first, regional enterprises. The terms of managing the economy suffered transformations, which found an expression in the changes of ownership patterns, the terms of government control, and the tax system. The non-public sector of economy appeared as a result of reforms, modern banking system, markets of commodities, services, capital. It gives an opportunity for the reproduction on an expanded scale, the increase of enterprise profits, and the income of its proprietors. One is able to achieve this goal only under the optimal management of finances. In the modern conditions of managing the economy the control system is to be migrated to regions differing one to another in national, historical, geographical, economic and other peculiarities. A structural policy that must foresee the transition of state economy to a new resource-provided, hitech and economically safe model of operation is realized in Ukraine. Establishing in the country of free economic zones, where the favourable custom, currency-financial, tax and other conditions of economic activity are in force, is very promising. The territorial social-and-economic structure of Ukraine is based upon the principles of unity and integral state power, an appropriate balance of socio-economic development of separate territories taking into account historical and cultural traditions, demographic and ecological features. In a regional challenge, there is a task: what is the aid addressee the depressive region or its population? If the former then investments are necessary, the latter promoting the population migration to more solvent regions is better. But even the most backward region is a motherland of part of population and that is why it deserves to get this aid.

Nell'inverno 1911-1912 nella necropoli romana di Shurafa (Basso Egitto, antica Scenae Mandrae, fortezza militare a partire almeno dal II secolo d.C.) vicino alla sponda orientale del Nilo furono rinvenuti – insieme a molti altri resti umani e materiali archeologici – un cranio ed alcune ossa appartenenti allo scheletro di un individuo di sesso maschile deceduto all'incirca trentenne. Sulla base dell'abnorme circonferenza craniale (66 cm per un volume di 2.900 cm3) l'anatomista inglese D.E. Derry formulò nel 1913 una diagnosi di idrocefalo, ipotesi in séguito accolta sia dagli storici della medicina antica, sia da neurologi e neurochirurghi moderni. Tuttavia, dal momento che gli altri resti provenienti dalla medesima necropoli documentano una casistica ben più complessa ed articolata di malformazioni craniche (alcune congenite, altre prodotte artificialmente) non riferibili all'idrocefalo, si è ritenuto opportuno procedere innanzitutto alla ricostruzione del contesto socioculturale riconducibile all'attestazione del cranio e dunque rapportabile al livello di conoscenze raggiunto dalla medicina romana in campo diagnostico e terapeutico: sono state perciò analizzate le testimonianze letterarie e papirologiche specificamente riferibili all'idrocefalo nonché i dati archeologici sulle tecniche di trapanazione e soprattutto sul rinvenimento di strumenti chirurgici in territorio egiziano. Sono state poi prese in esame sia le fonti concernenti la pratica della medicina nell'Egitto romano, sia le epigrafi ed i papiri relativi ai medici documentati nella regione fra III secolo a.C. e VII secolo d.C. Sono state avanzate infine due ipotesi paleopatologiche alternative rispetto a quella di idrocefalo, malattia in effetti poco e male documentata dalle fonti: all'origine dell'aumento volumetrico della scatola cranica dell'uomo di Shurafa potrebbe essere stata o una forma acuta di bilharziosi, più precisamente schistosomiasi cerebrale, particolarmente diffusa ancor oggi nelle aree limitrofe alle acque stagnanti del Nilo, oppure una craniosinostosi (forse una trigonocefalia), patologia che potrebbe essere anche la causa di alcune anomalie riscontrabili nei crani di altri scheletri della medesima necropoli.In the winter of 1911-1912 in the Roman necropolis of Shurafa (Lower Egypt, ancient Scenae Mandrae, a military fortress since at least the second century AD) near the east bank of the Nile, archaeological material and many human remains were found, including a skull and some bones belonging to the skeleton of a male individual who died at the age of about thirty. In 1913, on the basis of the abnormal cranial circumference (66 cm, total volume of 2,900 cc), the English anatomist D.E. Derry formulated a diagnosis of hydrocephalus, a hypothesis later accepted both by the historians of ancient medicine and by modern neurologists and neurosurgeons. However, since other remains from the same cemetery document a series of much more complex and articulated skull deformities (some congenital, others artificially produced) not linked to hydrocephalus, it was decided to proceed firstly to the reconstruction of the socio-cultural context relative to the testimony of the skull and thence reportable to the level of knowledge reached by Roman medicine in the diagnostic and therapeutic fields: literary and papyrological evidence was therefore analyzed, specifically related to hydrocephalus and archaeological data on trapanation techniques and especially on the discovery of surgical instruments in Egyptian territory. Sources regarding the practice of medicine in Roman Egypt were then examined, both inscriptions and papyri relating to physicians documented in the region between the third century BC and seventh century AD.Finally, two paleopathological hypotheses were then advanced, alternative to that of hydrocephalus, a disease scarcely and poorly documented by the sources: behind the volumetric increase in the skull of the Shurafa man there may have been either an acute form of bilharzia, namely cerebral schistosomiasis, particularly widespread today in the areas around the stagnant waters of the Nile, or a craniosynostosis (trigonocephaly perhaps), a disease that could also be the cause of anomalies found in the skulls of other skeletons found in the same necropolis.

The present study focuses on specific aspects in the organization of teaching religion in Indonesia. It analyses the position of religion within the Indonesian Basic Law, consequential legislation, and educational policies. How does this framework translate into national and regional policies pertaining to the emergence, institutionalization, and organization of the Hindu class and the Hindu education system in Bali from 1945 to 2008? Muslim majority Indonesia constitutes an interesting laboratory for doing fundamental research on religious plurality and transformations of religion. The model of organizing the religion class in Indonesia is rooted in a specific historical, socio-cultural, political, and legal context, which is fundamentally different to European models of religious education. In addition, in contrast to classical Islam and modern Islamic states, Indonesia recognizes Asian religions as equal in status with the religions of the book. Besides Islam and Christianity, Hindu Dharma and Buddhism were recognized as state funded religions in 1965. This recognition had important consequences for the Indonesian model of organizing five confessional religion classes and faith-based education systems. The Balinese are a rare case of a religious and ethnic minority being simultaneously an ethnic and religious majority. Therefore, the Balinese provide an outstanding case to analyze how Indonesia's religious and educational policies do deal with that particular ethnic and religious minority. In addition, how do the Balinese themselves use the constitutional and legal framework to establish the Hindu religion class in public schools and a private Hindu education system from the level of pre-school to higher education? A qualitative examination was conducted basing on a combination of theoretical and empirical investigations. The province of Bali and three educational institutions were chosen, because the Balinese were the reformers of Indonesian Hindu Dharma and the inventors of the Hindu education system. As the study focuses on constitutional and legal contexts of the Hindu class and the Hindu education system, teachers' professional education, and composition of curricula and textbooks, a qualitative approach was applied combining ethnographic fieldwork and case study research. In consequence, the subject positions the study in the academic disciplines of Religious Studies and Area Studies. Data were collected through bibliographical surveys and fieldwork. The amended 1945 Basic Law and consequential legislation give the same right to state sanctioned religions. The state is based on "One Supreme Lordship" prescribing national monotheism or monism. Indonesia's spirited statehood is based on a religious, but not confessional interpretation. In addition, the strategy to manage religious plurality is authoritarian, as positive freedom of religion is limited to six state-funded religions, whereas negative religious freedom is not provided for. Despite the equal status of the six state funded religions, discriminative practices prevail with regard to funding those Asian religions. Notwithstanding, the Muslim majority Pancasila state can serve a model function for countries with illiberal politics in the Muslim world. The first objective of strategic and educational policies is to mould a citizen who has faith in God, follows the commands of God, and has morals. The dimension of spiritual intelligence in education is a particular Indonesian dimension of education, which Indonesian educational planners added to the UNESCO standards of student-centered learning throughout life. Indonesia organizes the religion class and faith-based education systems in a confessional but pluralistic style. The citizens are required to attend the religious class in the religion they adhere to instructed by a teacher of the same belief from elementary to higher education. In addition, the religious mark is a compulsory item in the school report, and whether a pupil/student stays back or is promoted to the next level depends, amongst other factors, on how the religion teacher grades the student. Unlike the Muslim or Christian based education systems, the Hindu education system is still marginal and minuscule. Its funding is discriminative. Funding and expansion are linked to national policies, and the personal networks of Hindu agents are given the mandate to organize the Hindu administration and education system.

Introduction. Early repatriation of Canadian Forces personnel deployed to Europe, mainly to NATO, defines military members unable to complete their postings. This is a recent problem and its reoccurrence and prohibitive costs have a psychological and social impact at individual, family and institutional levels and therefore, have become a research priority. This thesis includes a group of doctorate studies whose innovative character undoubtedly helps understand this phenomenon and the factors contributing to its persistence or continuity. Goals. 1) Identify the determining factors (personal, interpersonal, environmental, institutional and social) involved with early repatriation; 2) Analyze over a period of three months the connection between quality of life, employability skills and problem management capabilities; secondly, identify the links between psychological quality of life and the factors that are mentioned, as well as the sense of belonging and socio-demographic characteristics; 3) Develop a program of preventive psychosocial actions for CF members serving in Europe (Programme d'actions préventives psychosociales destiné aux militaires des FC affectés en Europe (PAPFCE)); 4) Assess, with a group of participants, the quality and usefulness of the different components involved in the psychosocial intervention program and analyze over a three month period, the relationship between quality of life, employability skills and problem management capabilities for one group of participants and two groups not participating in the program. Method. In order to reach our goals, 343 CF members were invited to participate in various investigations. 1) Comments from soldiers that repatriated to Canada were analyzed. 2) A questionnaire based on previously established scales, was built to measure quality of life, employability skills, ability to manage problems and sense of belonging for newcomers of summer 2009. 3) Creation of the PAPFCE was designed and submitted to the newcomers of summer 2010. 4) A data comparison was carried out between the non participating military members and those who participated in the psychosocial intervention. Furthermore, using an evaluation grid, military members subjected to psychosocial intervention were questioned about the usefulness and quality of the different parts of the program. Results. A total of 74 military members participated in the project (participation rate 22%). The participants were men (81.1%), average age of 41.8 years [from 23 years to 56 years], using English at home (59.5%) and reported living as married (81.1%). Their job profile is as follows: 20.7 years of service in the CF [from 5 years to 38 years], non commissioned officers (52.7%) and Germany as place of employment (54.1%). The main contributing factors to early repatriation are: 1) deficiencies in the military selection process and its application, 2) occurrence or development of psychosocial problems, 3) application of disciplinary or administrative actions (such as revealing psychosocial imbalance), 4) expectations that were unfulfilled by the posting. After the first three months of deployment, quality of life, employability skills and capability to manage problems have not changed. The military member's psychological quality of life is positively associated with "physical" and "social" aspects, the extent of "acquisition of social support" and the "restructuring" of the capability to manage problems. A data comparison between military personnel who participated in the PAPFCE and the non participants neither confirms its effectiveness nor significant contribution. However, for most participants, the quality of components and their satisfaction with the program were positively assessed, although the program did not seem to be able to prevent the occurrence of psychosocial problems, major factors for premature repatriation. Conclusion. The analysis of the determining factors involved in the success or failure of a military posting to Europe has led to a better understanding of the complexity of the cultural and professional adjustment process necessary by the members and their families. This work provides site specific realities to reflect upon and possible intervention methods that can be adopted to improve the posting or deployment support and encourages a more critical observation of challenges and issues that may have an impact on the future of the CF.

Euro-Mediterranean Consortium for Applied Research on International Migration (CARIM) ; International gender migration has recently sparked worldwide interest. This paper examines such migration in the Palestinian context from a socio-political prospective. It attempts to estimate and compare female to male migration trends in Palestine, levels of women's migration and differing motives. Are these 'modern' motives for modern migration? Is migration linked, instead, to traditional, conservative motives? The paper hypothesises that the displacement, to which Palestinians have been subject, has affected both female and male migration. Displacement has also affected the patterns of social relations in general, and gender-based relations, in particular. This paper makes references to available, if limited, data and literature. It scrutinises the phenomenon of gender-based migration by categorising it into forced, voluntary and return migration. To understand the factors that drive women's migration in comparison to men's, the paper concludes with a discussion of these different types of migration. In general, the paper concludes that the migration of Palestinian women compared to men does not differ in quantitative terms from international trends. However, gender-based migration is more associated with political factors in the Palestinian case. It is generated by displacement, the destruction of developed urban centres on the coastline of historic Palestine, and denial of the development of potential urban centres inside Palestine through Israeli policies, which seek to marginalise and annex Palestinian society and its economy to those of Israel. Patterns of gender relations have also been influenced by migration motives, which have been mostly conservative. As a subordinate, not independent migration trend, women migrated in company of either their husbands or their families. General patterns of gender relations were also affected by destination countries, which typically had restrictive social and cultural fields. Accordingly, patterns of conservative relations were effectively maintained. Palestinian migration, especially women's migration, can be described as traditional migration vis-a-vis modern, innovative migration, which seeks employment and education opportunities and looks for modernising, renovating and developing lifestyles. ; Les migrations internationales de genre ont récemment été l'objet d'un intérêt mondial. Cet article examine ces migrations dans le contexte palestinien dans une perspective sociopolitique. Il tente de comparer les tendances de la migration des femmes et des hommes en Palestine, le niveau de migration des femmes, et les raisons pour lesquelles les femmes migrent. Ces raisons sont-elles 'modernes' ou, au contraire, traditionnelles et conservatrices ? L'hypothèse avancée est que les déplacements auxquels les Palestiniens ont été soumis ont touché les femmes et les hommes, et ont affecté les formes des relations sociales, en général, et des relations entre hommes et femmes, en particulier. Cet article s'appuie sur les données et la littérature existantes, qui sont toutefois limitées. Il examine le phénomène de la migration de genre en la catégorisant en migration forcée, volontaire, et de retour. Afin de comprendre les différents facteurs qui déterminent la migration féminine, en comparaison avec celle des hommes, cet article analyse ces différents types de migrations en conclusion. De manière générale, cet article conclut que, par rapport à la migration des hommes palestiniens, la migration des femmes palestiniennes ne diffère pas des tendances internationales. Toutefois, dans le cas palestinien, la migration des femmes est liée à des causes politiques. Elle a pour cause le déplacement des populations, la destruction des centres urbains côtiers de la Palestine historique, et l'impossible développement des centres urbains en Palestine en raison des politiques israéliennes qui visent à annexer la société et l'économie palestinienne. Les formes de la migration de genre ont également été influencées par des pratiques migratoires qui sont généralement traditionnelles. Les femmes migrent généralement avec les maris et leurs familles, de façon subordonnée et non indépendante. Enfin, les formes générales de la migration de genre ont été influencées par les pays de destination, dont le champ social et culturel est conservateur. En conséquence, les relations sociales sont restées traditionnelles. La migration palestinienne et, en particulier, la migration des femmes, peut être décrite comme traditionnelle, en opposition aux migrations modernes et innovantes qui visent à trouver un emploi ou à compléter son éducation, et qui tendent à moderniser et à renouveler le style de vie.

The gold mining sub-sector is an important segment of the Ghanaian economy and continues to play a significant role in the country's socio-economic development (Akaabza, 2008:1). At the moment, Ghana is Africa's second leading producer of gold, and 10th in the whole world. The sub-sector is the country's leading foreign exchange earner, contributing close to 40% of its total exports, while making substantial contribution towards its GDP. While the government and other international financial institutions perceive the mining sector as a viable vehicle for fostering economic growth in Ghana, concerns are raised about its negative environmental impacts on the ecologically fragile ecosystems in mining areas (Dummet, 1989). In addition, the hyped benefits and opportunities associated with mining largely remain to the majority of local communities, who continue to languish in poverty as they pay the heavy price caused by the environmental degradation and other social costs (see Akabzaa and Darimani, 2001; Asklund and Eldvall, 2005; Ballard and Glenn, 2003; Gadzekpo and Waldman, 2005). These development problems in mining areas of Ghana, like in my other African countries have drawn the attention of researchers, policy makers and practitioners as they seek to understand the problem better and provide possible strategies for correcting the situation. In the literature as well as in practice, governments and international finance institutions like IMF and World Bank have addressed or perceived the problems of mining from a governance perspective and most importantly engaged in legal reform as a solution to the problem. In Ghana, the most recent were the World Bank and IMF's part of the structural adjustment package adopted from the mid 80's through to the early 90's (Akabzaa, 2007). Under this thinking, reforms were instigated to provide an environment, where the extraction of mineral resources could translate into national wealth for economic recovery and development, through sustainable mining methods (World Bank, 2002; 22). In addition, the reforms would establish mechanisms to foster equitable distribution of benefits in mining areas through pro-active participation of local communities in the mining economy (IFC, 2002; Songsore, 1994). This thesis however tells a different story. The measures under the reforms largely sought to contribute towards increased gold production to meet the growing global demand for gold in Europe and India. These demand created spaces for an influx of multinational mining companies, whose vast technologies, robust resources were seen as a vehicle for satisfying the ever-increasing demand for gold and gold related products on the world market. By the late 90s for example, all Ghanaian gold mines were foreign owned. The reforms contradictorily contributed to an increase in environmental degradation in mining areas, and created spaces for unequal distribution of benefits, with local mining communities reeling under the pressure of increased environmental degradation and poverty (Akabzaa and Darimani, 2001; Coakley, 1999). As local communities are further isolated, marginalized and excluded from active participation in mining economies, mining areas continue to become contested spaces where a minority powerful groups mobilize and wield power to meet their desired goals or desires. In this thesis, I do argue that unequal distribution of benefits in mining areas is an outcome of unequal power relations between societal actors seeking to protect their interests and not really a governance problem as largely perceived. I demonstrate that additional resources injected in mining areas either through community development funds, compensation and corporate social responsibility programs tend to serve the interests of a minority group who act with an aim of controlling and gaining access of these resources at the expense of local communities. Secondly, the frameworks established to ensure equitable distribution of benefits for example private-public partnerships, self or co-regulation programs only serve the needs and goals of these minority groups, while failing to effectively address the power dimensions in mining areas. This thesis is therefore grounded in a specific cultural context where extended case studies are developed from Tarkwa's gold mining area in Ghana to Das chirurgische Trauma: In-vitro Aktivierung intestinaler glatter Muskelzellen und Makrophagen

Defence date: 21 November 2008 ; Examining Board: Prof. Doutor Jacques Ziller, Instituto Universitário Europeu; Prof. Doutor Pedro Bacelar Vasconcelos, Universidade do Minho; Prof. Doutor Rui Moura Ramos, Universidade de Coimbra; Prof. Doutor Francesco Francioni, Instituto Universitário Europeu. ; First made available online 14 January 2015. ; Portugal is a very good illustration of the current identity quests that are pursued by communities of all shapes and sizes – local, national, supranational, international, civilizational – in response to old urges and new threats posed in a globalised, but also "glocalised", world. Torn between its European body and its atlantic/lusophone "soul", Portugal tries to strike a balance between the two dimensions of its identity as a polity and, in the process, claims a special role as mediator between north and south, Europe and the African continent. Although fully committed to the European immigration policy, with its restrictive dimensions and its focus on integration, Portugal purports to articulate the European demands with the special solidarity bonds that exist with the Portuguese speaking countries. It has been so for a number of years, but the recent developments in both the Portuguese nationality and immigration laws show that the fears expressed by many that Schengen would surpass the lusophone ties were well founded and that, no matter how well intended the Portuguese policies are in these matters, the result will be detrimental to the so-called lusophone citizens. They do enjoy a special status – encompassing voting rights and access to public office that is generally forbidden to all foreigners (a status unparalleled in the two other European countries under scrutiny, France and the United Kingdom) – but their access to the Portuguese territory has been curtailed. Even more than Portugal, which until recently was the last of the European "nation states" and only now faces visible cultural diversity in its society, the European Union and the Community of the Portuguese Speaking Countries (CPLP) struggle with the definition of their respective identities and sense of purpose, seeking to win the hearts and minds of their peoples. Commonly considered a natural spontaneous community, due to the existence of a common language, the CPLP faces the difficulties posed by mutual distrust and old grudges and the fear, by many, that it is only an expression of imperial nostalgia on the part of Portugal. Its member states show only a mild commitment, engaged as they all are in other regional communities of their own, as can be seen in the discussions on citizenship and free movement within the lusophone area. There are many similarities between the legal systems of the CPLP member states, which can be explained by the cooperation between lawyers and academics specially in Africa and East Timor, but some of those similarities are merely formal, with little correspondence in the law in action, and coexist with relevant differences due mostly to different levels of socio-economic development and political will. For the European Union the purpose of fostering a feeling of belonging and solidarity between the peoples of Europe is an ongoing struggle for legitimacy which has suffered major setbacks in recent years. After the constitutional momentum, the Union has adopted a more modest stance, but has by no means given up winning the support of the European citizens. One of the fields in which its intervention is demanded is directly linked with the identity quest in progress – border definition and control, policies towards illegal and legal aliens. Stressing the need to integrate the third country nationals who are legal residents and adopting the mantra of intercultural dialogue, the EU presents itself as a guardian for human rights and a fighter against racism, at the same time as it tries to keep Europe for the Europeans as much as possible. Its member states are willing, for European or domestic reasons, to go along and easily drop old preferences for extra-community bonds of solidarity. Portugal may again be the last of the empires, keeping a special status for the foreigners of lusophone origin, but it nevertheless keeps with the times when it comes to admission to its territory.

[.] Dalla descrizione qui appena abbozzata emerge il prevalere, sulla scena letteraria polacca dopo il 1989, di tendenze postmoderniste, soprattutto se si guarda alle opere di autori appartenenti alla media e giovane generazione. In generale si tratta comunque di un postmodernismo "debole" o addirittura "latente", diffidente nei confronti di un mondo in cui le categorie di identità e appartenenza geografica perdono significato; un postmodernismo che ha timore della cultura di massa, che si richiama volentieri ai classici della letteratura moderna (Schulz, Milosz, corrente dei Kresy) e che dopo un secolo riabilita . il filisteo. La sua "ywrZ-ità" si manifesta attraverso l'estetica del pastiche, con la quale si esprime l'amara consapevolezza che il rinnovamento dei modelli ammirati è ormai impossibile, che la missione rivelatrice della letteratura si è esaurita. Si manifesta anche l'accettazione, piena di rassegnazione, della condizione di periferia — della letteratura nei confronti dei nuovi mezzi di comunicazione, della enclave artistica nei confronti della cultura di massa, della Polonia e dell'intera regione nei confronti dei salotti del mondo che dettano le ultime mode artistiche e intellettuali. Si manifesta infine la segreta collaborazione coi mezzi di comunicazione elettronici, con la cultura di massa, con le mode artistiche e intellettuali. Come ho già sottolineato, fenomeni che apertamente si richiamano al posttnodernismo erano bensì presenti nel complesso dei fattori che offrivano la possibilità di ridefinire la cultura polacca, ma non hanno avuto ruolo dominante né grande sucesso. In un modo o nell'altro, il 1989 può essere quindi a buon diritto considerato l'anno d'inizio del postmodernismo nella più recente letteratura polacca. Com'è ovvio, tale interpretazione lascia non risolta la questione dei mutamenti politici: il 1989 può essere visto in quest'ottica solo come una comoda data orientativa e si può considerare che la crisi culturale avrebbe avuto luogo indipendentemente dagli avvenimenti socio-politici; nondimeno ritengo che questi ultimi siano da considerare come uno sfondo e un contesto importante per il loro svolgimento e la loro definizione. Essi hanno rafforzato gli atteggiamenti nostalgici e sentimentali, hanno deciso dell'autorità del mercato, hanno fondato il mito della "prosa srodkd' ("prosa del centro") e l'idea del ritorno al romanzo borghese; in poche parole, hanno facilitato il successo della "prospettiva neoconservatrice". ; Bauman, Zygmunt (2002). Modernità liquida. Bari: Editori Talerza. ; Czapliński, Przemysław (1997). Ślady przełomu: o prozie polskiej 1976-1989. Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie. ; Czapliński, Przemysław (2007). Powrót centrali: literatura w nowej rzeczywistości. Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie. ; Dziamski, Grzegorz (1991). Dwie perspektywy postmodernizmu. W: Anna Zeidler-Janiszewska (red.), Postmodernizm w perspektywie filozoficzno-kulturoznawczej (s. 43-52). Warszawa: Instytut Kultury. ; Dziamski, Grzegorz (1993). O postmodernizmie najszerzej pojętym. "Poznańskie Studia z Filozofii Nauki", t. 13: Inspiracje postmodernistyczne w humanistyce (s. 11-26), red. Anna Jamroziakowa, Warszawa-Poznań: PWN. ; Dziamski, Grzegorz (2003). Co po nowoczesności? Dwie perspektywy postmodernizmu. W: Maria Anna Potocka (red.). Postmodernizm: teksty polskich autorów (s. 21-40). Kraków: Bunkier Sztuki / "Inter Esse". ; Erjavec, Aleš (1994). Postmodernizm i kondycja postsocjalistyczna, przeł. Beata Frydryczak. W: Anna Zeidler-Janiszewska (red.). Sztuka i estetyka po awangardzie a filozofia postmodernistyczna (s. 85-105). Warszawa: Instytut Kultury. ; Erjavec, Aleš (1996). Przednia i wsteczna straż: awangarda i retrogarda, przeł. Grzegorz Dziamski. W: Grzegorz Dziamski (red.). Awangarda w perspektywie postmodernizmu (s. 39-48). Poznań: Wydawnictwo Fundacji Humaniora. ; Jameson, Fredric (1988). Postmodernizm albo kulturowa logika późnego kapitalizmu, przeł. Julian Kutyła. Pismo Literacko-Artystyczne, 4, s. 64-95. ; Nowacki, Dariusz (2000). Ładnie prze-pisane. Nowe Książki, 3, s. 56-57. ; Nycz, Ryszard (1993). Tekstowy świat: poststrukturalizm a wiedza o literaturze. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo IBL. ; Nycz, Ryszard (2002). Literatura nowoczesna: cztery dyskursy (tezy). Teksty Drugie, 4, s. 35-46. ; Orska, Joanna (2006). Liryczne narracje: nowe tendencje w poezji polskiej 1989-2006. Kraków: TAiWPN "Universitas". ; Rabizo-Birek, Magdalena (1997). Mizeria w sosie własnym. Twórczość, 3, s. 113-117.