Suchergebnisse

"Seit 1998 - und verstärkt im Zuge der so genannten Hartz-Reformen - werden Vermittlungsdienstleistungen privater Anbieter zunehmend öffentlich über Contracting Out und Gutscheinverfahren gefördert und als Alternative zur öffentlichen Arbeitsvermittlung diskutiert. Das vorliegende Papier stellt aktuelle theoretische und empirische Befunde zu diesen Privatisierungsformen vor. Zunächst werden die Funktionsvoraussetzungen einer Steuerung der Leistungserbringung durch private Dienstleister (Agenten) im Auftrag der öffentlichen Hand (Prinzipal) an so genannten Quasi-Märkten erörtert. Sodann werden Ergebnisse der Evaluation der neuen Vermittlungsinstrumente Beauftragung Dritter nach Paragr. 37 SGB III, Eingliederungsmaßnahmen nach Paragr. 421i SGB III und dem Vermittlungsgutschein vorgelegt, gefolgt von Befunden zum Kontraktmanagement von Arbeitsvermittlungsdienstleistungen in Australien, Großbritannien (Employment Zones) und den Niederlanden. Aufgrund der deutschen und internationalen Ergebnisse kommen die Autoren zu dem Schluss, dass angesichts der komplexen Funktionsvoraussetzungen und des hohen Regulierungsbedarfs die Effizienzsteigerungspotentiale der Arbeitsvermittlung durch die Beauftragung privater Dritter beschränkt bleiben. Der Ausbau der dezentralen Handlungsspielräume der öffentlichen Arbeitsvermittlung stellt eine funktionale Alternative der Effizienzmobilisierung dar, deren Möglichkeiten noch nicht ausgeschöpft werden." (Autorenreferat)

International Relations scholars have long neglected the question of leadership in international organizations. The structural turn in International Relations led to an aversion to analysing or theorizing the impact of individuals. Yet, empirical studies suggest that different leaders affect the extent to which international organizations facilitate cooperation among states and/or the capacity of a global agency to deliver public goods. It is difficult to study how and under what conditions leaders have an impact due to the challenges of attributing outcomes to a particular leader and great variation in their powers and operating context. We offer a starting point for overcoming these challenges. We identify three different types of constraints that executive heads face: legal-political, resource and bureaucratic. We argue that leaders can navigate and push back on each of these constraints and provide illustrations of this, drawing on existing literature and interviews with executive heads and senior management of international organizations. Executive heads of international organizations may operate in a constrained environment but this should not stop scholars from studying their impact.

AbstractThis article makes two main propositions about the role of due diligence in international law, in response to recent interest in the topic. First, a legal requirement to exercise due diligence may be a component part of a primary rule of international law, but this can only be determined by referring back to the primary rule in question (eg what degree of fact-finding does treaty provision X require a State party to that treaty to undertake, either explicitly or implicitly, to act consistently with its terms?). In other words, there is no 'general principle of due diligence' in international law. Second, States undertake what could be characterised as 'due diligence' activity (eg by introducing policy guidance for their officials), some elements of which may be a result of a legal requirement and some of which may not (eg where done solely for policy reasons). Current practice of the United Kingdom and United States is used to illustrate the point. The lack of a distinction between the 'legal' and 'non-legal' elements of conduct in a given area gives States the flexibility to act without feeling unduly constrained by international law, and at the same time actually promotes compliance with international law and may assist in its development over time. In contrast, pushing for a 'general principle of due diligence' in international law is unnecessary, and risks having a chilling effect on this positive legal/policy 'due diligence' behaviour by States.

Despite severe economic, political, and natural setbacks in Benin in 2010, its economic growth has accelerated in 2011. The Executive Board of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) has appreciated Benin's economic performance under the program supported by the Extended Credit Facility (ECF). Based on the satisfactory performance and strong policy commitments, the Executive Board has granted a waiver for Benin. Directors have emphasized that a prudent fiscal policy is essential to preserve macroeconomic stability

This overview of 'methodology problems' in international economic law (IEL) and adjudication defines 'legal methodology' as the 'best way' for identifying the 'sources' of law, legitimate authority, the methods of legal interpretation, law-making and adjudication, the 'primary rules of conduct' and 'secondary rules of recognition, change and adjudication', the relationships between 'legal positivism', 'natural law' and 'social theories of law', and the 'dual nature' of modern legal systems. It discusses the methodological challenges resulting from the often incomplete, fragmented and under-theorized nature of multilevel, public and private regulation of transnational movements of goods, services, persons, capital and related payments. Governments and lawyers disagree on how to define the legitimate functions of IEL as an instrument of social change, the 'legal system' of IEL, and how to transform the 'law in the books' into socially effective 'law in action' so as to protect the rights and welfare of citizens more effectively. Democratic, republican and cosmopolitan constitutionalism suggest that the five competing conceptions of IEL as (1) international law among states, (2) private international law (e.g. commercial, investment and 'conflicts law'), (3) multilevel economic regulation (e.g. based on 'law and economics'), (4) global administrative law and (5) multilevel constitutional law (e.g. in European common market and monetary regulation) need to be integrated; they must protect democratic, republican and cosmopolitan rights of citizens who - as 'constituent powers', 'democratic principals' and main economic actors - must hold multilevel governance institutions and their limited, delegated powers legally, democratically and judicially more accountable so as to limit 'market failures' as well as 'governance failures' more effectively. Arguably, the universal recognition of human and constitutional rights of citizens requires cosmopolitan reforms of IEL and stronger judicial remedies for protection of transnational rule of law.

Im ersten Teil eine Beschreibung der Rassenpolitik der RSA-Regierungen, insbesondere der historischen Folge der gesetzlichen Grundlagen. Im zweiten Teil eine Zusammenstellung der UNO-Bemühungen, auf der Basis völkerrechtlicher Grundsätze gegen die Apartheid-Politik vorzugehen. (DÜI-Wsl)