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This paper provides a theoretical and quantitative analysis of various types of wellknown employment subsidies. Two important questions are addressed: (i) How should employment subsidies be targeted? (ii) How large should the subsidies be? We consider measures involving targeting workers with low incomes/abilities and targeting the unemployed. To make our analysis particularly useful to policy makers, we focus on policies that are "approximately welfare efficient", i.e. policies that (a) improve employment and welfare, (b) do not raise earnings inequality and (c) are self-financing. This criterion enables us to identify policies which satisfy these favorable properties and to determine the size of the subsidies required for this purpose. We construct a simple, dynamic model of hiring and separations, derived from microfoundations, and calibrate it with German data. The calibration shows that hiring vouchers targeted at the long-term unemployed and low-income/ability workers can be approximately welfare efficient, while low-wage subsidies do not satisfy this criterion. Even in terms of inequality reduction low-wage subsidies are outperformed by targeted hiring vouchers. Furthermore, hiring vouchers targeted at the long-term unemployed are more effective than hiring vouchers targeted at low-income/ability workers. These subsidy rankings also hold if the self-financing constraint is relaxed and the government spends a given additional amount on the subsidies.

Consider a model with two types of jobs. The profitability of promoting a worker to a fast-track job depends not only on his or her observable talent, but also on incontractible effort. We investigate whether self-fulfilling expectations may lead to higher promotion standards for women. If employers expect women to do more household work than men, thereby exerting less effort in their paid job, then women must be more talented to make promotion profitable. Moreover, specialization in the family will then result in women's doing most of the household work. Such self-fulfilling prophecies can be defeated: both affirmative action and family policy can make women spend more effort in the market, which can lead the economy to a non-discriminatory equilibrium. However, we find that it is unlikely that temporary policy can move the economy to a symmetric equilibrium: policy must be made permanent. Anti-discrimination policy need not enhance efficiency, and from a distribution viewpoint this is a policy with both winners and losers. ; Nach wie vor ist das Arbeitsangebot von Frauen und Männern unterschiedlich, obwohl wenig Unterschiede bei den für den Arbeitsmarkt relevanten Fähigkeiten bestehen. Wenn Arbeitgeber erwarten, dass Frauen mehr Haushaltsarbeit übernehmen und daher weniger Leistung z.B. in Form von Überstunden zeigen, müssen Frauen mehr Talent besitzen, damit sich aus Sicht des Arbeitgebers eine Beförderung auf einen höheren Karrierepfad lohnt. Dies führt dazu, dass sich Frauen auf die Familie spezialisieren und somit zu einer selbsterfüllenden Prophezeiung. Wir kommen zu dem Ergebnis, dass Anti- Diskriminierungspolitik dazu führen kann, dass das Arbeitsangebot der Frauen erweitert wird; diese Politik muss jedoch permanent sein. Unter Wohlfahrtsgesichtspunkten ist die Wirkung einer solchen Politik nicht eindeutig.

This Monograph (No 1), the first in the series, outlines work by Tim Moore to establish estimates of government spending for the year 2002/03. This is not a social cost (or burden of illness) study but an examination of how much governments (federal, state and territory) spend on responses to illicit drugs.Two types of spending have been identified: spending on direct policy actions (such as drug treatment, or policing drug offences) and spending on the indirect or consequential aspects of illicit drug use (such as ambulance attendance at overdose). The former are referred to as 'proactive' spending; the latter as 'reactive spending'. Proactive spending, the direct actions of government in relation to drug policy, are broken down by type of intervention: prevention, treatment, harm reduction, law enforcement and interdiction. The total estimate for proactive illicit drug spending is $1.3 billion for 2002/03. Law enforcement represents 42% and interdiction 14%, together comprising the majority of spending. Prevention represents 23% and treatment 17%. Sensitivity analyses reveal large plausible ranges for some of the figures.This work is vital to understanding the current government investment, but it does not permit judgements about what the spending should be, nor its distribution. In order to take it to the next step, dynamic models of policy impacts are required. These models use as their foundation the potential cost savings if policy is shifted.

This research report discusses the transformation occurring in the procurement and purchasing function, specifically as it applies to developing procurement strategies and the implementation of commodity strategies as an application of strategic sourcing. The literature review presents the theoretical framework surrounding the transformation of purchasing to supply management along with its major developments such as integrated supplier relationships, total ownership costs, cross-functional teams, supply chains, e-procurement systems, and strategic sourcing strategies. Strategic sourcing and developing sourcing strategies are discussed and include the Kraljic model for determining the best type of procurement strategy for specific products or services. Commodity sourcing strategies are discussed in conjunction with Lasseter's seven-step process for developing commodity sourcing strategies. The application of strategic sourcing in the commercial sector is discussed using examples from industry, along with applications within the Department of Defense. Some challenges to strategic sourcing identified in the report include access to the required spend data, highly fragmented supply base, and government procurement goals. The report also identifies best practices such as establishing common processes and tools, using cross-functional teams, ensuring adequate team sponsorship and authority, and aggressively managing purchasing requirements. The report concludes that strategic sourcing initiatives have resulted in significant cost reductions, increases in productivity, quality improvement, and return on investment. DoD's strategic sourcing initiatives have also resulted in significant savings, albeit with some obstacles and barriers yet to overcome. ; Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

European integration of Ukraine: The first steps of the new governemnt. - S. 2-4 Rybachuk, Oleh: Success of Ukraine's European integration policy should be measured by the quality of change in the country. - S.5-6. Motsyk, Oleksandr: European integration is a two-way street. - S. 7-8. Buteiko, Anton: "Golden key" to the EU's doors is in our hands. - S. 8-10. Bereziniy, Andriy: Ukraine-EU. From cooperation to integration. - S. 10-11. Marmazov, Vasyl: We should consistently pursue integration. - S. 11-13. Rozenko, Pavlo: We should introduce European standards into our socio-economic sphere. - S. 13-14. Hurzhiy, Andriy: Ukraine-EU action plan is Ukraine's road to the European educational and scientific space. - S. 14-16. Zarubinskiy, Oleh: We must start taking integrations seriously. - S. 16-17. Ostash, Ihor: We need to restore our credibility. - S. 17-18. Burakovskiy, Ihor: We should fund our european choice. - S. 19-20. Sushko, Oleksandr: Use the capabilities of non-governmental organisations. - S. 20-21. Fesenko, Volodymyr: We should spend more time working on integration at home. - S. 22-23. Dergachov, Oleksandr: Ukraine's European choice. A new format. - S. 24-27. Yurchyshyn, Vasyl: Ukraine's path to the EU. The need for systematic transformations. - S. 28-32. Ukraine's integration wit the EU: Expert assessment. - S. 33-39. Ukraine's European integration in popular perceptions. - S. 40-52

In 1999 the Government?s White Paper, Saving Lives, Our Healthier Nationidentified accidental injury as a priority for action. It set national targets to reducethe rates of death associated with accidental injury in England by 2010 by at leastone fifth; and to reduce the rate of serious injury by at least one tenth.In 2000 Heather Ward and Nicola Christie were invited by the Department of Health(DH) to undertake a strategic review of research priorities for accidental injury(Ward and Christie 2000). In our review we looked at the polices and researchprogrammes of Government Departments with responsibilities for reducingaccidental injury or of activities that might lead to injury such as sport. We alsolooked at the research programmes and spend profiles of research councils andcharitable trusts.Two of our main conclusions were:? There is a small amount of injury research aimed at a large injury problem.Multi-disciplinary research is therefore needed to bring about greaterunderstanding of the context in which accidental injury occurs.? Different funders/Departments commission research in different ways whichtends to mean that methodology cultures grow up amongst different groups ofresearchers depending on the style of research methodology favoured by thefunder. This tends to lead to little overlap in research methodology and dissemination practice between different groups of researchers engaged in injuryprevention work, which is a barrier to increasing the capacity to take forward amulti-disciplinary research agenda.

The au pair program in general is still known as a form of cultural exchange program and a good possibility for young women to spend a year abroad, although it has undergone great changes during the last 10 years. This article argues that due to different socio-economic and cultural processes in Western postindustrial societies as well as in the eastern and southern parts of the world the au pair program is becoming a form of domestic work with quite similar working and living conditions to that of live-in migrant domestic workers. This article which is based on two empirical studies on the globalizing au pair business in Eastern and Western Europe as well in the United States looks into the motivations and expectations, the living conditions and interactions between the au pairs and the employer families and contrasts these findings with the discourse of the au pair agencies still advertising au pair as a form of cultural exchange. In doing so the paper can show that it is the still dominant image of au-pair as a cultural exchange program (disarticulating the work aspect) that leaves the young au pair women even more vulnerable to exploitation: 'big sisters' are the best domestic servants. This article draws attention to the racialized economization of the private sphere and care work, the inherent traps and exploitative features of this very specific work place.

The aim of the study was to assess the changes in healthy life expectancy of the Lithuanian population between the years 1997 and 2001 and to explore the differentials of this combined mortality and subjective health measure in males and females. Material and methods. The data about the Lithuanian population and the deceased were available from the Lithuanian Department of Statistics, life tables for 1997 and 2001 were created and life expectancy estimated. The method presented first by D. F. Sullivan was applied for the assessment of healthy life expectancy. The data on self-perceived health of the Lithuanian population were acquired from the surveys of the health behavior of a randomly selected sample of the adult population of Lithuania, carried out by the Lithuanian Center for Health Education. Results. Healthy life expectancy at birth increased from 52.7 in males and 52.6 in females in 1997 up to 53.7 in males and 55.3 in females in 2001. The proportion of healthy life expectancy in the total life expectancy at birth increased both in males and in females. Though the total life expectancy of males is 10–11 years shorter, females are expected to spend considerably more years in poor health, even though some positive changes were observed. Conclusion. Increasing healthy life expectancy reflects improving health of Lithuanian population. This integrated health indicator should be periodically assessed and used for development health strategies to promote health in Lithuania.

The aim of the study was to assess the changes in healthy life expectancy of the Lithuanian population between the years 1997 and 2001 and to explore the differentials of this combined mortality and subjective health measure in males and females. Material and methods. The data about the Lithuanian population and the deceased were available from the Lithuanian Department of Statistics, life tables for 1997 and 2001 were created and life expectancy estimated. The method presented first by D. F. Sullivan was applied for the assessment of healthy life expectancy. The data on self-perceived health of the Lithuanian population were acquired from the surveys of the health behavior of a randomly selected sample of the adult population of Lithuania, carried out by the Lithuanian Center for Health Education. Results. Healthy life expectancy at birth increased from 52.7 in males and 52.6 in females in 1997 up to 53.7 in males and 55.3 in females in 2001. The proportion of healthy life expectancy in the total life expectancy at birth increased both in males and in females. Though the total life expectancy of males is 10–11 years shorter, females are expected to spend considerably more years in poor health, even though some positive changes were observed. Conclusion. Increasing healthy life expectancy reflects improving health of Lithuanian population. This integrated health indicator should be periodically assessed and used for development health strategies to promote health in Lithuania.

The adverse impacts of particulate air pollution and ground‐level ozone on public health and the environment have motivated the development of Canada Wide Standards (CWS) on air quality. In cost‐benefit analysis of air‐quality options, valuation of reduction in mortality is a critical step as it accounts for almost 80% of the total benefits and any bias in its evaluation can significantly skew the outcome of the analysis. The overestimation of benefits is a source of concern since it has the potential of diverting valuable resources from other needs to support broader health care objectives, education, and social services that contribute to enhanced quality of life. We have developed a framework of reasoning for the assessment of risk‐reduction initiatives that would support the public interest and enhance safety and quality of life. This article presents the Life Quality Index (LQI) as a tool to quantify the level of expenditure beyond which it is no longer justifiable to spend resources in the name of safety. It is shown that the LQI is a compound social indicator comprising societal wealth and longevity, and it is also equivalent to a utility function consistent with the basic principles of welfare economics and decision analysis. The LQI approach overcomes several shortcomings of the method used by the CWS Development Committee and provides guidance on the compliance costs that can be justified to meet the Standards.

Because I spend so much time reviewing potential APSR articles, it pains me to admit what is undeniably true: that a great deal of the important intellectual work in our discipline comes packaged not as journal articles, but as books. Many disciplines help their members stay abreast of new books in their field by maintaining "official" single-purpose book review journals. In political science, this function has long been performed by the APSR, which despite its name is primarily an outlet for research, not for reviews. That long-standing arrangement is about to change, for book reviews will bid farewell to the APSR after the current issue. Hereafter, the book review section, which has occupied approximately one-third of our pages, will migrate to the APSA's new journal, Perspectives on Politics, where it will reappear in volume 1, number 1, in March 2003. Gone from the APSR but not forgotten will be the invaluable contributions made by book review co-editors Susan Bickford and Gregory McAvoy, the long line of APSR book review editors who preceded them, and, of course, the thousands of scholars who over the years have taken on the thankless (and often cursed at) task of writing book reviews for the APSR. The APSR, sans book reviews, will continue to be published on a quarterly basis, but beginning in 2003, our new cover dates will be February, May, August, and November.

ABSTRACTThis paper sets out key features of a semi‐experimental investigation conducted between March 1999 and April 2001 into the impact of training foster carers in techniques to manage challenging behaviour. We identified a sample of children (n = 103) in foster care in four authorities in South Wales who were selected by a checklist as showing behaviours that could be defined as challenging. From this search procedure we identified their foster carers (n = 106) and created a training intervention group for 53 carers looking after 49 children and a non‐intervention comparison group of 53 carers looking after 54 children. Both groups of carers were interviewed using a range of measures before and after the delivery of the training in order to identify any changes they perceived in the conduct of children and changes they perceived in their own capacities as carers. The training was delivered in small groups and evaluative feedback was gathered from carers and from training officers in those agencies that participated in the study. The results suggested that training, as designed and delivered in this study, had limited impact on child conduct and carer capacity. The reasons for this are discussed in light of selected findings. We spend some time on describing our methods in order to expose our approach to the critical scrutiny of readers, whose views would be welcome as we make our future research plans in this field.

El Golfo Pérsico ha sido una de las prioridades fundamentales en el diseño de la Política Exterior de Irán a lo largo de su historia. El mantenimiento de la integridad territorial y la defensa de su frontera marítima ha dependido por lo tanto del control que Irán pudiera ejercer sobre las aguas del Golfo y sobre su entrada, el Estrecho de Ormuz. la relación entre la Republica Islámica y los países árabes ribereños del Golfo Pérsico adquiere notable relevancia para garantizar la estabilidad y seguridad en una región que ha experimentado dos guerras en los últimos veinte años y que goza del triste record de ser la que más dinero gasta en armamentos con relación al Producto Bruto Interno. ; The Persian Gulf has been one of the priorities in the design of the Foreign Politics in Iran along its history. The maintenance of the territorial integrity and the protection of its maritime frontier has depended on the control that Iran could exercise between the Islamic Republic and the Arab countries of the Persian Gulf acquires great relevance in order to guarantee the stability and safety in the region, which has experienced two wars in the last 20 years and which counts with the record of being the one who spends more money on weapons in relation to the gross domestic product. ; Instituto de Relaciones Internacionales (IRI)

A letter report issued by the General Accounting Office with an abstract that begins "The Title I program spends $8 billion each year on elementary and secondary education. Although state and local funds account for more than 90 percent of national education expenditures, Title I has been an important source of funding for many poor school districts and schools since 1965. In the 1999-2000 school year, Title I funds were targeted on the basis of numbers and percentages of poor children, but the complex allocation process resulted in differences in actual funding per poor child. When the numbers of children from low-income families shift among states, Title I allocations adjust, but not completely, and a state whose share of the nation's poor children changed from year to year would not necessarily see a corresponding change in its Title I allocation amount. The following two factors account for this: lack of current poverty data and various hold-harmless provisions. GAO found no monetary, statutory, or regulatory incentives for states to target their own funds to children from low-income families. Several policy options could increase Title I funds allocated to states and school districts with high numbers and percentages of poor children. These options include changing the appropriations hold-harmless provisions, funding the targeted grant, using an alternative cost factor, and raising the basic grant eligibility threshold."

Welfare programmes are targeted at different beneficiaries and grounded on a variety of principles: universalism, means testing, needs testing, targeting, income supplements and income maintenance, to mention some of the most important. The first question asked is: who supports programmes targeted at the different groups? The second question concerns whether the support varies when different techniques are used regarding measuring support for welfare state programmes – those programmes that are recommendable, those people want to spend their tax money on and the programmes where increased spending is followed by acceptance of a tax increase. Basically the results are similar across different measurement techniques. But if an interest group is identifiable – such as parents with young children – there is a distinct tendency for the interested party to be more supportive when money and budget restriction are involved compared with the pure recomendability of the programme. Interested parties also tend to support programmes that they are or will soon be using, most obviously seen in support for day care centres, which are supported largely by families with children below the age of 7 years, and for schools and education, supported largely by families with children above the age of 7 years. Where no distinct interest group – beyond the actual beneficiaries – is identifiable, normative positions such as ideology are the best predictor of support for welfare state programmes.