Suchergebnisse

How will EMU influence the European political economy? This paper argues that most of the likely alternatives are unsustainable for at least some of the EMU member-states. As a result, the Stability Pact imposed by the Kohl government and the Bundesbank is likely to be rejected by other member-states. Additionally, EMU will most likely also have an effect on the relations within the German political economy, by unsettling the basic compromise between employers and labour unions that was at the basis of German export successes in recent decades. ; Wie wird die europäische Währungsunion die europäische politische Ökonomie beeinflussen? Aus Sicht der vorliegenden Arbeit sind die meisten der sich abzeichnenden Alternativen zumindest für einige der potentiellen Mitgliedsstaaten der EWU politisch nicht tragbar. Die Wahrscheinlichkeit ist groß, daß solche Vereinbarungen, darunter auch der vom ehemaligen Finanzminister Waigel eingebrachte Stabilitätspakt, von den Mitgliedern der EWU abgelehnt wird. Andererseits wird eine neu ausgehandelte Währungsunion wahrscheinlich ernsthafte Folgen für das Kräftegleichgewicht innerhalb der deutschen politischen Ökonomie haben und könnte die grundsätzlichen Verständigungen von Arbeit und Kapital, die die Exporterfolge der deutschen Wirtschaft in den letzten Jahren ermöglichten, zu Fall bringen.

Throughout the 20th century, international labor migration from the Philippines has exhibited a shift both in global points of destination and in gender composition. Whereas early Philippine immigration consisted predominantly of male laborers to the United States, current flows are directed to more than 130 countries, each revealing distinctive sex differences in composition. To understand fully the gendered dimensions of this global shift, it is necessary to situate current patterns within a global context. The migration of Filipinos to the United States and the rest of the world must be seen as part of an institutional response to a changing world economy. Findings suggest that the role of government and private institutions is deeply implicated in the gendering of international labor migration. Moreover, a state's position in the global economy translates into different institutional pursuits and, hence, different processes and patterns of international labor migration.

367Human rights — Privacy — Right to respect for private life — Sexual privacy — Discrimination — Administrative discharge of applicants from armed forces on ground of homosexual orientation — Government policy banning homosexuals from serving in armed forces — Exercise of prerogative power — Defence of the realm — Applicants challenging legality of discharges — Whether challenge justiciable — Whether policy irrational — Public interest of effective fighting force — Grave assault on human rights — Balance of interests — Whether decision of Minister outrageously defying logic or accepted moral standards — Whether policy lawfulRelationship of international law and municipal law — European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, 1950 — Article 8 — Right to respect for private and family life — Whether Convention part of domestic law of England — Whether applicable — Equal Treatment Directive — Direct effect under European Community law — Distinction between gender and sex discrimination — Whether applicable — The law of England

ABSTRACT. Following a decade of top-down reform in which teachers were identified as the problem, rather than the solution, the current generation of Québec teachers has reacted with predictable skepticism and mistrust to the current wave of reforms. The success of government initiatives to revamp the curriculum and decentralize significant authority to schools hinges upon building a new working relationship with teacher organizations. RÉSUMÉ. Après une dizaine d'années de réforme descendante où les enseignants étaient présentés comme le problème plutôt que comme la solution, la génération actuelle de enseignants du Québec a réagi avec une dose prévisible de scepticisme et de méfiance à l'égard de la nouvelle vague de réformes. Lè succès des initiatives gouvernementales visant à remanier le cursus et à déléguer d'importants pouvoirs aux écoles dépend de l'établissement d'une nouvelle relation de travail avec les associations d'enseignants.

Debate currently rages over the development potential of Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFP) in tropical forests. Proponents of particular "solutions" can refer to evidence (case studies, data) which tend to support their interpretation of events and relationships. Recommendations thus frequently depend on how data are classified and interpreted. Inaccurate or incomplete classification leads to defective subsequent theories, models, and recommendations. We present a method for classifying very divergent case-study data, and some initial results as a basis for general understanding of key factors that influence a given result. Crucial issues determining outcomes of NTFP development include the nature of government involvement, distribution of property rights, the ability of local people to claim and enforce such rights, market transparency, and pressure on the resource. This paper concludes with suggestions for further testing and development of the methodology.

This paper presents an analysis of the perceptions held by for-hire and private trucking company logistics and operations managers about the impacts of congestion on their operations and the feasibility and effectiveness of actual and potential congestion mitigation policies. Responses to an extensive survey of nearly 1200 California-based or large national carriers are examined using confirmatory factor analysis. The method applied facilitates both the grouping of congestion relief policies into classes and the identification of characteristics of companies which lead them to favor one set of policies over others. This research comes at a time when California government leaders and transportation policy analysts are struggling with key resource allocation issues that will impact the short and long term future of goods movement in the state. To the greatest extent possible, insights of CVO users of the transportation network should be included in the policy analysis process.

Singapore accounted for 45-50% of the global shipment of HDD units during the 1986-96 period, making it the single most important location in the world for HDD assembly since the mid-1980s. The continuing concentration of the HDD industry in Singapore comes despite the significant increase in wage and land costs relative to her regional neighbours since the late 1980s. How has Singapore managed to attract and retain such a large share of this industry¹s manufacturing base? This study discusses the origins of the industry on the island, and how it subsequently grew and transformed. It examines the development of an internationally competitive local supplier base, the government¹s important influence on the evolution of the HDD industry in Singapore, and how these two groups helped to attract more technologically advanced HDD value chain activities to the island.

There was much to cheer about in Nepal in 1990. A multi-party system of governance had replaced the absolute monarchy and political structures and processes began to undergo fundamental alterations. Yet nine years later, the euphoria seems to have soured. The common perception is that the emergence of "democracy" has not necessarily resulted in good governance. In that context, this paper asserts that in Nepal, democracy is seen more as a vehicle for providing political legitimization than as a forum for the resolution of political differences. The paper also argues that whether or not the country was ready for it, in 1990, there was no other possible outcome but an imposition of the multi-party system of government. Finally, the paper asserts that for now, there should be more focus on acquiring instrumental legitimacy of economic growth to eliminate poverty than on the political legitimacy of democratic governance. (AJPS/DÜI)

AbstractOver the past decade, there have been important changes in the way in which governments in developed countries have approached the management of environmental problems. Ideas of ``partnership,'' public-private cooperation, and negotiated solutions have increasingly come to the fore, as the persistence and complexity of certain types of environmental challenge have come to be appreciated. This essay focuses on a particular type of collaboration: where groups based in different social domains establish cooperative relationships focused around managing specific environmental burdens over time. After presenting an ideal-type description of such a practically focused and negotiation-centered approach to environmental governance, the argument moves on to consider potential advantages, but also possible difficulties, that may be associated with this innovative management strategy. It suggests that collaborative and problem-oriented approaches are likely to prove central to the effort to implement sustainable development.

In het klimaat van vlak voor de Tweede Wereldoorlog zag de Revolutionair Socialistische Arbeiderspartij zich genoodzaakt een illegale radiozender op te richten. Als elke extreme groepering werd de partij in zijn doen en laten door de overheid gedwarsboomd. Met behulp van mondelinge bronnen — oud-RSAP'ers en andere direct betrokkenen — reconstrueert Dick de Winter de geschiedenis van een illegale omroep.'They could hear it all over Rotterdam!' The pirate Red Broadcasting Group of the RSAP, 1933.In the climate leading up to the eve of World War 11, the Revolutionair Socialistische Arbeiderspartij (Revolutionary Socialist Worker's Party - RSAP) feit compelled to set up a pirate radio transmitter. Similar to other extremist groups' activities, the party's efforts were thwarted by the government. With the help of spoken sources, including former RSAP members and other directly involved parties, Dick de Winter was able to reconstruct the history of a pirate broadcasting station.

This paper examines the relationship between unemployment and tax-benefit provisions for families with different numbers of children over the 1980s and 1990s in Australia. How have government policies influenced incentives to work for parents in families with different numbers of children during the 1980s and 1990s? And how can these changing incentives be related to the labour market activities of parents in these families? To examine these important questions we use tax-benefit modelling techniques on hypothetical families to show that for most of the 1980s and 1990s, the Australian tax-benefit system caused considerable incentive problems for low-paid workers, particularly those with several children. However, we also show that of themselves, these incentive problems appear unlikely to be responsible for the consistently high unemployment levels, or low employment levels, found among parents of large numbers of children.

Although substantive due process theory has lost much of its force as a local policymaking tool in the federal courts, the doctrine has played a significant role in the land use policies of Washington State. Relying on an ancient U.S. Supreme Court case, Lawton v. Steele, the Supreme Court of Washington has declared that legislation permitting government to pass the social costs of low-income housing demolition on to individual developers through development impact fees is "unduly oppressive" on those individuals and thus violates substantive due process. This Comment argues that the substantive due process doctrine the Supreme Court of Washington has applied is irrelevant under the Federal Constitution and inconsistent with Washington constitutional jurisprudence. Moreover, the Comment asserts that the substantive due process theory of Lawton v. Steele inappropriately permits courts to delve into the policymaking role of legislators.

The views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of Defense or the U.S. Government. ; Accurate underwater positioning remains an important challenge to AUV researchers. Recent development of Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) embedded in an AUV proved the capability of DGPS fixes to reduce the position error. By surfacing regularly, the AUV takes DGPS fixes and integrates them for position estimation. The purpose of this study is to develop a low-cost DGPS for the NPS AUV. To match mission requirements, the system is designed such that the differential receiver and the GPS receiver are two independent stations using radio modems to communicate. Local experimental testing showed that this system can yield positions within one to five meters accuracy. ; Office of Naval Research ; N0001498WR30175 ; Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

A facility-based protein crystallization apparatus for microgravity (PCAM) has been constructed and flown on a series of Space Shuttle Missions. The hardware development was undertaken largely because of the many important examples of quality improvements gained from crystal growth in the diffusion-limited environment in space. The concept was based on the adaptation for microgravity of a commonly available crystallization tray to increase sample density, to facilitate co-investigator participation and to improve flight logistics and handling. A co-investigator group representing scientists from industry, academia, and government laboratories has been established. Microgravity applications of the hardware have produced improvements in a number of structure-based crystallographic studies and include examples of enabling research. Additionally, the facility has been used to support fundamental research in protein crystal growth which has delineated factors contributing to the effect of microgravity on the growth and quality of protein crystals. ; Peer reviewed

Both health inequalities and social group health differences are important aspects of measuring population health. Despite widespread recognition of their magnitude in many high- and low-income countries, there is considerable debate about the meaning and measurement of health inequalities, social group health differences and inequities. The lack of standard definitions, measurement strategies and indicators has and will continue to limit comparisons--between and within countries, and over time--of health inequalities, and perhaps more importantly comparative analyses of their determinants. Such comparative work, however, will be essential to find effective policies for governments to reduce health inequalities. This article addresses the question of whether we should be measuring health inequalities or social group health differences. To help clarify the strengths and weaknesses of these two approaches, we review some of the major arguments for and against each of them.