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Abstract

From a public health perspective, alcohol advertising should not be directed at vulnerable groups, nor should it portray excessive drinking or other objectionable content such as illegal activity. To promote the responsible advertising of alcoholic beverages, alcohol industry groups have developed self‐regulation guidelines that describe which types of content (and exposure markets) are unacceptable. In 2006 the US Beer Institute revised the content guidelines of the 1997 Beer Code. This study was designed to determine whether these changes made the revised Code more or less likely for expert judges to report guideline violations, and for alcohol advertisements to include otherwise inappropriate content from a public health perspective.


Six alcohol advertisements known or suspected to have multiple content violations were rated by 139 experts selected on the basis of their expertise in public health, mental health, alcohol research and marketing. The ads were rated on two occasions with feedback about other viewers' ratings provided at the second rating. The data were collected by means of a computer‐based rating program that used multiple items to evaluate the eight major content guidelines of the US Beer Code. The ratings were scored according to both the 1997 and the 2006 versions of the Beer Code.


According to the 1997 criteria, raters identified an average of 26 guideline violations across the six ads; the number of violations was reduced to 18 when the 2006 criteria were applied. The difference was statistically significant and was primarily attributable to changes in guidelines dealing with the portrayal of illegal activity, humorous situations and the act of drinking.


By removing or revising commonly violated guidelines, the 2006 Beer Code revision permits portrayal of previously objectionable ad content and increases the likelihood that risky drinking behaviours will be portrayed in US beer advertisements.

Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The so-called Parity Act was an important milestone in the promotion of gender equality in Portugal, due, amongst other things, to its impact upon an electoral system that the inertia of the party political system had been unable to change. Analyses of the appearance of quota policies in Portugal have not generally considered the role played by the main official body for equality, the Commission for Citizenship and Gender Equality, and its networks. However, as Mona Lena Krook has pointed out, efforts to increase the number of women in political office have rarely occurred without the mobilization of women. This paper adopts the state feminism approach to explore the Commission's decisive role in presenting feminist claims before the state (a role that has been systematically ignored), focusing on the way this body as well as the women's associations related to it have contributed to promote women's participation in politics in Portugal.

Abstract
Background
The implementation of emission mitigation policies in Europe over the last two decades has generally improved the air quality, which resulted in lower aerosol particle mass, particle number, and black carbon mass concentration. However, little is known whether the decreasing particle concentrations at a lower-altitude level can be observed in the free troposphere (FT), an important layer of the atmosphere, where aerosol particles have a longer lifetime and may affect climate dynamics. In this study, we used data from two high-Alpine observatories, Zugspitze-Schneefernerhaus (ZSF) and Jungfraujoch (JFJ), to assess the long-term trends on size-resolved particle number concentrations (PNCs) and equivalent black carbon (eBC) mass concentration separated for undisturbed lower FT conditions and under the influence of air from the planetary boundary layer (PBL) from 2009 to 2018.

Results
The FT and PBL-influenced conditions were segregated for both sites. We found that the FT conditions in cold months were more prevalent than in warm months, while the measured aerosol parameters showed different seasonal patterns for the FT and PBL-influenced conditions. The pollutants in the PBL-influenced condition have a higher chance to be transported to high-altitudes due to the mountainous topography, leading to a higher concentration and more distinct seasonal variation, and vice versa. The long-term trends of the measured aerosol parameters were evaluated and the decreased aerosol concentrations were observed for both FT and PBL-influenced conditions. The observed decreasing trends in eBC concentration in the PBL-influenced condition are well consistent with the reported trends in total BC emission in Germany and Switzerland. The decreased concentrations in the FT condition suggest that the background aerosol concentration in the lower FT over Central Europe has correspondingly decreased. The change of back trajectories in the FT condition at ZSF and JFJ was further evaluated to investigate the other possible drivers for the decreasing trends.

Conclusions
The background aerosol concentration in the lower FT over Central Europe has significantly decreased during 2009–2018. The implementation of emission mitigation policies is the most decisive factor and the decrease of the regional airmass occurrence over Central Europe also has contributed to the decreasing trends.

Did Thailand's multiple parties and factions influence cabinet and coalition durability in the period 1979 to 2001? If so, which one — parties or factions — was the more significant? Taking a Transaction Costs Analysis approach, this article addresses these questions and argues that intra-party factions, as the building blocks of Thai parliamentary politics, have been more important than parties, such that each additional faction in a cabinet triggers a reduction in the longevity of prime ministerial terms and cabinets while affecting the durability of coalitions. Furthermore, while factions tend to shorten parliamentary and cabinet terms, they have the opposite effect on coalition terms. The study suggests that where parties are less cohesive, informal institutions within parties are of considerable importance.

Do business contributions to political parties convey different messages in different countries, and, if so, why? This article presents a pioneering cross-national study of firm behavior in political finance. It argues that motivations for contributions to parties are either ideological or pragmatic. The author infers motivation by quantitatively relating the payments of 960 firms to various political parties in Australia, Canada, and Germany over periods of between seven and seventeen years. In coordinated market economy Germany, a small number of firms made ideological payments; in liberal market economy Australia and Canada, large numbers of firms made pragmatic payments. Australia's left-right party system creates an awareness of policy risk, which motivated ideological payments, but in Canada's unusually nonideological party system no ideological bias in business financing of politics was found. The statistical analysis is supplemented by a qualitative investigation of discrete and reciprocal exchanges between businesses and political parties.

We examine how clearly citizens in Norway and the United States perceive the ideology and issue positions of parties and candidates. Following in the tradition of Campbell & Valen (1966) and Granberg & Holmberg (1988). we ask: Does the political system matter? We also consider the role of individual sophistication and whether sophistication has different consequences in the two cultural setting. Across a broad range of issues, we find that citizens in Norway have a sharper view of party positions than those in the United States. Sophistication influences the clarity of issue perception in both countries. However, the hypothesis that sophistication matters more in the US is not well supported.

Inclusive education has many different meanings and interpretations. There is still some uncertainty about the difference between inclusive and special education for individuals with disabilities, sometimes known as special schools (SLB). Meanwhile, the term inclusive education is not known in the National Education System Law, which uses the term "special education and special services," which is explained in Article 32 of Law No. 20 of 2003 concerning the National Education System: (i) Special education is education for students who have difficulty levels. Participating in the learning process due to physical, emotional, mental, social, intellectual potential and special talents. (ii) Special service education is education for students in remote or underdeveloped areas, remote indigenous peoples, and experiencing natural disasters, social disasters, and economically disadvantaged. This research's problem approaches are conceptual, statutory, and case approaches. Based on this, we found that the ambiguity of norms affects the pattern of providing education for persons with disabilities, namely the dualism of providing education for persons with disabilities with a special and inclusive approach which has an impact on legal uncertainty in norms, concepts and implementation.

[EN] New combustion concepts are being investigated to develop cleaner engines. One of the most promising is partially premixed combustion. The mechanisms of this combustion mode and its impact on performance and emissions have been studied in the previous years. Nevertheless, little research has been done from the point of view of heat transfer. In particular, the influence of the injection strategy on heat transfer is of great interest in partially premixed combustion. This work presents a method to calculate convective heat transfer to the piston. The method uses a combination of gas velocity models and experimental velocity data measured with the PIV technique. This method was applied to achieve the goal of studying the effect of the number of injections on heat rejection. First, the influence of the injection strategy on gas motion was examined. To do that, an analysis of the velocity components relevant to gas-surface convection was conducted, as well as of the resulting heat transfer coefficient. Next, heat flux results were discussed. The single injection strategy showed the highest heat transfer, followed by triple injection and double injection. Important instantaneous variations of heat flux were observed at different locations of the piston bowl. All findings were associated with concurring conditions of high gas velocity, density and temperature. ; The authors gratefully acknowledge the Swedish Energy Agency Sweden and the Competence Center for Combustion Processes KCFP. The authors also would like to acknowledge that part of the work has been partially funded by the Spanish government under the grant José Castillejo (JC2015/0036). Research leading to this work has also received funding from Universitat Politècnica de València Spain through the contract FPI-S2-2016 1357 of Programa de Apoyo para la Investigación y Desarrollo (PAID-01 16) . ; Tanov, S.; Salvador-Iborra, J.; Andersson, Ö.; Olmeda, P.; García Martínez, A. (2017). Influence of the number of injections on piston heat rejection under low ...

335 345 153 ; S ; [EN] New combustion concepts are being investigated to develop cleaner engines. One of the most promising is partially premixed combustion. The mechanisms of this combustion mode and its impact on performance and emissions have been studied in the previous years. Nevertheless, little research has been done from the point of view of heat transfer. In particular, the influence of the injection strategy on heat transfer is of great interest in partially premixed combustion. This work presents a method to calculate convective heat transfer to the piston. The method uses a combination of gas velocity models and experimental velocity data measured with the PIV technique. This method was applied to achieve the goal of studying the effect of the number of injections on heat rejection. First, the influence of the injection strategy on gas motion was examined. To do that, an analysis of the velocity components relevant to gas-surface convection was conducted, as well as of the resulting heat transfer coefficient. Next, heat flux results were discussed. The single injection strategy showed the highest heat transfer, followed by triple injection and double injection. Important instantaneous variations of heat flux were observed at different locations of the piston bowl. All findings were associated with concurring conditions of high gas velocity, density and temperature. The authors gratefully acknowledge the Swedish Energy Agency Sweden and the Competence Center for Combustion Processes KCFP. The authors also would like to acknowledge that part of the work has been partially funded by the Spanish government under the grant José Castillejo (JC2015/0036). Research leading to this work has also received funding from Universitat Politècnica de València Spain through the contract FPI-S2-2016 1357 of Programa de Apoyo para la Investigación y Desarrollo (PAID-01 16) . Tanov, S.; Salvador-Iborra, J.; Andersson, Ö.; Olmeda, P.; García Martínez, A. (2017). Influence of the number of injections on piston heat ...

The Green Economy has turned into a growing trend in the fourth industrial revolution (industry 4.0), particularly after the Covid-19 pandemic hit the world. The efforts to increase the investment (investor domination) in Law Number 11 of 2020 on Job Creation are apparently not reinforced by other instruments and overlook the principle of sustainable development. This study aims to analyze the legislative policy regarding the criminal sanction of the corporation which commits criminal acts related to prevention and eradication of forest destruction after the enactment of Law No. 11 of 2020 on Job Creation. The main observed issue is in the incompatible formulation of administrative sanctions and criminal sanctions. Hence, to analyze such matters, this qualitative research employs a normative legal perspective. This study finds the incompatible formulation of 'Criminal Sanctions' on Corporations, as it is stated in Article 82 Paragraph (3), Article 84 Paragraph (3), Article 85 Paragraph (2), and Article 96 Paragraph (2). Moreover, there is also an unfitting interpretation of 'Administrative Sanctions' in the "forms of administra­tive fines". ; Ekonomi hijau menjadi tren yang berkembang pada revolusi industri keempat (industri 4.0) terutama setelah pandemi Covid-19 melanda dunia. Upaya peningkatan investasi (dominasi investor) dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2020 tentang Cipta Kerja rupanya tidak diperkuat dengan instrumen lain dan meng­abaikan prinsip pembangunan berkelanjutan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kebijakan legislatif mengenai sanksi pidana korporasi yang melakukan tindak pidana terkait pencegahan dan pemberantasan perusakan hutan pasca berlakunya Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2020 tentang Cipta Kerja. Masalah utama yang harus dicermati adalah tidak sesuainya perumusan sanksi administrasi dan sanksi pidana. Oleh karena itu, untuk menganalisis hal-hal tersebut, penelitian kualitatif ini menggunakan perspektif hukum normatif. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa rumusan 'Sanksi Pidana' terhadap Korporasi dalam Pasal 82 Ayat (3), Pasal 84 Ayat (3), Pasal 85 Ayat (2), dan Pasal 96 Ayat (2) tidak sesuai. Selain itu, terdapat pula penafsiran yang kurang tepat mengenai 'Sanksi Administratif' dalam "bentuk denda administratif".

Studies of attitudes toward the two major US political parties have relied on either the Center for Political Studies' open-ended party likes/dislikes questions or its party feeling thermometers. Problems arise with interpreting (1) nonresponses or balanced responses on the open-ended items as indicators of neutrality, & (2) the thermometer at face value. Discriminant analysis can address these problems by extrapolating from the thermometers the party attitudes of those with nonresponses or balanced responses on the open-ended items. Reanalysis of the national survey data using a measure based on this procedure produces far more prototypical partisans, ie, those positive toward one party & negative toward the other, than do other studies. Positive-negatives did decline after 1964 with the infusion of young people into the electorate, the increase in independents, & the political traumas of the 1960s & 1970s, but by 1984 most Americans were positive-negatives. This reversal suggests the resiliency of electoral partisanship. 7 Tables, 3 Figures, 31 References. HA

"Why are some countries richer than others and why do some economies grow more rapidly? The Politics of Technological Progress answers these vital questions by highlighting the importance of technological progress for sustained economic development. The author also explains why some countries exhibit faster technological progress than others. Armed with a wealth of cross-national empirical evidence, Professor Simmons stresses the importance of properly constructed political parties for establishing an environment conducive to technological progress. 'Well-institutionalized' ruling parties are essential for technological progress, he argues, because only in such parties are time horizons long enough for governments to accept the deferred returns that are an inherent feature of government efforts to encourage innovation and technology adoption in the economy"--