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AbstractEducation has contributed to a society-wide awareness of environmental issues, and we areincreasingly confronted with the need for new ways to generate energy, save water andreduce pollution. Thus new forms of work are emerging and government, employers andeducators need to know what 'green' skills South Africa needs and has. This creates a newdemand for 'green skills' research. We propose that this new knowledge field – like someother educational fields – requires a transformative approach to research methodology. Inconducting reviews of existing research, we found that a transformative approach requires areframing of key concepts commonly used in researching work and learning; multi-layered,mixed method studies; researching within and across diverse knowledge fields includingnon-traditional fields; and both newly configured national platforms and new conceptualframeworks to help us integrate coherently across these. Critical realism is presented as ahelpful underpinning for such conceptual frameworks, and implications for howuniversities prepare educational researchers are flagged.

New mobility landscape is expeditiously evolving in order to meet the requirements of the rapid urbanization. The "Autonomous Electric Vehicles (AEVs)" have gained importance in the field of mobility and is driven by numerous technological breakthroughs from automakers to tech companies, industry partnerships, and government agencies. The status and trends of developments in AEV technology creates a wave of transformations in topics like transportation, energy consumption, environment, and society. This work examines the relevant opportunities of AEVs as a means for public transportation in an urban ecosystem and the various impacts associated with the autonomous driving technologies. This holistic assessment consists of the impacts of AEV's on energy consumption, ride comfort, travel time and infrastructure. In addition, operational mechanisms of autonomous vehicles such as platooning, eco-driving are evaluated and presented within the paper. Finally, this assessment provides a window to judge the consequences of the intervention of AEV in the public transit system.

In Nigeria, the Lassa Fever outbreak of 2015 had been persistent up till the present (end of 2019), with significant mortality and morbidity. The epidemiology of Lassa Fever is gradually changing towards assuming an endemic dimension despite several evidence-based efforts taken by stakeholders towards disease control. Several challenges militate against prevention and control efforts. These are related to environmental and climatic factors, poor knowledge risk perception and preventive practices among community members and health care workers, poor diagnosis and treatments of the disease. It is doubtful that Nigeria could successfully win the war against Lassa Fever without surmounting the challenges identified in this review article. The efforts to curtail Lassa Fever would yield significant reduction in prevalence if these challenges militating against prevention and control are removed. This would require collaborative efforts among all stakeholders that are relevant to this task, and Governments creating an enabling environment for prevention and control efforts to thrive. ; peer-reviewed

Indonesia is one of the most democratized countries in Asia. There have been some improvements both in political and legal aspects; the most powerful legal reform was the amendments of the 1945 Constitution. In the context of civil and political rights, Indonesian people have exercised their constitutional rights to select political leaders, rotate elites and to enjoy greater civil liberty, even though there are still many rooms for improvements. One of the most vital hurdles is the failure of the reformed governments to settle gross-violation of human rights cases happened in the past. Suharto's authoritarian regime had exercised repressive actions toward oppositions and civil society movements, including universities' students, activists and minorities. The ad hoc Court of Human Rights had failed to reveal the truth for some prominent cases, let alone providing remedy and reconciliation. It was highly believed that the trials were conducted only as safeguards to prevent international intervention on Indonesia's past unlawful violations.

Propagation of cassava through in vitro culture is required by farmers and agro industries to fulfill the need of the best and the newest clone as soon as after that clone is released by government. The objective of this research is to know the effect of the application of four concentration of benzyl adenine on the growth and proliferation of cassava shoot in vitro. Explants used were one-node cuttings of cassava about 1 cm length, grown in polybags. This research was arranged in completely randomized design with the treatments consisting of four concentrations of benzyl adenine: 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 mg/l added of basic media of Murashige and Skoog. Each treatment was replicated 4 times with 5 explants in each experimet al unit. The best growth and micro-shoot propagation of cassava in vitro was indicated by treatment of 0.5 mg/l benzyl adenine.Key words: cassava, benzyl adenin, in vitro, micro-shoot

Rural, ethnically diverse residents face at least twice the risk of Alzheimer's disease than urban residents. Chronic diseases such as diabetes and hypertension which increase dementia risk are more prevalent in rural areas with less access to specialty providers. A home-based approach for increasing dementia detection and treatment rates was tested among rural residents of government-assisted independent living facilities (N = 139; 78% non-White, and 70% with health literacy below 5th grade). Of 28 residents identified at risk during cognitive screening, 25 agreed to further in-depth assessment by adult gerontological nurse practitioners (AGNP). Fifteen of 25 (60%) completing consequent primary provider referrals were diagnosed with dementia and receiving new care (statistically significant; [χ(2)(1) = 76.67, p < .001, Phi = 0.743]). Home-based dementia management through a community engagement approach can help to meet the Healthy People 2030 goals of earlier detection and treatment and reduce the length of costly institutionalizations.

During the coronavirus disease pandemic rising in 2020, governments and nongovernmental organizations across the globe have taken great efforts to curb the infection rate by promoting or legally prescribing behavior that can reduce the spread of the virus. At the same time, this pandemic has given rise to speculations and conspiracy theories. Conspiracy worldviews have been connected to refusal to trust science, the biomedical model of disease, and legal means of political engagement in previous research. In three studies from the United States (N = 220; N = 288) and the UK (N = 298), we went beyond this focus on a general conspiracy worldview and tested the idea that different forms of conspiracy beliefs despite being positively correlated have distinct behavioral implications. Whereas conspiracy beliefs describing the pandemic as a hoax were more strongly associated with reduced containment-related behavior, conspiracy beliefs about sinister forces purposefully creating the virus related to an increase in self-centered prepping behavior.

Utilizing evidence from a United Kingdom (UK) road case study Private Finance Initiative (PFI) project, this article considers how the UK central government's infrastructure strategy is operationalized through accounting‐based performance measures and incentive systems, and articulates how the adoption of such systems is moderated by trust practices. The findings indicate that initial government policy objectives, translated as performance indicators in the case study, failed to offer adequate incentives for contractors and created tensions. However, controls were later developed through inter‐party trust practices for managing performance and relational risk. These findings have important implications for PFI policy and practice, including that negotiation can: (i) lead to pragmatic controls being introduced to foster cooperation and trust‐building; and (ii) provide opportunities for adapting the monitoring and incentive mechanisms. This study also contributes to the previous literature where PFI control systems were largely regarded as inadequate for dealing with unforeseen conflicts between parties.

The growing use of evidence-based preventive interventions for youth substance use in Latin American countries has prompted governments, researchers, and practitioners to ask if communities are ready for implementing these interventions, especially in light of the elevated costs and long-term commitment necessary for successful implementation. This study explores the construct validity of a measure of community readiness for prevention, using confirmatory factor and latent profile analyses of 7 measures theorized to be indicators of community readiness for implementing preventive interventions for youth substance use. Data were obtained from 211 community leaders in 16 communities in Colombia. Results indicate that community readiness can be represented as a unidimensional construct with multiple profiles of varying levels of readiness. Findings suggest community readiness can be measured adequately as a latent construct and that its indicators can be used diagnostically to assess areas where readiness could be improved for better implementation of evidence-based preventive interventions.

Existing research has argued that terrorism is common in civil war because it is "effective." Surprisingly, however, only some groups use terrorism during civil wars, while many refrain altogether. We also see considerable variation in the use of terrorism over time. This article presents a theory of terrorism as a mobilization strategy in civil war, taking into account benefits, costs, and temporal dynamics. We argue that the choice and the timing of terrorism arise from the interaction between conditions for effective mobilization and battlefield dynamics. Terrorism can mobilize support when it provokes indiscriminate government repression or when it radicalizes rebels' constituency by antagonizing specific societal groups. The timing of attacks, however, is in uenced by battlefield losses, which increase rebels' need to rally civilian support. The analyses of new disaggregated data on rebels' terrorist attacks during con icts (1989-2009) and of ISIS tactics in Iraq and Syria support our theoretical argument.

When confronted with mass uprisings, governments deploy their security forces for crowd control or repression. However, sometimes security agencies choose to side with the opposition movement. Recent work shows that "fragmentation" contributes to defection: fragmenting the security forces into parallel units leads to oversight problems and grievances among soldiers, which raises the risk of members of the security forces defecting to the opposition movement. However, I argue that the effect on defection is strongly moderated by the circumstances under which states choose to fragment their military: fragmentation for the purpose of security specialization, called "differentiation," even decreases its risk. Employing Bayesian multilevel modeling, the findings corroborate this distinction. The study contributes to the fundamental discussion on civil–military relations, shedding light on why some conflict situations see security defections while others do not. Understanding this phenomenon is a pivotal element to explaining how conflicts develop, escalate, and end.

The researchers from Lithuanian Institute of Agrarian economics confirmed that classification of Lithuanian regions by rurality into 5 groups is a more comprehensive method to reveal economic and social differences of the regions than the method used by the government at the present by classifying regions in to the problematic and non-problematic regions (Melnikienė et al., 2011). The object of the research – municipalities of different rurality degree. The objective of this paper – to analyze population density and demographic situation from 2011 to 2018 changes in municipalities of different rurality degree in Lithuania. Our research has revealed, that on average rural municipalities cover area 10 times larger than urban municipalities and 1,2 times larger than semi-urban municipalities. Taking into account population density, natural population change, net migration, old-age dependency ratio in 2011 and 2018, it was found that 10 municipalities are improving, 19 municipalities - unchanged and 16 municipalities - worsening.

Corona's virus outbreak worldwide and the World Health Organization set the status of Pandemic Corona Virus Desease 19 which also struck Indonesia and the government established as a type of disease that caused the emergency of public health which therefore imposed a large social restriction that led to the termination of office activities and also resulted in a surge of employment relationship everywhere. Such conditions cause no obligation to be fulfilled in accordance with the credit agreement due to circumstances that are outside the authority of the Parties (Force Majeure). This research uses the type of normative research that is analytic by the analysis of secondary data conducted with the collection tools of document studies sourced from primary, secondary and tertiary legal materials, where the research results are analyzed qualitatively related to pandemic Corona Virus Desease 19 as a state of Force Majeure. Keywords: Pandemic COVID-19, Force Majeure, Credit

The COVID-19 pandemic has been described as a 'once in a lifetime' crisis that has severely upended peoples' wellbeing and security, with potentially long-lasting consequences. Governments have already taken measures to restrict supply chain activities, people movement and food exports. Absent well-thought out preparedness planning and policy responses, the disruptive impact of pandemics can rapidly escalate into a food crisis of global proportions, aggravating problems of malnutrition and hunger, and potentially triggering conflicts. This NTS Insight examines the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on food security in Asia, and explores measures that countries can take to 'pandemic-proof' the food security of their constituents to prevent pandemic-induced food crises. It looks at Singapore's approaches in food security as potential best-practices for countries that both produce and import food, and also proposes a roadmap in averting and mitigating the serious consequences of pandemics on food security.

The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in the worst economic downturn since the Great Depression. This is largely due to the disruption of supply chains in China caused by the pandemic. The global economic fallout has impelled governments from the West and Asia to persuade firms to decouple from China and reshore their operations to attain supply chain resilience through self-sufficiency. In the context of these developments, this report argues that it would be difficult for firms to decouple from China and ramp-up on self-sufficiency as a means to greater supply chain resilience. It also argues against a rigid, binary approach of either completely relying or decoupling from China, advocating instead that firms pursue supply chain resilience by being nimble and strategically switching their operations between China and other countries when needed. This can be achieved through three key strategies that involve diversified supply chains, circular supply chains and supply chain visibility.