Suchergebnisse

Why apply science to writing? -- Some caveats on science applied to writing -- Introduction to legal documents -- A word about legal research and outlining -- Deductive and inductive reasoning -- Which type of legal reasoning works best? -- Does format matter? -- Does correct grammar matter? -- Why is passive voice so hated? -- Readability and plain language -- Narrative -- Macro-organization of legal analysis -- Introductions, transitions, and conclusions -- Micro-organization of legal analysis -- What legal readers read and what they don't read -- Citation : does anybody really care? -- How do you persuade in legal writing? -- Do intensifiers really intensify? -- Is less more? -- Learning legal writing -- Are bad writers bad lawyers? -- The top ten takeaways from the science behind the art of legal writing.

The notion of discourse represents a major novelty in modern theory of nationalism. Discursive approach as a key method of social investigation continues to earn indisputable authority in modern science. The article is dedicated to study of nationalism as a specific social discourse and the way of cognizing and interpreting social reality.

The United Nations Advisory Committee on the Application of Science and Technology to Development has said:The considered view of the Committee is that, in present circumstances, the wider and more intensive application of existing knowledge, suitably adapted to local conditions, provides the best prospect of securing rapid advancement in the developing countries.

Held at the University of Hawaii and sponsored by the National Academy of Sciences, Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, and the University of Hawaii. ; Includes bibliographies. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Body/Politics demonstrates how many of the controversies in modern science involve or invoke the feminine body as their battleground. This groundbreaking collection addresses such scientific issues as artificial fertilization, the "crisis" in childbirth management,and the medical invention of "female" maladies and the debates surrounding them. In the process it makes an important attempt to remedy the traditional division between science and non-science by focusing on the interconnection of literary, social, and scientific discourses concerning the female body. The editors have brought toget

In Antarctica, science and regulation tightly and deliberately interact. In this interaction, science is the privileged provider of information for decision-making and embodies people's judgements, including risk. Regulation achieves objectives through strategies of enforcement and compliance. Yet, both science and regulation consider risks and uncertainties in different ways. Antarctic governance is expected to accommodate increasing risk, as many countries, including Australia and China, continue to collaborate and compete on the scientific, political and legal frontiers of Antarctica. Although a collapse of the Antarctic Treaty System seems unlikely, potential conflicts between growing national interests and various human activities put pressure on the governance of Antarctica. Uncertainty inherently exists in science, regulation, individuals and their interaction; however, there is lack of relevant research in Antarctica. Without a comprehensive understanding and investigation of the science–regulation interface, there is a greater risk of conflict among Antarctic nations and individuals. To investigate the uncertainties in the science–regulation interface in Antarctic governance, a new conceptual framework is proposed that incorporates three conceptualised uncertainties: regulatory uncertainty, scientific uncertainty and individuals' uncertainty. To analyse these uncertainties, this research investigates different understandings and considerations of regulations, reports of governmental meetings, scientific efforts in decision-making, and the views of experienced Antarctic research scientists from Australia and China. Uncertainty is established as the link between the different disciplines and stakeholder paradigms, and it is posited that the degrees of uncertainty should be managed by the cooperation between science, knowledge and individuals in Antarctica. This new conceptual framework and its application to three types of uncertainty identifies improvements to the long-term goals of avoiding conflict and ...

THE GERMAN PARTY DEBATE CONCERNING EUROPEAN COMMUNITY POLICYMAKING IS A LOW KEY AFFAIR WHICH CONTRASTS GREATLY WITH THE SITUATION IN BRITAIN. THIS PAPER EXAMINES THE FORM OF THE DEBATE IN THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC AND ARGUES THAT THE NATURE OF THE EUROPEAN INSTITUTIONS, OF THE GERMAN PARTY SYSTEM AND, PARTICULARLY, OF INTERNAL PARTY POLICY-MAKING ACCOUNT FOR THIS SITUATION. THREE SHORT CASE HISTORIES ARE USED TO SHOW THE OPERATIONS OF THE 'GERMAN MODEL' OF PARTY POLICYMAKING. THE CONCLUSION IS THAT THE PARTIES SEEM TO LACK ANY CLEAR FUNCTION IN THEIR ACTIVITIES IN CONNECTION WITH THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY.

Over the last two decades Iran has gone through major industrial transformation, in spite of major obstacles in the path of the country's development. This comprehensive book examines the Iranian government's mobilization of resources to develop science and technology, presenting an overview of the structure, dynamics, and outcomes of the government's science and technology policies. It evaluates sectors at the systems level and emphasizes the prominence of government, rather than of the market, in the innovation system of the Iranian economy. Written by authors who are in positions of leaders

`Globalization' has largely superseded the term `economic interdependence' to describe the rapidly growing links between nations, economies, and societies. The effects that the internationalization of the world system has on social equality, the environment, and economic growth are, however, still largely disputed. In this article, we discuss the literature that covers another intensively debated issue and which attempts to assess the relationship between trade and interstate conflict. Although liberal economists maintain that economic interdependence exerts an unconditionally pacifying influence on interstate relations, we show that the most recent formal work expects that trade will have a negligible and, in the perspective of one important model at least, even an amplifying effect on conflict. Much empirical work, by contrast, supports the claim that the relationship between trade and conflict is direct and not mitigated by contextual factors. We review the different controversies on the link between economic interdependence and militarized disputes and outline some major challenges that have not yet been adequately dealt with in the scientific study of war and peace.

OpenAIRE ist der größte Aufbereiter von EU-geförderten und anderen, nationalen Forschungsergebnissen. Es unterstützt Open Science in ganz Europa und bietet außerdem bedarfsbasierte Services wie beispielsweise den OpenAIRE Research Grafph für Forschungsgemeinschaften, Content Provider und Förderer. Im Jahr 2009 wurde OpenAIRE als Projekt der Europäischen Kommission zur Begleitung des wissenschaftlichen Prozesses in Richtung Open Access und Open Science etabliert. Das Akronym OpenAIRE steht für "Open Access Infrastructure for Research in Europe". Durch seine Infrastruktur stellt OpenAIRE On-Demand-Dienste für Forschungsgemeinschaften, Institutionen und Förderer bereit. Ein wichtiger Schritt hin zur Verstetigung der OpenAIRE-Initiative stellt die Gründung der gemeinnützigen Organisation "OpenAIRE AMKE" im September 2018 dar. OpenAIRE stellt damit die Präsenz seines europaweiten Open-Science-Netzwerks und den Betrieb seiner partizipativen Infrastruktur für offene wissenschaftliche Kommunikation auf eine stabile Grundlage. Die OpenAIRE AMKE bildet sich aus Mitgliedseinrichtungen, wobei das Prinzip gilt: pro Land eine Stimme. Um die demokratische Partizipation auf nationaler Ebene zu ermöglichen, ist die Bildung von nationalen Konsortien vorgesehen. In Deutschland wurde 2019 ein National Members Consortia (NaMeCo) gegründet mit dem Ziel, Synergien um Open-Access- und Open-Science-Initiativen im Land zu schaffen. Das deutsche NaMeCo setzt sich derzeit aus der Universität Göttingen, der Universität Bielefeld und der Universität Konstanz zusammen. Alle drei Einrichtungen spielen bereits eine aktive Rolle im derzeit laufenden Projekt OpenAIRE Advance, als Kommunikations- und Netzwerkkoordinator, als Verantwortliche für die Datenaggregation in OpenAIRE und Aufgaben im Bereich "towards a scholarly commons", sowie als National Open Access Desk (NOAD) für Deutschland. Über das NaMeCo werden sie gemeinsam die Verankerung von OpenAIRE im Land fördern und eine solide Grundlage für die Zusammenarbeit mit anderen Institutionen und ...

L'émergence dans la Chine moderne (fin du XIX e et début du XX e siècle) puis le renouvellement dans la Chine contemporaine (fin du XX e siècle et début du XXI e siècle) de la littérature de science-fiction de langue chinoise en Chine continentale pourrait sembler plus encore qu'un fait littéraire remarquable, une évidence politique singulière. Notre but sera de montrer l'existence d'une analogie structurelle entre, d'un côté, la pratique oraculaire du politique en Chine et, de l'autre, l'exercice littéraire d'anticipation du futur. Le discours de pouvoir suppose une forme de performativité rituelle où l'avenir, comme puissance indéterminée de changement, devient l'objet à sacrifier. D'où l'évidence politique du roman de science-fiction qui peut mettre en scène le rêve d'une renaissance chinoise au sein d'un récit où le futur est déjà deviné et déterminé ; d'où aussi la nécessité pour le régime d'en contrôler la production ; d'où enfin la difficulté pour les écrivains d'échapper à cet horizon d'attente « nationaliste » et leur mérite singulier quand ils y parviennent.