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Regime analysis has become a popular approach in International Relations theory and in international policy studies. However, current regime models exhibit some shortcomings with regard to (1) addressing non-state actors, and in particular nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), (2) the balancing of actor and structure in analyses and (3) the conceptualization of social and political change in the international system. To overcome these shortcomings, this article constructs a regime model on the basis of the structuration theory of Anthony Giddens. In doing so, it takes a position in the agent-structure debate that has recently overwhelmed the study of International Relations, but `positioning' is not the main objective of this article, as it particularly aims at expanding regime analysis. The article first presents neoinstitutionalist, neorealist and political economy models on regimes. It then challenges their main focus on states as well as their ontological claims. From that discussion, structuration theory is presented as a means to address these issues more properly and, subsequently, an alternative model is proposed. Finally, this `structurational' regime model will be discussed.

Abstract In this article I report the findings of an ethnographic study of men's pub drinking in rural New Zealand. By using the idea of hegemonic masculinity and incorporating theoretical ideas of gender performativity, the analysis focuses on aspects of drinking performance that are central to the establishment of hegemony by a particular version of masculinity in this community. Two important characteristics of pub drinking performance are conversational cockfighting and the disciplines of drinking. These combine to ensure that a particular version of masculinity, here called pub(lic) masculinity, is able to reproduce itself. A further finding is that masculinity in this kind of performative situation develops a degree of invisibility. Using the metaphor of the "glass phallus," I engage with the difficulties of analyzing an invisible masculinity and argue that rendering masculinity visible is an important task for any sociological analysis of both public leisure sites in rural society and the embodied performance of alcohol consumption by men in public spaces.

Participants were trained to perform an assembling type of task either individually or in 3-person groups. A week later, the same participants, regardless of their training conditions, performed the task in 3-person groups. This study investigated the encoding process of transactive memory development in groups whose members were trained together and that were later found to have developed effective transactive memory systems. Transactive memory is a group memory system that details the expertise possessed by group members along with an awareness of who knows what within the group. It was found that in groups with high transactive memory, (a) group members declared domains of expertise during earlier rather than later periods of group interaction, and (b) the frequency with which members evaluated others' expertise and competence increased over time. Further analyses of sequential patterns of conversations during group training and practice suggested that transactive encoding may include small cycles of questioning/ no expertise/declaring expertise/evaluating/coordinating.

AbstractMany common bacterial pathogens have become increasingly resistant to the antibiotics used to treat them. The evidence suggests that the essential cause of the problem is the extensive and often inappropriate use of antibiotics, a practice that encourages the proliferation of resistant mutant strains of bacteria while suppressing the susceptible strains. However, it is not clear to what extent antibiotic use must be reduced to avoid or reverse an epidemic of antibiotic resistance, and how early the interventions must be made to be effective. To investigate these questions, we have developed a small system dynamics model that portrays changes over a period of years to three subsets of a bacterial population— antibiotic‐susceptible, intermediately resistant, and highly resistant. The details and continuing refinement of this model are based on a case study of Streptococcus pneumoniae, a leading cause of illness and death worldwide. The paper presents the model's structure and behavior and identifies open questions for future work. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

A useful contribution of wide ranging debate in the growth
literature is that it has put forward a number of testable hypotheses.
One of such hypotheses is known as the convergence hypothesis whereby it
is postulated that in the long run developing countries would catch-up
with the developed countries in terms of per capita income. Although the
convergence hypothesis has gained researchers' interest in recent times,
the basic proposition was laid down in the neo-classical growth model of
Solow (1956) and Swan (1956). Traditionally Solow-Swan model has been
regarded as a theoretically consistent answer to Harrods's (1939) twin
problems of discrepancy between the warranted and natural rates of
growth and instability in the growth process. Although Solow- Swan model
is designed to study growth process within a single country, the concept
of conditional convergence is far from being alien to the model; it in
fact forms the core of argument in the attack on Harrod-Domar model
[Harrod (1939) and Domar (1946)].

This study investigated Stambali, a Tunisian trance-dance practiced in Israel as a healing and a demon exorcism ritual by Jewish-Tunisian immigrants. The authors observed the ritual and conducted semi-structured ethnographic interviews with key informants. Content analysis revealed that Stambali is practiced for prophylactic reasons (e.g. repelling the 'evil eye'), for the promotion of personal well-being, and as a form of crisis intervention. Crisis was often construed by our informants as the punitive action of demons, and the ritual aimed at appeasing them. Communication with the possessing demons was facilitated through a kinetic trance induction, produced by an ascending tempo of rhythmic music and a corresponding increased speed of the participant's movements of head and extremities. The experience was characterized by the emergence of dissociated eroticism and aggression, and terminated in a convulsive loss of consciousness. Stambali is discussed in terms of externalization and disowning of intrapsychic conflicts by oppressed women with few options for protest.

High‐scale morality is the study of moral ideas and sentiments deployed in relations that encompass multiple, geographically or socially distant populaces. The envisioning of distant people, their attributed moral personhood, the evaluation of their perceived behaviour, and the rectification of wrongs through the use of powerful organizations are key topics in high‐scale morality. High‐scale morality differs from existing anthropological approaches that emphasize local ethnography or contrastive moral ideas; it addresses the moralization of issues like world hunger, the drug trade, or international migration. The officers of the US Immigration and Naturalization Service understand and evaluate legal and illegal immigrants, as well as directly enacting moral rectification for the US polity. As they resolve moral dilemmas on their job, they utilize pervasive models for moral thought and action in capitalist, individualist, stratified, and bureaucratized societies. The article finishes by considering directions in which anthropology can contribute to understanding the moral dimension of global issues.

In manual material handling tasks, the handle serves as the interface between the human operator and the box (the materials). Handle angle design can affect both wrist posture and lifting ability. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of handle angle on maximal acceptable weight of lifting (MAWL), perceived whole-body exertion, whole-body workload, wrist posture, and perceived wrist exertion. The results indicate that handle angle had a significant effect on wrist posture and wrist rating of perceived exertion (RPE). A box with a 0° handle angle induced the greatest ulnar deviation and the highest wrist RPE. A 75° handle angle induced the greatest radial deviation and a relatively high wrist RPE. A 30° handle angle resulted in the greatest MAWL and the lowest level of wrist RPE. Overall, these findings suggest that 30° and 45° handle angles can provide favorable coupling conditions for the cutout-type handhold container handle. Actual or practical applications include the ergonomic design of container handles for manual material handling tasks industry.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of academic controversy as a teaching strategy in elementary science methods classes. The academic controversy model was used with 80 elementary science methods students in one class at Utah State University and two classes at Westminster College in Pennsylvania. Small groups of students engaged in one of the following class-selected controversies: (1) the effects of smoking; (2) genetic engineering, and (3) an environmental issue dealing with the widening of a canyon road. Qualitative data were collected from student note cards, transcriptions of taped controversies, synthesis papers, and a post-controversy survey. Results were consistent, regardless of the topic or group of students. Outcomes indicated that (a) students demonstrated a high level of task commitment as they participated in this learning model, (b) students had a positive attitude toward the use of the academic controversy model, (c) students perceived a high level of content attainment, and (d) students exhibited positive attitudes toward other members of their controversy group.

In a cross-sectional multicentre study, we compared the characteristics of heroin chasers and heroin injectors. Subjects were 162 primarily opioid-dependent volunteers for whom either chasing (n = 85) or injecting (n = 77) was the principal route of heroin administration. Each subject was rated by means of the Swiss version of the European Addiction Severity Index. Additionally, subjects completed a questionnaire battery including the Severity of Dependence Scale, the Symptom Checklist SCL-90-R, a self-constructed peergroup questionnaire and a semantic differential list to assess the connotative meaning of heroin chasers and injectors. The heroin injectors were older and more likely to use one or more other drugs besides heroin than the chasers. They had longer heroin-using careers, a longer duration of detention and a higher prevalence of some type of hepatitis. In conclusion, the differences between chasers and injectors were rather related to a longer history of heroin use than to the route of heroin administration.

Although we commonly assume that bureaucrats influence the policies which govern public behavior, we know very little about the individuals who occupy executive positions in the federal bureaucracy. Following the creation of the Senior Executive Service (SES) in 1978, the Office of Personnel Management (OPM) published guidelines detailing the skills and responsibilities required among both career and noncareer members of the SES. Although scholars have focused much attention on relations between these two groups within the federal bureaucracy, their day‐to‐day responsibilities remain understudied. This study reports results of a survey that was administered to 1,000 members of the Senior Executive Service to determine whether career and noncareer members of the SES have significantly different job responsibilities. Although both groups perform a variety of activities which provide them with numerous avenues to affect government policy, the research findings indicate that noncareer executives are more engaged in carrying out political liaison tasks and that career executives have slightly greater personnel responsibilities.

This study compares the individual, household and location characteristics of private employees, the self‐employed, the unemployed and the economically inactive in Kazakhstan making use of a 1996 World Bank Living Standards Measurement Survey. The purpose is to understand whether the process of transition has determined a selection of workers exiting the state sector and entering the three relatively new 'pools' of private employees, self‐employed and unemployed. An 'occupational choice' model is used to explore the determinants of sector participation. It is found that income opportunities are similar between the private and self‐employment sectors, that the private sector is not necessarily the workers' first choice and that non‐income determinants including local economic and labour market conditions and household related factors explain better than income the choice of the working sector. Self‐employment seems to be a key sector in understanding the mechanisms of sector choice and the reallocation of labour. Unemployment appears as a choice of last resort and made by truly 'rationed' individuals.

This article examines empirically the relationship between stock market development, political instability and economic growth in Greece. We measure socio‐political instability by constructing an index which captures the occurrence of various phenomena of political violence using time‐series data. The main advantages of analysing political instability in a case study framework using time‐series, in contrast with the widely used cross‐country empirical studies, are: (a) a more careful and in‐depth examination of institutional and historical characteristics of a particular country; (b) the use of a data set comprised of the most appropriate and highest quality measures; and (c) a more detailed exposition of the dynamic evolution of the economy. The empirical results indicate the existence of a strong negative relationship between uncertain socio‐political conditions and the general index of the Athens Stock Exchange (ASE) and support the theoretical hypothesis that uncertain socio‐political conditions affect economic growth negatively, is true for the Greek case.(J.E.L.: G10, G14, O40, C32)

The current study focused on jealousy between toddler and preschool siblings. Sixty‐two families participated in triadic interaction sessions, in which mothers and then fathers were instructed to focus on one child (older sibling or toddler) while encouraging the other child to play with other toys in the room. Results indicated that child jealousy reactions differed between mothers and fathers, and parents behaved differently with older and younger siblings. Although older and younger siblings showed jealousy, older children were better than their toddler‐age siblings at regulating jealousy responses and engaging in focused play. Further, younger siblings showed differences in jealous behavior when interacting with each parent, whereas older siblings showed somewhat greater behavioral consistency across parents, indicating internalization of emotion regulation style. Mothers expressed more happiness than fathers, and parents responded differently to older versus younger siblings' behaviors. Findings underscore the importance of examining emotion regulation processes within salient family relationships and of considering sibling interaction as a socialization context in which young children learn to negotiate emotional challenges.

This longitudinal study examines how childhood and early adolescent (age 6 to 15) peer and nonpeer social networks relate to sexual attitudes and behaviors in adolescence and young adulthood (age 12 to 25) for sexually abused and comparison girls. A large number of male peers in childhood is related to heightened sexual activity, sexual preoccupation, increased sexual pressure, and risky sexual behavior in adolescence. High-quality, female, nonpeer relationships have a positive effect on attitudes toward casual sex. Multiple group models illuminate several cross-lag group moderators: (a) Abused girls who are happier with male nonpeers are less pre-occupied with sex; (b) abused girls who are happier with male peers are more likely to use birth control; and (c) abused girls who have early physical relationships are more likely to engage in risky sexual behavior. Treatment implications include monitoring the effects of low-status peer groups, encouraging contact with female role models, and encouraging the formation of high-quality relationships with male peers and nonpeers.