Suchergebnisse

ÖZBu yüksek lisans çalışmasının amacı, Hristiyan Demokratların Avrupa Birliği bütünleşme sürecindeki etkinlerinin araştırılmasıdır. Hristiyan Demokrat akımının Avrupa Birliği'nin oluşum sürecinde etkilerinin olup olmadığı, etkileri olduysa bunların ne yönde ve ne derecede etkili olduğu, tarihsel süreç takip edilerek, neden sonuç ilişkisi içinde incelenmiştir. Son olarak ise Hristiyan Demokrat parti, European People's Party'nin Türkiye üyeliğine bakış açısı ele alınmıştır. Bu amaçla ilk bölümde Hristiyan Demokrat akımın Avrupa'da ortaya çıkışı ve zaman içinde geçirdiği dönüşümler incelenmiştir. Özellikle ortaya çıkışları, kimliksel dönüşümleri ve uluslarüstü özellikleri üzerinde durulmuştur. İkinci bölümde ise Hristiyan Demokratların AB'nin bütünleşmesinin ilk adımlarındaki etkileri incelenmiştir. Üçüncü ve son bölümde ise Avrupa Birliği'nin yapısı ve gelişimini temelden etkileyen anlaşmakardaki, etkileri üzerinde durulmuştur. ABSTRACTThe main objective of this thesis is the exploration of the influence of Christian Democrats on the EU integration process. This research approaches in a historical context and analyses in a causal relationship the question whether the Christian Democrats as a political movement have been influential in the formation of the European Union, and if they have to what extent this influence has been effective. As a final point, it also dwells on the issue of how the Christian Democrats, European People's Party, evaluates Turkey's possible membership to the European Union. With this objectives in mind, the first chapter of this study focuses on the emergence of the Christian Democrats as political movement in Europe, and traces the transformation that it went through during its historical development. It especially dwells on the transformation of the movement's political identity and its supranational quality. The second chapter is concerned with the influence of the Christian Democrats on the initial steps of the EU integration. The third and the last chapter, on the other hand, covers their involvement in the treaties that determined the structure and development of the EU.

SUMMARY Legal aspects of reorganization by way of merger The thesis paper analyses the issues related to the reorganization of companies by the way of merger including national and cross-border mergers. The paper consists of three sections. The first section discloses reasons and purposes of company mergers, possible merger ways, defining shortly legal regulations of each of the ways. The analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of the merger ways leads to the conclusion that, in order to achieve their expectations, the participating interested parties will have to look for a compromise solutions when choosing a share deal, an asset deal or a reorganization by merger way. In the second section, based on the historical method, the origin of the reorganization of companies by the way of merger as the law institute, its development in the European Union and the Lithuanian legislation are analysed as the investigation and analysis of the grounding of the current regulation as well as perception of drawbacks or problems are possible only having a clear concept of the historical development of the object investigated. In the third section, based on the comparative investigation method, regulations of the European Union legal acts and national laws are compared with a view to reveal the origin of the national provisions and existing differences. Furthermore, based on the teleological method, the paper seeks to reveal the intentions of the issuer of legal regulations, when implementing the EU legal provisions in the national law. The comparative investigation method used in major part of the thesis paper is focused mainly on the main objective – to present fundamental knowledge and evaluation of the subject investigated and to analyse and disclose the essence of separate institutes as well as their application and explanation peculiarities as comprehensively as possible.

SUMMARY Legal aspects of reorganization by way of merger The thesis paper analyses the issues related to the reorganization of companies by the way of merger including national and cross-border mergers. The paper consists of three sections. The first section discloses reasons and purposes of company mergers, possible merger ways, defining shortly legal regulations of each of the ways. The analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of the merger ways leads to the conclusion that, in order to achieve their expectations, the participating interested parties will have to look for a compromise solutions when choosing a share deal, an asset deal or a reorganization by merger way. In the second section, based on the historical method, the origin of the reorganization of companies by the way of merger as the law institute, its development in the European Union and the Lithuanian legislation are analysed as the investigation and analysis of the grounding of the current regulation as well as perception of drawbacks or problems are possible only having a clear concept of the historical development of the object investigated. In the third section, based on the comparative investigation method, regulations of the European Union legal acts and national laws are compared with a view to reveal the origin of the national provisions and existing differences. Furthermore, based on the teleological method, the paper seeks to reveal the intentions of the issuer of legal regulations, when implementing the EU legal provisions in the national law. The comparative investigation method used in major part of the thesis paper is focused mainly on the main objective – to present fundamental knowledge and evaluation of the subject investigated and to analyse and disclose the essence of separate institutes as well as their application and explanation peculiarities as comprehensively as possible.

Today's labor market is becoming more demanding requirements in the workforce. One of the most important requirements - vocational training, job skills, the ability to master new skill competencies. As a result, many people, especially young couples, faced with serious employment problems. Changes in the economic - political life, information technology development, scientific and technological innovation, reform of the education system today, for the people, especially young people, offer many new opportunities for professional development. Professional information and counseling, vocational training, job skills promotion is one of the key measures to help unemployed young people to plan their career, increase their employment opportunities. The object of the research – activity of the labor market exchange in planning professional career of young unemployed. The purpose of the research is – to identify possibilities to improve services of planning of professional career (provided by labor exchange) for young unemployed. The following tasks were formulated in order to achieve the purpose: 1. To identify the role of planning of professional career (provided by labor exchange) for young unemployed in the context of lifelong learning. 2. To identify the role of labor exchange in planning of professional career (provided by labor exchange) for young unemployed. 3. To describe specific activities of labor exchange in planning professional career (provided by labor exchange) for young unemployed. 4. To identify the subjective perspectives of young unemployed and consultants in possibilities in improving planning of professional career of young unemployed. One of the main results of the empiric research is the conclusion that the possibilities (except objective ones ) for young unemployed to receive effective services of planning professional career is the lack of qualification of specialists in the field (of professional career planning), or the lack of opportunities to develop qualification in the field.

Facing the worldwide economic recession, the public research and development (R&D) policy undergo the increasing pressure to economize and improve research performance levels in this way complying with public accountability. Thus the design of R&D policy has to integrate an appropriate set of research performance criteria together with the balanced choice of relevant indicators for the allocation of scarce funds for the very purpose of pursuing scientific advancement in the frames of international rivalry.During several last decades the discourse of the EU politicians expanded with the term of "research excellence", which became conceptual background for further EU R&D policy development. Often excellence in research is used as synonym of "research quality". Nevertheless, rivalry for the highest evaluation of research performance has not yet provided with a single and fixed definition of "research excellence". This paper aims to outline the content of excellence in research and, investigating the existing Lithuanian experience to measure it, discuss the R&D policy intervention impacts on the process and the results of pursuing high level research. The methods of research used are grounded on the investigation of Lithuanian legal acts, valid in the field of R&D and conditioning the performance of public R&D institutions. Two levels of policy intervention: institution and individual are taken into consideration. Also, in the light of research excellence measurement R&D output assessment methodology used by the Government as a basic institutional funding instrument is analyzed. The conclusions mark that due to the conditions of ambiguous definition of "research excellence" the need for the methods to recognize and identify excellence in research are vital. However, its pro-active state-level management practices should contain an umbrella of flexible, well-balanced and situation receptive procedures. Therewith, the research excellence encouragement instruments within the framework of the ...

This paper which was commissioned by the Swedish Ministry of Enterprise, Energy and Communications during the current Swedish EU presidency aims to identify and discuss some of the most important territorial potentials in the European Union. According to the EU Green Paper on Territorial Cohesion, the territorial diversity of European regions is a vital asset in economic development and competitiveness. The purpose of EU Cohesion Policy at the European level is to contribute to the Lisbon and Gothenburg objectives for growth, jobs and sustainable development. More specifically, the Cohesion Policy should promote the cohesion of the EU-territory by improving the use of all available resources in Europe's regions. The concept of territorial potential relates to numerous factors. These factors can be divided into tangible assets, such as natural and human resources, and intangible assets, like organisation, culture, social issues and governance. Un-mobilised territorial assets constitute territorial potentials that may be realised through policies and actions at various administrative levels. Seen against the backdrop of the deepest global economic slowdown in generations the identification of regional potentials and, furthermore, the elaboration of strategies and policies that might enable and facilitate the European regions to fully exploit these potentials, is more important than ever. To strengthen competitiveness one of the main challenges facing policy-makers and other concerned actors across the regions of Europe is to identify and mobilise the territorial potentials necessary for the creation of new jobs and sustainable economic growth. Understanding the nature of territorial potentials requires a process of analysing access to different types of resources in order to gain a more detailed knowledge of the economic base of the region. However, it also requires a regional process for prioritising and coordinating relevant stakeholders and policy-fields in order to implement the necessary policy initiatives.

This manual describes the new European Fish Index – EFI+ - and its application software. The EFI+ software and manual have been developed within the EFI+ project. The EFI+ project was funded by the European Commission (EC) under the 6th Framework Programme, "Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development", Key Action 1: Sustainable Management and Quality of Water of the European Commission (Specific Targeted Research Project FP6-2005-SSP-5-A, Task 4: Ecological status assessment – filling the gaps). In the year 2000, the EC adopted a new legislation, the Water Framework Directive (WFD). This new legislation, now implemented in 27 EU member countries, aims for good ecological conditions in all surface waters. Fishes are, for the first time, part of a European-wide monitoring network designed to assess the ecological status of running waters. Between 2001 and 2004 the EC funded the FAME project developed, evaluated and implemented new standardised fish-based methods to assess the ecological status of running waters in Europe (FP5, Energy, Environment and Sustainable Management. Key Action 1: Sustainable Management and Quality of Water, EVK1-CT-2001-00094, http://fame.boku.ac.at).The main output of the FAME project was the European Fish Index (EFI), the first standardised fish-based assessment method applicable across a wide range of European rivers. The EFI employs a number of environmental descriptors to predict biological reference conditions and then quantifies the deviation of the fish community structure from these reference conditions on a statistical basis. The EFI was developed mainly based on data from Western and Northern Europe and was calibrated against estimates of human pressures and impacts. Although a wide range of river types was included in the development of the EFI, some river types, e.g. very large rivers, were underrepresented. The EFI has now been tested by European countries within their national monitoring programmes and has been evaluated for use for reporting under the WFD. During this ...

The period 1200-1600 CE saw a radical transformation from simple chiefdoms to kingdoms (in archaeological terminology, complex chiefdoms) across lowland South Sulawesi, a region that lay outside the 'classical' Indicized parts of Southeast Asia. The rise of these kingdoms was stimulated and economically supported by trade in prestige goods with other parts of island Southeast Asia, yet the development of these kingdoms was determined by indigenous, rather than imported, political and cultural precepts. Starting in the thirteenth century, the region experienced a transition from swidden cultivation to wet-rice agriculture; rice was the major product that the lowland kingdoms of South Sulawesi exchanged with archipelagic traders. Stephen Druce demonstrates this progression to political complexity by combining a range of sources and methods, including oral, textual, archaeological, linguistic and geographical information and analysis as he explores the rise and development of five South Sulawesi kingdoms, known collectively as Ajattappareng (the Lands West of the Lakes) The author also presents an inquiry into oral traditions of a historical nature in South Sulawesi. He examines their functions, their processes of transmission and transformation, their uses in writing history and their relationship to written texts. He shows that any distinction between oral and written traditions of a historical nature is largely irrelevant, and that the South Sulawesi chronicles, which can be found only for a small number of kingdoms, are not characteristic (as historians have argued) but exceptional in the corpus of indigenous South Sulawesi historical sources. The book will be of primary interest to scholars of pre-European-contact Southeast Asia, including historians, archaeologists, anthropologists, linguists and geographers, and scholars with a broader interest in oral tradition and the relationship between the oral and written registers Stephen Druce obtained his PhD from the Centre for South-East Asian Studies, University of Hull. He has published on South Sulawesi history and archaeology in English and Indonesian language journals.

"In the light of mechanisms and sequences of cultural development, on the one hand, and the historically variable processes of 'de-culturisation' and socialisation in the context of the respective individual ontogenesis, on the other hand, it becomes apparent that the content and effects of social institutions and the potentials of action of individuals can only be captured within the horizon of their socio-culturally constituent mechanisms and relations of meanings. Therein it has to be acknowledged that both historical and cultural semantics and the basal structures of insight and communication are subject to change - not in the form of a linear development, but in a complex process of changing constellations. This basic epistemological insight and its consequences are first discussed theoretically and then illustrated by analysis of particular cases. The latter purpose is served by the project 'Poverty dynamics and the labour market', a research project on social legislation coordinated by the Institute for Employment Research (IAB) in Nuremberg. The cultural conditionality of the impact of welfare state institutions can be exemplified by the autobiographic account of a recipient of Unemployment Benefit II (ALG II), as reported in the context of this project. In addition, some of the possible breaches that current concepts of labour market and social policy in practise suffer from are revealed. The consequence of the case-analytic considerations is highly relevant with respect to methodology: Typical abstract economic modelling of effective preferences, rationalities and calculus by themselves do in fact not allow drawing conclusions about what forms of action, on the basis of what forms of insight, come into being as social practise. To explore the mechanisms in effect and the resulting multifaceted logics of action, what is rather needed - in the sense of a 'cultural economics' - is a systematic empirical reconstruction of the genesis and structure of patterns of interpretation and action, in the context of economic action and institutions." (Author's abstract, IAB-Doku)

International audience ; Biofuels are fuels produced from biomass, mostly in liquid form, within a time frame sufficiently short to consider that their feedstock (biomass) can be renewed, contrarily to fossil fuels. This paper reviews the current and future biofuel technologies, and their development impacts (including on the climate) within given policy and economic frameworks. Current technologies make it possible to provide first generation biodiesel, ethanol or biogas to the transport sector to be blended with fossil fuels. Still under-development 2nd generation biofuels from lignocellulose should be available on the market by 2020. Research is active on the improvement of their conversion efficiency. A ten-fold increase compared with current cost-effective capacities would make them highly competitive. Within bioenergy policies, emphasis has been put on biofuels for transportation as this sector is fast-growing and represents a major source of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. Compared with fossil fuels, biofuel combustion can emit less greenhouse gases throughout their life cycle, considering that part of the emitted CO2 returns to the atmosphere where it was fixed from by photosynthesis in the first place. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is commonly used to assess the potential environmental impacts of biofuel chains, notably the impact on global warming. This tool, whose holistic nature is fundamental to avoid pollution trade-offs, is a standardised methodology that should make comparisons between biofuel and fossil fuel chains objective and thorough. However, it is a complex and time-consuming process, which requires lots of data, and whose methodology is still lacking harmonisation. Hence the life-cycle performances of biofuel chains vary widely in the literature. Furthermore, LCA is a site- and timeindependent tool that cannot take into account the spatial and temporal dimensions of emissions, and can hardly serve as a decision-making tool either at local or regional levels. Focusing on greenhouse ...

In the mid 1980s, following the first stages of the decentralisation process initiated in 1982, certain French administrative regions started acquiring tools for the observation of the training-employment relationship in order to prepare for their new responsibilities in the areas of education, training and economic development. In so doing, the government reasserted its 'determination' to anticipate in order to take action (not without echoes of the Keynesian state inseparable from national statistics), but this was done in a way which remained compatible with the emergence of a decentralised state: by establishing a framework rather than laying down rules. A circular dated 16 February 1988 thus gave the OREFs a common goal – developing diagnostic and forecasting tools to be shared by the regional actors (Bertrand et al. 2003) – but the definition of the specific institutional form and methods was left up to the observatories themselves. Each French region thus came to choose the kind of information produced and the ways of using it in the context of regional employment and training policies (Pascaud 1993). In the two regions under consideration here, the initiatives were quite distinct: in Rhône-Alpes, they took the form of an association, and in PACA, that of a structure within the Regional Council, although this was funded through the State-Region Planning contract. The implication of the OREFs in the specific regional histories of the training-employment relationship was all the more profound because the 1988 circular pragmatically tied their creation to the 'multi-annual contractualisation' of public policy, as well as the 'continuity of the transfer of authority over initial and continuing education and training to the Regional Councils. These two observatories have thus been studied here from a socio-historical perspective in order to bring out the configurations of regional actors taking part in their creation and subsequent development. To what extent do interactions between those involved in the ...

International audience ; Hydrogeomorphological mapping is used in France to delimit river flood areas. Several thousands of kilometers of watercourses have thus been analysed then mapped, due to the flood hazard prevention policy urged by the Equipment and Environment ministries since the Barnier law (1995). The problematic of flood hazard leads to observe familiar functional floodplain objects with a point of view slightly different from those generally admitted in fluvial dynamics. Interest in microtopography and its variations thus allows to distinguish up to four beds in a watercourse. In particular, an intermediate flow channel can be distinguished depending on the order and zone of the watercourse. The inundability problematic also oblige to be particularly careful with th external limit of the flood area. Currently under development, it already produced new results with the description of exceptional high water beds in some watercourses. Finally, the need for precise knowledge of hazard characteristics, such as water height and speed, have led to the development of the integrated method, based on the hydrogeomorphological discharge concept, whose first experimentations are promising. ; La cartographie hydrogéomorphologique est utilisée en France pour délimiter les zones inondables par les cours d'eau. Plusieurs milliers de kilomètres de cours d'eau ont été ainsi analysés, puis cartographiés en réponse à la politique de prévention des risques d'inondation engagée par les Ministères de l'Équipement et de l'Environnement depuis la loi Barnier (1995). La problématique du risque d'inondation conduit à observer les objets familiers des plaines d'inondation fonctionnelles avec un point de vue différent de ceux généralement admis en dynamique fluviale. L'intérêt porté à la microtopographie et à ses variations permet de distinguer jusqu'à quatre lits dans un cours d'eau. En particulier, on peut mettre en évidence un lit moyen dont l'existence dépend de l'ordre et de la zone du cours d'eau. La problématique de ...

191 202 30 3 ; S ; Larrañaga P, Calvo B, Santana R, Bielza C, Galdiano J, Inza I, Lozano JA, Armañanzas R, Santafé G, Perez A, Robles V (2006) Machine learning in bioinformatics. Brief Bioinform 7(1):86–112 ; [EN] We present an agent-based distributed decision support system for the diagnosis and prognosis of brain tumors developed by the HealthAgents project. HealthAgents is a European Union funded research project, which aims to enhance the classification of brain tumors using such a decision support system based on intelligent agents to securely connect a network of clinical centers. The HealthAgents system is implementing novel pattern recognition discrimination methods, in order to analyze in vivo Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) and ex vivo/in vitro High Resolution Magic Angle Spinning Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (HR-MAS) and DNA micro-array data. HealthAgents intends not only to apply forefront agent technology to the biomedical field, but also develop the HealthAgents network, a globally distributed information and knowledge repository for brain tumor diagnosis and prognosis. First and foremost, we profoundly thank the HEALTHAGENTS Consortium who are ultimately the people in charge of this research endeavor. Without their help and consideration, this article would certainly not have been possible. Second, we thank Francesc Estanyol, Xavier Rafael Palou and Roman Roset for their crucial contribution in the development of the prototype of HEALTHAGENTS, Tiphaine Dalmas for the development of the EbSS, and Jan Luts and Javier Vicente for their comments to the machine learning section. Third, we express our gratitude to the anonymous reviewers who have provided us with feedback to improve the overall quality of the final manuscript. Access to the source code for the Interpret DSS and GUI and for some preprocessing modules is gratefully acknowledged to the Interpret partners. This research has been carried out under the HEALTHAGENTS research grant, funded by the Information Society Technologies priority of ...

The investigations undertaken into the well-known Palace of Castillejo de Monteagudo have shown a number of interesting developments concerning the distribution of indoor areas and access to the building. The survey of the surrounding orchard area has revealed a large number of hydraulic structures, hostels and ditches, and others of dubious identification, which show that the palace was the centre of a large estate at least partially cultivated. We have included in the study three adjacent monuments, the so-called Larache Castle, probably one Arstocratic Almunia; the Castillo de Monteagudo, a castran building, and the remains of Cabezo de Torres, the nature of which is still questionable, in view of the remarkable evidence that the Palace of Castillejo is coetanity. ; Peer reviewed ; The investigations undertaken into the well-known Palace of Castillejo de Monteagudo have shown a number of interesting developments concerning the distribution of indoor areas and access to the building. The survey of the surrounding orchard area has revealed a large number of hydraulic structures, hostels and ditches, and others of dubious identification, which show that the palace was the centre of a large estate at least partially cultivated. We have included in the study three adjacent monuments, the so-called Larache Castle, probably one Arstocratic Almunia; the Castillo de Monteagudo, a castran building, and the remains of Cabezo de Torres, the nature of which is still questionable, in view of the remarkable evidence that the Palace of Castillejo is coetanity. ; The research about the well known palace "Castillejo de Monteagudo" has shown several interesting newness concerning the distribution of the inner spaces as well as the access to the building. Moreover, the prospection of the "huerta" around it revealed the existence of hydraulic structures, irrigation ditches and reservoirs, and non-identificated others, which proove that the palace was the center of a large estate, at least partly cultivated. We have included in ...