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The main hypothesis of this dissertation is that there has been a shift of focus in the history of economic thought: from normative questions, in particular the issue of justice, to the problem of efficiency; that is, optimisation in the sense of maximisation and minimisation under constraints. This thesis pursues a relativistic approach, since it sees the nature of the economic science and the economic theory itself as culturally and historically embedded. Therefore, this analysis follows on the one hand a historical approach and on the other hand, it constitutes a methodological exploration, scrutinising the nature of economic science. So far, a comprehensive analysis of the shift from justice to efficiency is lacking in economics. Therefore, this dissertation fills a gap in the fields of economic methodology and the history of economic thought. There are two main sections: The first section (chapters 3-4) deals with the concept of efficiency. In this context, chapter 3 discusses the historical development towards a focus on efficiency. Besides identifying this trend in the economic literature, several influences and reasons for it are discussed: especially the imitation of the methods of the natural sciences by economists, and the emergence of modern modes of production, for example in the course of the separation of household and firm. Chapter 4 analyses the concept of efficiency. It juxtaposes the three main aspects of efficiency to the three main functions of an economic system, namely: technical efficiency vs. 'how' to produce, distributive efficiency vs. 'for whom' to produce, and the efficiency of the output mix vs. 'what to produce'. Subsequently, I discuss the role of the concept of efficiency in market economies and centrally planned economies. In the section on justice, I begin with the reconstruction of the history of the concept of justice in chapter 5. Then, chapter 6 identifies several reasons for the disappearance of justice from the focus of economists. Again, the changing methodology of economics towards an adaption of methods from the natural sciences is of major significance. This phenomenon is closely connected to an emphasis on the scarcity postulate. One might object that it is the utility functions of individuals that changed over time, rather than the individuals' tendency towards pursuing an optimum. This counterargument is addressed in chapter 2, in which I justify the relativistic approach underlying my dissertation. As a result, I could identify the assumed shift of focus in the economic literature and put forth a range of reasons for this particular development, especially the imitation of the natural sciences and the stress on the scarcity postulate. I argue that the sole focus on efficiency constitutes an impoverishment of economics. This effect is even intensified by the 'outsourcing' of parts of economics into neighbouring disciplines, such as historical sciences, sociology, and political sciences. The ability of economics to make decisive contributions to complex real life problems is thereby impaired. In addition to the increasing use of mathematical, statistical, and econometric methods in economics, I argue for a new emphasis on the interpretive-, historical method, and on philosophical, and ethical approaches to economics.

El artículo reflexiona sobre la escasa teorización del deporte por parte de las ciencias sociales, y explora la excepcional alusión a ciertos juegos -especialmente el fútbol- en algunas obras literarias de relevancia.En dicho contexto, retoma desarrollos científicos encuadrados en el programa de la sociología crítica (escuela de Frankfurt) y polemiza con la teoría 'represiva', elaborada por algunos de sus seguidores, en el marco del análisis freudomarxista.Examina luego la genealogía de alguno de los principales deportes de Occidente, como el básquetbol en Norteamérica, el fútbol en los países sudamericanos y el rugby en Francia. Desde la perspectiva teórica de los Estudios Culturales y Poscoloniales, analiza la trayectoria de dichos deportes, desde su introducción por las burguesías coloniales hacia fines del siglo diecinueve hasta su difusión, algunas décadas después, en amplios sectores de la población.Introducidas y utilizadas inicialmente como instrumentos de control y normalización, estas prácticas fueron luego objetos de reapropiación y reinvención por parte de sectores subalternos, quienes reformularon -a través de una articulación virtuosa del deseo, el cuerpo y la identidad- la significación simbólico/política de las mismas.Finalmente, el artículo se detiene en la experiencia del gueto negro -considerado uno de los referentes privilegiados por el análisis cultural y poscolonial- para indagar la apropiación afroamericana del básquetbol, luego de su invención en el medio universitario blanco.Allí, el cuerpo virtuoso, inteligente y vital, retorna como contranarrativa que impugna y pone en jaque al dominio blanco y sus estrategias neocoloniales, al mismo tiempo que inaugura una nueva experiencia del socius junto a una novedosa y revulsiva identidad. ; The aim of this article is to reflect on the scarce part that the theory of sports plays within social sciences, and it also explores the exceptional allusion to certain games- particularly football- in some outstanding literary works.In such frame, the article summarizes scientific developments included in the program of critical sociology (Frankfurt school) and it argues with the 'repressive' theory, drawn up by some of its supporters, within the Freudo-marxist frame.The genealogy of some of the most important sports of the Western culture, such as basketball in the USA, football in South America and rugby in France is also examined. From the theoretical perspective of cultural and postcolonial studies, the article analyzes the course of such sports, from their introduction by the colonial bourgeoisies at the end of the nineteenth century till their spreading, some decades after, in wide sectors of society.Once introduced and analyzed as control and normalization tools, these practices were finally used as objects of re- appropriation and reinvention by subaltern groups, who reformulated the symbolical/ political significance by wisely joining the concepts of desire, body and identity.Finally, the article deals with the Black ghetto- considered one of the privileged referents by the cultural and postcolonial analysis- in order to investigate the Afro-American' appropriation of basketball after its invention in the white college environment.There, the body (virtuous, intelligent and vital) returns as a counternarrative that challenges the domination of white people and their neocolonial strategies, opening at the same time a new experience of the 'socius', together with an original and revulsive identity

Electronics is under development in this country in an organized and institutional way since the beginning of 30-ties of the previous century. It grew up from electrical engineering of weak currents and its first name used popularly was communications. It was time when television was born and the radio was maturing. Electronics is a branch of research and technology which deals with generation and processing of electrical and electromagnetic signals. A subject of telecommunications is signal transmission for a distance. Electronics and telecommunications (ET) includes or is combined with other branches like: microelectronics, radioelectronics, optoelectronics, photonics, acoustoelectronics, magnetronics, bioelectronics, energoelectronics, material engineering, semiconductor physics, automation and robotics, mechatronics and microsystems, informatics, teleinformatics, software engineering and other. Devices and functional systems of ET such as computers, data warehouses, cell phones, TV sets, Internet, GPS are build of electronic components and circuits. ET is a branch which belongs to hi-tech area, where the products gather a large load of knowledge of value overcoming frequently the price of work and material. ET has recently turned to an active participant of the processes of generation, storing, processing, transportation, distribution and usage of knowledge in the society. ET started to create artificial intelligence, co-creates intellectual property, searches for knowledge in big data sets, aids medicine, extends virtual/augmented reality, builds Internet of persons and things, strengthens security, protects natural environment, facilitates our life, aids our decisions, activates individuals, equalizes chances, provides convenient personal communications and access to data, starts building a penetrating ubiquitous infrastructure, ceases to be only a branch of technology, grows into the social space, touches culture, sociology, psychology and art. Such an important role of ET is combined with the existence in the society of an adequate infrastructure which recreates the full development cycle of high technology embracing: people, institutions, finances and logistics, in this also science, higher education, education, continuous training, dissemination and outreach, professional social environment, legal basis, political support and lobbying, innovation structures, applications, industry and economy. The digest of chosen development tendencies in ET was made here from the academic perspective, in a wider scale and on this background the national one, trying to situate this branch in the society, determine its changing role to build a new technical infrastructure of a society based on knowledge, a role of builder of many practical gadgets facilitating life, a role of a big future integrator of today's single bricks into certain more useful unity. This digest does not have a character of a systematic analysis of ET. It is a kind of an arbitrary utterance of the authors inside their field of competence. The aim of this paper is to take an active part in the discussion of the academic community in this country on the development strategy of ET, choice of priorities for cyclically rebuilding economy, in competitive environments. The review paper was initiated by the Committee of Electronics and Telecommunications of Polish Academy of Sciences and was published in Polish as introductory chapter of a dedicated expertise, printed in a book format. This version makes the included opinions available for a wider community.

It is hard to think New Literary History without Ralph Cohen. I have already experienced the meticulous editorial practice of Rita Felski and Susan Stanford Friedman, and it makes me certain that they will understand and appreciate what I mean. A sober and general literary journal of superior quality, not confined to an identifiable political position, yet touching the radical edges of the profession as well, and lasting forty years! Ralph, with his extraordinary flexibility, combined with some fairly tenacious convictions, was ideally suited to launch and support such a phenomenon. I did not meet him and Libby until 1982. So let me describe the impact of NLH upon me when it burst upon my intellectual horizons, more than ten years before that meeting. I was a year short of tenure when NLH first appeared. In 1966, one year into my assistant professorship, young U.S. instructors with my sort of training were astounded by the appearance of Roland Barthes's "Introduction à l'analyse structurale des récits" in the pages of Communications. What struck us as readers was that Barthes, providing a fairly careful system, quickly dismantled and destroyed it in another epistemic idiom at the close of the essay. I was already deeply committed to the importance of the double bind as method, and this was an uncanny example of it. You provide a "scientific" system for analysis, but must also situate and provide a symptomatic reading of the need for such systems. Upon such ground, in my case prepared by Tarak Nath Sen at the University of Calcutta, Paul de Man at Cornell University, and Jacques Derrida, to whom I introduced myself impersonally in institutional solitude, appeared New Literary History. At the University of Iowa, where I was teaching, the conflict between George Lyman Kittredge and René Wellek, the history of literature and literary criticism, was alive in the person of E. P. Kuhl, an altogether vocal emeritus member of the Department of English, then in his eighties. It was deeply important for me that this new journal asked us to look at the prospect of a new literary history, not a new history of literature. I was beginning to teach Antonio Gramsci at that time—the Gramsci who felt that history and sociology must take a literary turn if they were to track the subaltern in an inventory without traces. It is all over his Notebooks, but most particularly in his notes on the historiography of the subaltern, the subaltern being the group that has no access to the "state." Thus, the idea that history should be literary, with the best gifts of criticism, seemed to this young professional a great gift—even if the intention of the title may not have been just that. It was no surprise, then, that I read Hayden White, Jacques Derrida, Hélène Cixous, and Jacqueline Rose in its pages. Looking at the list of contributors to prepare myself for these few remarks, I am astounded at the diversity: Ernst Gombrich, Alicia Ostriker, and Stanley Fish under the same roof. Took some doing.

College of Business New Course School of Accountancy Delete course Department of Business Information Systems New Course Prerequisite Change Prefix Change, Course Description Change Prefix Change, Course Description Change, Title Change Prefix Change, Course Description Change, Prerequisite Change, Title Change Prefix Change, Course Number Change, Course Description Change, Title Change Prefix Change, Course Number Change, Prerequisite Change Delete Course College of Education and Human Services Course Description Change Remove Prerequisite Prerequisite Change Title Change, Course Description Change Department of Communicative Disorders and Deaf Education University Studies Request Department of Family, Consumer, and Human Development Remove Prerequisites, Remove University Studies Designation Prerequisite Change, University Studies Request Department of Health, Physical Education and Recreation Title Change Course Description Change, Course Number Change Prerequisite Change Title Change, Prerequisite Change, Course Description Change Credit Hour Change, Prerequisite Change Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Prerequisite Change Department of Art New Course Add Dual List Course Prefix Change Prerequisite Change Title Change, Prerequisite Change, Course Description Change Title Change Title Change, Prerequisite Change, Course Description Change, Remove Repeatable for Credit Delete Course Department of English New Course Title Change, Course Description Change Delete Course Interior Design Program Credit Hour Change Department of Journalism and Communication Prerequisite Change Remove Prerequisite Department of Landscape Architecture and Environmental Planning New Course Prerequisite Change Add Dual List, Credit Hour Change Prerequisite Change, Course Description Change Course Description Change Title Change, Course Description Change Title Change, Credit Hour Change, Prerequisite Change Department of Languages, Philosophy, and Speech Communication New Course Delete Course Department of Music New Course Title Change, Prerequisite Change Remove Prerequisite Prerequisite Change Department of Political Science New Course Title Change Department of Sociology, Social Work and Anthropology University Studies Request Department of Theatre Arts Title Change Add Dual List Department of Aquatic, Watershed, and Earth Resources Remove Prerequisite Department of Biology New Course Prerequisite Change Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry New Course Title Change, Prerequisite Change, Course Description Change Department of Computer Science New Course Title Change, Prerequisite Change, Course Description Change Department of Geology New Course Department of Mathematics and Statistics New Course Prerequisite Change Course Description Change Inactivate Course Delete Course Other Removing the Business Analysis and Decision Making Specialization Removing the Business Information Systems Specialization Removing the International Economics Specialization Removing the Quantitative Economic Analysis Specialization Suspending enrollment for the Business Information Technology and Education (BITE) and Marketing Education (MKED) programs Offering a Master of Science Degree: Plan C Engineering and Technology Education Degree Offering a Master of Science in Computer Engineering and a Master of Engineering in Computer Engineering Changing the name of the Management Information Systems Emphasis to Managerial Emphasis; changing the name of the Office Systems Management Emphasis to Training and Development Emphasis; and changing the name of the Electronic Commerce Emphasis to Technical Emphasis Suspending enrollment for Two-Year Certificate and Diploma Programs in the Department of Music College of Business courses that need additional wording added to the prerequisites Curriculum Subcommittee Handbook

[spa] El presente trabajo constituye una investigación sobre las razones de la tendencia, existente en la actualidad, a una creciente regulación de carácter ético y deontológico en el campo particular de la medicina (a través de la proliferación de códigos éticos y deontológicos, creación de instituciones de control (bio)ético, procedimientos protocolizados de decisión en ética clínica, etc.), paralelamente a una creciente externalización por parte del Estado de las funciones normativas y potestades decisorias a sujetos, organismos y corporaciones privadas. Este análisis del auge de la bionomía ética, y de diferentes formas de codificación ética, centra su atención, por un lado, en la llamada «sociología del riesgo» -que estudia el fenómeno de los riesgos tecnológicos y, entre otros aspectos, las respuestas jurídico-políticas que se dan a ellos-, particularmente sobre los avances en medicina, biotecnología e investigación clínica y farmacéutica. Por otro lado, dicho análisis se centra en el fenómeno de la penetración, en el campo de autonomía de poder médico y tecno-científico, de la lógica del mercado y su sistema de poder decisorio. El presente trabajo concluye que ese fenómeno autorregulatorio ético de las profesiones y corporaciones médicas y tecno-científicas crece a costa de una creciente evasión de una regulación jurídico-pública de las actividades tecno-científicas en el campo de la medicina: un mínimo jurídico-público frente una máxima autorregulación ética con implicaciones en las garantías jurídico-públicas y en el proceso de democratización de los Estados. ; [eng] ETHICS WITH CODES: A PHILOSOPHIC AND JURIDICAL ANALYSIS OF DEONTOLOGICAL RULES IN MEDICINE AND HIS RELATIONS WITH THE LEGAL SYSTEM AND THE STATE This work constitutes an investigation about the reasons of the current tendency to an increasing ethic and deontological regulation in the specific field of medicine (through the proliferation of ethical -deontological- codes, the creation of (bio)ethics institutions of control in medicine issues, protocolized proceedings of taking decisions in clinical ethics, etcetera), in the line with a growing externalization by the State of the regulation function and authority decisions to private subjects, organizations and corporations. This analysis about the growth of bioethic rules and different shapes of ethic codification, focuses, on one side, on the called «risk sociology» -that studies the technological risks phenomenon and, among other things, the legal and political answers to it-, especially about the medical and biotechnological advances and clinical and pharmacological investigations. On the other side, this analysis is centered on the phenomenon of the penetration of the market logic and its decision power system on the medical and on the scientific and technical autonomous field. This work concludes that this phenomenon of ethic self-regulation of the medical profession and medical, technical and scientific corporations, growths at expense of an increasing evasion of a legal and public regulation of the technical and scientific activities in the sphere of medicine: it produces a minimum of public law in front of a maximum of ethic self-regulation with implications in the legal and public guaranties and in the democratization process of the states.

In the past, many criminologists have viewed the collective sentiments of feminism as potentially crimogenic (Lombroso, 1985; Thomas, 1923; Pollak, 1950). Even female academics writing in the last decade have claimed the women's movement has a "darker side" (Cowie, 1968; Adler, 1975; Simon, 1975; Hart, 1975; Dening, 1977). Substantial sceptics appear to remain unheard amongst those who profess that "liberated" women are committing more masculine, violent, serious, male-dominated and occupational crimes. Such remarks are generally unsubstantiated by research. Box and Hale (1983:36) suggest that ". those who are attempting to prove a causal connection between emancipation and female crime by merely documenting the historical overlap between those two phenomena seem to be fatally flawed ." Something more than concurrence is needed to prove causation. Steffensmeier goes on to state that ". the new female criminal is more of a social invention than an empirical reality" (Steffensmeier, 1978:580). Such conflicting views concerning the relationship between female criminality and feminism generated my interest in this area. A further review of the literature indicated that existing work was largely classical or traditionalist in its interpretation. Further research was needed. Analysis of female criminality and feminism has indicated that assumptions made about increasing levels and the changing nature of female crime are questionable (Wise, 1967 & 1976; Campbell, 1981; Smart, 1979; Steffensmeier, 1980(a) & 1980(b)). Success of the Women's Liberation Movement with regard to improving the social, political and economic position of women has been overrated (Smart, 1977; Steffensmeier, 1978; Campbell, 1981) and oversimplified (Giordano & Cernkovich, 1979). Any relationship between the two phenomena appears more spurious than causal (Hart, 1975; Dening, 1977; Steffensmeier, 1978; Box and Hale, 1983). In order to test the above statement, I designed a questionnaire and conducted research based on a non-random sample of 176 female undergraduate students enrolled in two introductory sociology classes at a mid western state university. The first part of the questionnaire consisted of an attitude inventory designed by Smith and Self (1981) to measure attitudes favourable to feminism. Respondents were asked about the domestic role, relations with men, male/female differences, politics and the labour market. Respondents indicated their level of agreement with each statement on a Likert-type scale. Scores were assigned for each item so that the feminist response was high (+4). Mean scores were computed and those scoring above 2.5 were interpreted as pro-feminist. This divided my sample into two groups, feminist (51.7%) and nonfeminist (48.3%). The second part of the questionnaire was concerned with deviant behavioural traits. Questions were specifically chosen to cover deviant activities most likely to apply to the student population. Once the results were interpreted, I found there was no greater incidence of women possessing feminist attitudes amongst those engaging in deviant and/or criminal activities. My findings are thus supportive of recent research (Giordano & Cernkovich, 1979; James & Thornton, 1980; Box & Hale, 1983). I find nothing inherently crimogenic about the women's movement and would suggest something other than mono-causal explanations are needed to understand such a complex phenomenon.

Within the past decade, the use of self-defense as defined under Stand Your Ground laws has been the subject of political and legal scrutiny. According to the American Bar Association (2015), twenty-three states have passed Stand Your Ground laws that eliminate the duty to retreat prior to using force in any place that an individual has the right to be. In addition, ten states allow individuals to use or threaten to use force in public or private spaces where they have a right to be under case law (not formal statute) but maintain stricter requirements for how self-defense must be proven in criminal proceedings. Several high-profile cases have served as catalysts for human rights organizations, civil rights activists, and politicians to question the necessity of Stand Your Ground laws, and these cases have also introduced the possibility that individuals who have traditionally been disenfranchised within the criminal justice system based upon race, class, and gender continue to be limitedly protected under this more (")expansive(") legislation. Where the limitations of these laws are becoming increasingly evident is with cases of intimate partner violence. However, there has not been any empirical investigation regarding how Stand Your Ground laws apply to intimate partner violence, and this is the case despite critical evaluations demonstrating self-defense law to be primarily androcentric in language and intent. This bias has been codified into Stand Your Ground laws, where intimate partner violence victims are required under Castle Law to have a protection order issued by the court to prove reasonable fear against their partner who may have a moral or legal right to the same property where the violence occurs.The current study was designed to address this limitation in the research, and to provide the first known evidence of how statutory Stand Your Ground laws are being applied to cases of self-defense that involve intimate partners. Information was gathered through three key analyses: (1) a content analysis of Stand Your Ground statutes; (2) a content analysis of criminal and appellate court cases; (3) a content analysis of newspaper coverage of these criminal and appellate cases. The results of these analyses demonstrate that there are more legal restrictions than protections for intimate partner violence victims; that there are gender disparities in sentencing outcomes that do not favor women who are victims of intimate partner violence; and that the media tends to use victim blame tactics that have clear implications based upon the gender and race of intimate partner violence victims. The results of this study offer much needed evidence of fundamental problems with contemporary Stand Your Ground laws that continue to condemn intimate partner violence victims, and are also used to make recommendations for how Stand Your Ground laws can be modified to offer unbiased legal protection to victims of intimate partner violence who experience a long-term cycle of abuse. ; 2016-05-01 ; Ph.D. ; Sciences, Sociology ; Doctoral ; This record was generated from author submitted information.

This research uses extended case studies undertaken in two artists' neighbourhoods, the Hong Kong's Jockey Club Creative Arts Centre in Shek Kip Mei and Taipei's Treasure Hill Village in Gongguan, to examine how historical state-owned spaces in old urban cores now have become new sites of production for artists and arts practitioners. It addresses how and why the two cities, with similar histories and urban strategies, have created and defined the artists' neighbourhoods in different ways, resulting in diverse paths of socio-spatial development. Hong Kong and Taipei have constituted the few examples amongst East Asian cities that have converted state-owned properties into artists' clusters under the management of non-profit organizations in recent years. In both cities, artists have become a vanguard for the revitalization of urban spaces that aim to serve the interests of the state, the cultural sector and local community through place-making practices, which entail participation in the production of meaning and local specificities of a place. Research on urban cultural strategies of East Asian cities has put more emphasis on the political-economic factors as shaping cultural spaces but little on the social dynamics involved in spatial production. This study suggests that the new form of artists' clusters in Hong Kong and Taipei requires an approach that incorporates the social dimension of space into an analysis of the artists' neighbourhoods, which have tended to be less economically driven than the art districts run by business corporations. By focusing on Hong Kong and Taipei, this study shows that not only are the orientation and socio-spatial outcomes of the two artist neighbourhoods shaped by history and state definitions of cultural governance, but also by the social dynamics on the ground as configured by the different compositions of cultural space, the relationships between the management, cultural producers and local community, as well as their associated spatial practices. This study demonstrates that Hong Kong's Jockey Club Creative Arts Centre exemplifies a regulated space that has been shaped by contentious politics, in which incompatible spatial practices between the management by the non-profit company and the artists have created confrontations on a daily basis. The tendency of the non-profit company toward management practices, accommodating leisure and consumption experience, and including a wide variety of artistic experience has created contradictions and undermined social cohesion within the artist community. In the case of Taipei, Treasure Hill Village manifested the civic orientation of the state in cultural governance. The officials' endorsements of social activists as cultural planners and artists as the drivers for community revitalization have reinforced public participation in cultural activities and public meanings of cultural space. The primary aim to foster collective sense of action within the artist community and the local residents in promoting civic engagement and social inclusion through arts has generated greater cohesion among the local actors. The differences between the two cases suggest that social dynamics have been central to how the experimental processes in place-making are realised and unfolded. ; published_or_final_version ; Sociology ; Master ; Master of Philosophy

SummaryInstitutional Changes in Rural LifeIn dealing with institutional problems, particularly when referring to rural development, the sociologist should not avoid value‐judgements. With increasing institutional specialization and growth, an increase occurs in individual and collective social action of an intentional character. This intentionality calls for an explicitation of the values underlying the action. Sociology today is unable to meet this problem because of its 'ethical agnostic' approach.In choosing an explicitly non‐ethical‐agnostic approach, the societal trend towards emancipation or freedom is elected as a guideline for sociological analysis. Freedom is provisionally defined as: opportunity or possibility to consciously exercise control on one's own future. With some examples it is shown that rural sociological research at present does not acquire meaningful information about the interplay between individual and institutional intentional action which brings about socio‐economic development.A continuum of rigidity for the overall societal institutional context, as being the specifically institutional counterpart of the traditional‐modern continuum, is hypothesized as a tentative framework for discussing institutional changes. In order to show the validity of the hypothesis, two polar cases for the degree of rigidity in the overall institutional context, present within the same large class of fairly developed societies, Sweden and Italy, are compared. The illustration is tentative, because the author has had to resort to non‐sociological documentation. The conclusion is that the major differences between the two institutional contexts will be functionally related mainly with the type of institutional education and with the degree of authoritarian and autocratic thinking in either case.Passing on to examine a few recent institutional developments, it is stated that their importance for the development of the countryside can only be evaluated if the possibilities for change in collateral institutional fields are also taken into consideration.In the countryside, a process of formalization of functions into new institutions is to be noticed, but the process is not likely to have an equal intensity all over Europe. The continuum of institutional rigidity can help to explain several apparent contradictions in this field which have not so far been cleared by sociological research.Similarly, although educational standards are rising in the countryside everywhere, this is no yardstick for measuring educational development: the place of the society on the continuum should be taken into account.Finally, some overall institutional trends in developed countries are reviewed: the increase in autonomous forces, a shift of political power from the local to national (or 'higher') levels; the increasing importance of economic profitability in institutional development; the trends towards the forming of 'two‐layer'‐societies; the forming of an image of society as a 'firm‐like' organization.All through the discussion of these various points comments are made on the shortcomings in sociological research.In the conclusion some major contradictions in the ideology of a value‐free exercise of sociological research are briefly analyzed. Instead of taking the position of an uninvolved technician or judge of other people's doings, the sociologist should work on the basis of a professional ethic, whereby major tasks would be found in the study and discovery of social phenomena in as far as these are disfunctional for social emancipation or freedom.

The social change which takes place in the French West Indies after the Second World War ensues from a historical interactive process. It occurs between 1946 and 1961, within the frame of the new dynamic fostered in the aftermath of the war. Here we refer to the new political status of Department, the outbreak of social conflicts during the process of decolonization, the public policies and the planning of "the economic and social development" of the overseas departments. The dynamic also includes the population growth with the birth of a new generation- from the sociological point of view. The aforementioned interaction instils the new type of society emerging in the French West Indies since the 1960's, without drastically changing their colonial social structure. This transformation named "Departmentalization" seems paradoxical because it will generate "modern" social frustrations, while maintaining existing frustrations that stemmed from the plantation society. This process led to the transition from a slave society to a consumer society. It allows us to understand the persistence of a latent social unrest in these departments, in spite of the overall significant improvement of the living conditions during the early twentieth century. ; La transformation sociale des Antilles françaises qui se produit après la Seconde Guerre mondiale résulte d'un processus interactif historique. Celui-ci se produit entre 1946 et 1961 autour des nouvelles dynamiques de l'après-guerre. Il s'agit du statut départemental, de la décolonisation avec l'explosion des conflits sociaux, de la politique publique de « développement économique et social » avec la planification dans les départements d'outre-mer, et de l'accroissement démographique avec l'apparition d'une nouvelle génération « sociologique ». C'est précisément cette interaction qui est à l'origine du nouveau type de société qui émerge aux Antilles à partir des années 1960 sans pour autant que leur structure sociale coloniale ne soit bouleversée. Cette construction qui prend ...

Positioned in both critical mobility and migration studies, and studies on gender and sexualities, this PhD dissertation in political and cultural geography aims at unveiling the hidden double face of expatriation. For one part, it focuses on women's daily practices during their international mobility cycle. It thus examines how these translocal practices fit within a multiscale mobility lifestyle. For another part, it places the body as the primary space of the analysis through the concept of performance. It shows of expatriate women play out specific sexual and gender norms and roles that contribute to the (re)production of a localised transnational space. This research seeks to reveal expatriation as a distinctive mobility practice, weaving from gender coercion to emancipation, which contributes to the reproduction and the spread of heteronormativity in a context of growing globalisation. It is settled in Luxembourg, which can be characterised as an emerging metropolitan capital, where the subjective experience of globalisation can be felt. Based on in-depth reflexive ethnographic researches, combining participant observations and semi-structured interviews, in articulation with a statistical analysis and a large panorama of Luxembourg's expatriate places and institutions, this thesis helps to define expatriation as a category of practice of globalisation in place of a category of analysis, which would contribute to an unquestioned reproduction of social inequalities. ; Cette thèse en géographie politique et culturelle s'inscrit au sein des approches critiques de mobilités et des migrations et des études sur le genre et les sexualités. Centrée sur les individues, elle vise à éclairer la double face cachée de l'expatriation en s'intéressant au rapport à l'espace de femmes en situation de mobilité internationale, à travers l'analyse de leurs pratiques du quotidien. Elle étudie la façon dont ces pratiques translocales s'agencent, de façon multiscalaire, en un mode de vie dans la mobilité. La dimension du corps, ...

Positioned in both critical mobility and migration studies, and studies on gender and sexualities, this PhD dissertation in political and cultural geography aims at unveiling the hidden double face of expatriation. For one part, it focuses on women's daily practices during their international mobility cycle. It thus examines how these translocal practices fit within a multiscale mobility lifestyle. For another part, it places the body as the primary space of the analysis through the concept of performance. It shows of expatriate women play out specific sexual and gender norms and roles that contribute to the (re)production of a localised transnational space. This research seeks to reveal expatriation as a distinctive mobility practice, weaving from gender coercion to emancipation, which contributes to the reproduction and the spread of heteronormativity in a context of growing globalisation. It is settled in Luxembourg, which can be characterised as an emerging metropolitan capital, where the subjective experience of globalisation can be felt. Based on in-depth reflexive ethnographic researches, combining participant observations and semi-structured interviews, in articulation with a statistical analysis and a large panorama of Luxembourg's expatriate places and institutions, this thesis helps to define expatriation as a category of practice of globalisation in place of a category of analysis, which would contribute to an unquestioned reproduction of social inequalities. ; Cette thèse en géographie politique et culturelle s'inscrit au sein des approches critiques de mobilités et des migrations et des études sur le genre et les sexualités. Centrée sur les individues, elle vise à éclairer la double face cachée de l'expatriation en s'intéressant au rapport à l'espace de femmes en situation de mobilité internationale, à travers l'analyse de leurs pratiques du quotidien. Elle étudie la façon dont ces pratiques translocales s'agencent, de façon multiscalaire, en un mode de vie dans la mobilité. La dimension du corps, ...

Positioned in both critical mobility and migration studies, and studies on gender and sexualities, this PhD dissertation in political and cultural geography aims at unveiling the hidden double face of expatriation. For one part, it focuses on women's daily practices during their international mobility cycle. It thus examines how these translocal practices fit within a multiscale mobility lifestyle. For another part, it places the body as the primary space of the analysis through the concept of performance. It shows of expatriate women play out specific sexual and gender norms and roles that contribute to the (re)production of a localised transnational space. This research seeks to reveal expatriation as a distinctive mobility practice, weaving from gender coercion to emancipation, which contributes to the reproduction and the spread of heteronormativity in a context of growing globalisation. It is settled in Luxembourg, which can be characterised as an emerging metropolitan capital, where the subjective experience of globalisation can be felt. Based on in-depth reflexive ethnographic researches, combining participant observations and semi-structured interviews, in articulation with a statistical analysis and a large panorama of Luxembourg's expatriate places and institutions, this thesis helps to define expatriation as a category of practice of globalisation in place of a category of analysis, which would contribute to an unquestioned reproduction of social inequalities. ; Cette thèse en géographie politique et culturelle s'inscrit au sein des approches critiques de mobilités et des migrations et des études sur le genre et les sexualités. Centrée sur les individues, elle vise à éclairer la double face cachée de l'expatriation en s'intéressant au rapport à l'espace de femmes en situation de mobilité internationale, à travers l'analyse de leurs pratiques du quotidien. Elle étudie la façon dont ces pratiques translocales s'agencent, de façon multiscalaire, en un mode de vie dans la mobilité. La dimension du corps, ...

Mention Très honorable avec les félicitations du jury à l'unanimité ; This PhD dissertation is about women's relations to politics, viewed from the perspective of the popular background's local participation. During the Chavez's governments in Venezuela, the State's will to favour local participation and fight against gender's inequalities allows ordinary actors'dynamics and individual paths to meet and in the meantime, to make them visible. These actors occur to be mostly women. The Bolivarian participation politics is performed from the daily experience and interpersonnal relationship. The local State institutions - that are the Local Committees for Public Planning and the City Committees - intertwine public and private space. In this matrifocal country, this territorialized politics allows women from popular background to convert their power into a political ressource that has been acknowledged and institutionnalized. This process changes the relationships to oneself, to the family and the community but to the institutionnalized power as well, going as far as to transform relationships between the ruling classes and the ones who are ruled by them.Based on a a seven years research and a two years fieldwork, this PhD dissertation associates sociological studies'classic techniques and new tools revealing the importance of the affective turn brought by the participative experience in the interviewees's life. ; Cette thèse porte sur le rapport des femmes au politique, étudié à travers le prisme de la participation locale des classes populaires. Au Venezuela, sous les gouvernements Chávez, la volonté étatique de favoriser la participation locale et de lutter contre les inégalités de genre, croise et rend visible des dynamiques et des trajectoires individuelles d'acteurs ordinaires, qui sont en majorité des femmes. La politique bolivarienne de la participation se réalise à partir de l'expérience quotidienne et des relations interpersonnelles. Les structures étatiques locales que sont les Conseils Locaux de ...