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The juvenile criminal proceeding presents numerous peculiarities due to properties of the person who is the protagonist and recipient of particular attention, including in relation to the formation of his personality. Among the institutions that characterize the juvenile criminal procedure there is without doubt the preliminary hearing, defined as the "center of gravity" of the entire system, because it provides the opportunity to define the legal proceeding of the child already at that stage, with a faster expulsion of the offender from criminal circuit. Compared with the preliminary hearing of the ordinary proceedings against the older – introduced in the new code of criminal procedure as a filter for unnecessary debates or for not to give action at charges that, prima facie, appear unfit to support the accusation in court, the juvenile preliminary hearing is characterized, above all, for the specialization of those involved, including, for example, the Panel, which is composed of a collegiate and professional judge and two lay judges, experts in matters regarding training of the child. In child preliminary hearing, then, in addition to the traditional endings, there is the chance of reaching a solution of the avoidance of desocialization resulting in the possible prison sentence, including: the delivery of a judgment of non-suit for lack of eligibility, the granting of judicial pardon, the irrelevance of the fact – when the fact appears tenuous, even in relation to the parameters specified by art. 133 c.p. –, the suspension of the proceedings with probation and the sentence to a fine or alternative sanction penalty. The epilogues in question – some of which were recently extended, with appropriate adjustments, even to older defendants – were imagined to meet the dual purpose of guiding the child in understanding the negative social value the offense was committed and to allow, then, the rapid exit from procedural circuit, beating the best time to conflict with the legal system. The present doctoral thesis tries, therefore, to reconstruct fully the preliminary hearing in the juvenile ritual discipline, analyzing the profiles of interest – especially considering the recent Directive 2016/800/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council – and those of critical, also making a comparison with some aspects of the French juvenile criminal system, profoundly different from ours, especially in relation to different and less sympathetic consideration that the minor offender receives from the legislature.

La escasez del trabajo por cuenta ajena y el auge de ciertas tecnologías han favorecido que se realicen prestaciones de servicios al margen de la regulación del Derecho del trabajo: una nueva situación de anomia laboral. En el año 2030 se espera que en la Unión Europea haya el doble de mayores de 65 años por trabajador que ahora por lo que habrá que buscar vías o mecanismos para financiar los regímenes de seguridad social, mantener a los mayores dentro de la población activa y reconsiderar la propuesta presentada por la eurodiputada Mady Delvaux en relación con el futuro del empleo y la viabilidad de los sistemas de seguridad social cuando la robótica asuma gran parte del trabajo. En la ponencia vamos a hacer un recorrido de estas transformaciones y abordaremos cuál puede ser el razonamiento jurídico que pueda mantener una Unión Europea "con un modelo basado en la idea de que el crecimiento económico debe buscarse por medio del mercado con fines sociales" (Proyecto Europa 2030. Retos y oportunidades. Informe al Consejo Europeo del Grupo de reflexión sobre el futuro de la UE en 2030). ; The shortage of paid employment and the rise of certain technologies have favored the provision of services outside the regulation of labor law: a new situation of labor anomie. In the year 2030 it is expected that in the European Union there will be twice as many people over 65 years old per worker than now, so it will be necessary to look for ways or mechanisms to finance social security schemes, to keep older people within the working population and to reconsider the proposal put forward by the member of European Parliament Mady Delvaux on the future of employment and the viability of social security systems when robotics takes over much of the work. In our paper we will study these transformations and we will address what legal reasoning can be maintained by a European Union "with a model based on the idea that economic growth must be sought through the market for social purposes" (Project Europe 2030. Challenges and opportunities. A report to the European Council by the Reflection Group on the Future of the EU 2030).

Historical hydrology is based on data derived from historical written, pictorial and epigraphic documentary sources. It lies at the interface between hydrology and environmental history, using methodologies from both disciplines basically with the goal of significantly extending the instrumental measurement period with experience from the pre-instrumental past. Recently this field of research has gained increased recognition as a tool to improve current flood risk estimations when EU guidelines regulated by law the quantitative consideration of previous floods.1 Awareness to consider pre-instrumental experience in flood risk analysis seems to have risen at the level of local and federal authorities in Switzerland as well. The 2011 Fukushima catastrophe probably fostered this rethinking process, when pressure from the media, society and politics as well as the regulations of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) forced the authorities to reassess the current flood risk analysis for Swiss nuclear power plants. In 2015 a historical hydrological study was commissioned by the Federal Office for the Environment (FOEN) to assess the magnitudes of pre-instrumental Aare River flood discharges, including the most important tributaries (the Saane, Emme, Reuss and Limmat rivers). The results of the historical hydrological study serve now as the basis for the main study, EXAR (commissioned under the lead of FOEN in cooperation with the Swiss Nuclear Safety Inspectorate (ENSI), the Swiss Federal Office of Energy (SFOE), the Federal Office for Civil Protection (FOCP), and the Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology (MeteoSwiss)), which combines historical and climatological analysis with statistical approaches and mathematical models with the goal of better understanding the hazards and possible interactions that can be caused by extreme flood events. In a second phase the catchment of the River Rhine will be targeted as well. More recently several local historical hydrological studies of smaller catchments have been requested by the responsible local authorities. The course for further publicly requested historical hydrological analysis seems thus to have been set. This paper therefore intends to discuss the potential of historical hydrological analysis, with a focus on the specific situation in Switzerland. 1Guideline 2007/60/EG of the European Parliament and Council from 23 October 2007 on assessment and management of flood risks, Official Journal of the European Union, L 288, 27–34, Brussels, 2007.

At the Social Summit in Gothenburg, on November 17th, 2017, the European Parliament, the Council and European Commission adopted the "European Pillar of Social Rights" (EPSR). It consists of 20 very generally formulated social policy (in the broadest sense of the word) principles which have been adopted in the form of a legally non-binding joint proclamation. The principles are formulated as social rights of individuals against the member states (Höpner 2017; Rasnaèa 2017, p. 17 onwards). The member states shall comply with these principles and implement them in national legislation. Furthermore, the principles shall be substantiated by legislative initiatives at EU level. The objectives that the Commission pursues with the EPSR are extremely ambitious. The pillar shall serve as a compass for a renewed process of convergence towards better working and living conditions in Europe (Rasnaèa 2017, p.13). Through the EPSR, the Commission is sending the signal that it has recognized the importance of Europe's social dimension. The Commission's initiative has to be seen before the background of the ongoing social problems in Europe, especially in some countries of the Eurozone. This WSI Policy Brief analyses and evaluates the European Pillar of Social Rights with regard to its impact on national and European policies. ; This is a translation of a slightly modified version of Seikel, Daniel: "Was bringt die Europäische Säule Sozialer Rechte", WSI Policy Brief No. 17, 11/2017: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/224224 ; Am 26. April 2017 hat die Europäische Kommission ein Maßnahmenpaket vorgelegt, mit dem sie die soziale Dimension der Europäischen Union stärken will. Der zentrale Bestandteil des Pakets ist eine "Europäische Säule Sozialer Rechte" (ESSR). Diese besteht aus 20 sehr allgemein formulierten, im weitesten Sinn sozialpolitischen Grundsätzen, die in Form einer rechtlich-unverbindlichen gemeinsamen Proklamation von Kommission, Rat und Europäischem Parlament am 17. November 2017 auf dem Sozialgipfel in Göteborg verabschiedet werden soll. Die Prinzipien sind in Form sozialer Rechte von Individuen gegenüber den Mitgliedstaaten formuliert (Höpner 2017; Rasnaèa 2017, S.17f.). Die Mitgliedstaaten sollen die Prinzipien im Rahmen ihrer nationalen Gesetzgebung befolgen und umsetzen. Darüber hinaus sollen die Grundsätze auch durch europäische Gesetzesinitiativen konkretisiert werden. Die Ziele, die die Kommission mit der ESSR verknüpft, sind äußerst ambitioniert. Die Säule soll als Kompass für einen erneuerten Prozess der aufwärts gerichteten Konvergenz hin zu besseren Arbeits- und Lebensbedingungen in Europa dienen (Rasnaèa 2017, S.13). Mit der ESSR signalisiert die Kommission, dass sie die Bedeutung der sozialen Dimension Europas erkannt hat. Hintergrund sind die anhaltenden sozialen Probleme in Europa, insbesondere in einigen Ländern der Eurozone. Der vorliegende WSI Policy Brief analysiert und bewertet die Europäische Säule Sozialer Rechte hinsichtlich ihrer Auswirkungen auf nationale und europäische Politik.

El objetivo principal de este trabajo es analizar las estrategias de mitigación que los políticos usan en el parlamento. Compararemos las diferentes estrategias que dos diferentes jefes de estado utilizan en sus discursos. Específicamente, estudiaremos los discursos pronunciados por el Sr. Cameron (Ex Primer Ministro del Reino Unido) y el Sr. Rajoy (Presidente de España). Ambos pronunciaron discursos que abordaron, entre otros temas, el Consejo Europeo. Cuando se trata de estrategias de mitigación, Fraser y Caffi dicen que hay «escudos» que «dislocan», «desplazan» o «desfocalizan» la fuente del enunciado. Estas estrategias de desplazamiento se relacionan con cualquiera de los tres componentes básicos de las expresiones deícticas: el actantial y el componente espacio-temporal. En este corpus específico, analizaremos el papel de los pronombres plurales de primera persona como estrategias de mitigación. Como veremos, en ambos casos podemos observar una dislocación de la acción pero van en diferentes direcciones dependiendo de la nacionalidad del jefe del gobierno. En el caso del Ex Primer Ministro británico la dislocación va hacia adentro (Cámara de los Comunes y ciudadanos británicos) y en el caso del presidente español va hacia fuera (la UE). ; The main goal of this paper is to analyse the mitigation strategies politicians use in parliament. We will compare the different strategies that two different head of states use in their speeches. Specifically, we will study the speeches uttered by Mr. Cameron (Ex-Prime Minister of the United Kingdom) and Mr. Rajoy (President of Spain). Both of them delivered speeches that dealt with, among other subjects, the European Council. When dealing with mitigation strategies, Fraser and Caffi say that there are "shields" that "dislocate," "displace" or "de-focalize" the source of the utterance. These displacement strategies are related to any of the three basic components of the deictic expressions: the "actantial" and the spatiotemporal component. In this specific corpus, we will analyse the role of the first person plural pronouns as mitigation strategies. As we will see, in both cases we could observe a dislocation of the action but they go in different directions depending on the nationality of the head of the government. In the case of the British Ex-Prime Minister the dislocation is going inwards (House of Commons and British citizens) and in the case of the Spanish President is going outwards (EU).

[Resumen] Debido a la diversidad legislativa que hay en cada uno de los estados miembros de la Unión Europea y en base a la promulgación de la Directiva 2010/31/UE del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo, de 19 de mayo de 2010 relativa a la eficiencia energética de los edificios, se hace necesario realizar una comparación de los distintos procedimientos para poder llevar a cabo la certificación energética. Para ello se plantean dos líneas de investigación. Una teórica en la que se analizan las normativas y exigencias en materia de eficiencia energética en los países de España, Alemania Francia, Irlanda y Reino Unido. Y otra práctica en la que tomando como referencia una edificio de viviendas y un apartamento, se realiza una comparación de los procedimientos a seguir para realizar la certificación energética, evaluando los resultados obtenidos con ayuda de las herramientas informáticas de los países mencionadas anteriormente. Con los resultados generados se consigue tener una visión objetiva de los diferentes procedimientos, pudiendo concretar las diferencias y similitudes de los mismos y analizando los nexos de unión entre ellos con el fin de buscar una herramienta que pueda unificarlos en una única metodología. ; [Abstract] Because the legislative diversity in each of the member states of the European Union and based on the enactment of Directive 2010/31 / EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 May 2010 on the energy efficiency of buildings, it is necessary to make a comparison of the different procedures to perform energy certification. For this, two lines of research are raised. A theory in which the regulations and requirements regarding energy efficiency in the countries of Spain, Germany France, Ireland and the United Kingdom are discussed. And another practice in which the basis of a residential building and an apartment, a comparison of the procedures for energy certification, evaluating the results obtained using the tools of the countries mentioned above is performed. With the results generated have achieved an objective view of the various procedures, can realize the differences and similarities between them and analyzing the links between them in order to find a tool that can unify on a single methodology. ; Traballo fin de mestrado (UDC.EUAT). Tecnoloxías de edificación sostible. Curso 2014/2015.

[.] The discussion below is organized into four sections. The first reviews the powers of the Commission President. Comparison with heads of government at the national level brings out its weakness. The second examines how Commission Presidents before Barroso approached the office. It shows that his predecessors adopted one of five strategies, each defined by the type of resources mobilized. The third section focuses on the Barroso Presidency. It highlights the strength of Barroso's leadership and discusses what distinguishes the Barroso Presidency from previous presidencies. It then considers how the new style of leadership came about. The fourth section compares the advantages and disadvantages of a strong presidential leadership of the Commission, investigates the impact of the Barroso Presidency on the Commission, and considers whether the model is likely to endure. The conclusion summarizes the main arguments, reflects on the significance of the emergence of the new model, and suggests lines for future research. Two points of contextualization are necessary at the outset. The first is that paper is narrowly concerned with leadership of the Commission only - essentially the Commission President's relationship vis-à-vis the College and the Commission services - and that it investigates changes in the Commission Presidency as a political office, the leadership strategy and style of Commission Presidents, and the resources mobilized by its various incumbents. While it makes reference to studies that have examined leadership in a broader sense, such as Endo (1999), Grant (1994) and Ross (1995), the paper does not make wider claims about, for example, the Commission President in the context of leadership of the EU or Europe - or about the policy achievements of any particular Commission President (see, e.g., Tömmel 2013). The second point is that the analysis presented below falls within the interactionist school of leadership. It recognizes that leadership is the outcome of a combination of the incumbent's characteristics and the environment in which he or she operates. It also acknowledges that the mobilization of resources by an individual outside the organization may have implications for his or her standing inside it. In the case of the Commission President, the ability to perform effectively in the European Council or in the European Parliament is likely to have an impact on his or her authority within the Commission.

The Irish armed forces, known as the Permanent Defence Forces (PDF) or 'Oglaigh na hEireann' number approximately 10,000 personnel across the Naval Service, Army and Air Corps. The Defence Forces in Ireland play an active role domestically in 'Aid to the Civil Power' Operations or ATCP Ops with the Irish police force, An Garda Siochana. The Defence Forces are also active internationally in UN peacekeeping and peace enforcement operations in Europe, Asia, Africa and the Middle East. As an organisation, the Irish Defence Forces is a direct descendant of the Irish Free State Army - initially formed in 1922 following the Irish War of Independence from Britain. From the inception of the Free State Army until 1954, the Irish armed forces were legislated for under the 1923 'Temporary Provisions Act'. This act was repealed by the Defence Act of 1954. Subsequently, the Irish Defence Forces are legislatively regulated by the Defence Acts 1954 – 1998. Throughout the turbulent years of the Irish Civil War and throughout the 1920's, the Irish Free State Army operated under the constitutional authority provided for it under the auspices of the Irish Free State Constitution of 1922. This constitutional authority in tandem with the Temporary Provisions Act of 1923 enshrined in law the formal subordination of the Irish military to the civil authorities and the Irish houses of parliament known as the Oireachtas. Throughout the fraught period of the Civil War and subsequent war years of World War Two – known in Ireland as 'the Emergency' – the Irish armed forces and the Irish military authorities remained loyal to and subject to the direction and control of their civilian masters of whatever political persuasion. Over time, serving members of the Irish armed forces came to be regarded both internally within the organisation and externally in the public service generally as 'non-political servants of the State'. Unlike some of our neighbouring EU states, the Defence Forces in Ireland are traditionally associated with compliance to the law and conformity to the twin concepts of accountability and subordination to the civil authorities. Throughout the lifetime of the Irish Republic to date, the Irish military have not been associated with independent military, political or lobbying activities.

Independence and Civil War: Origins of Irish Defence Forces The Irish armed forces, known as the Permanent Defence Forces (PDF) or 'Oglaigh na hEireann' number approximately 10,000 personnel across the Naval Service, Army and Air Corps. The Defence Forces in Ireland play an active role domestically in 'Aid to the Civil Power' Operations or ATCP Ops with the Irish police force, An Garda Siochana. The Defence Forces are also active internationally in UN peacekeeping and peace enforcement operations in Europe, Asia, Africa and the Middle East. As an organisation, the Irish Defence Forces is a direct descendant of the Irish Free State Army - initially formed in 1922 following the Irish War of Independence from Britain. From the inception of the Free State Army until 1954, the Irish armed forces were legislated for under the 1923 'Temporary Provisions Act'. This act was repealed by the Defence Act of 1954. Subsequently, the Irish Defence Forces are legislatively regulated by the Defence Acts 1954 – 1998. Throughout the turbulent years of the Irish Civil War and throughout the 1920's, the Irish Free State Army operated under the constitutional authority provided for it under the auspices of the Irish Free State Constitution of 1922. This constitutional authority in tandem with the Temporary Provisions Act of 1923 enshrined in law the formal subordination of the Irish military to the civil authorities and the Irish houses of parliament known as the Oireachtas. Throughout the fraught period of the Civil War and subsequent war years of World War Two – known in Ireland as 'the Emergency' – the Irish armed forces and the Irish military authorities remained loyal to and subject to the direction and control of their civilian masters of whatever political persuasion. Over time, serving members of the Irish armed forces came to be regarded both internally within the organisation and externally in the public service generally as 'non-political servants of the State'. Unlike some of our neighbouring EU states, the Defence Forces in Ireland are traditionally associated with compliance to the law and conformity to the twin concepts of accountability and subordination to the civil authorities. Throughout the lifetime of the Irish Republic to date, the Irish military have not been associated with independent military, political or lobbying activities. Nor have they ever been associated with any unilateral show of force, coercion or negative engagement in the democratic process.

Following its participation in the European Commission call for proposals in 2017, the University of Luxembourg was selected as a partner to run a Europe Direct Information Centre (EDIC) for the period 2018-2021. The agreement establishing EDIC University of Luxembourg was signed on 28 March 2019 by Prof. Dr Stéphane Pallage, Rector of the University, and Yuriko Backes, Head of the European Commission Representation in Luxembourg. EDIC University of Luxembourg is geared towards a broad audience, with the aim of informing students, researchers, teachers and the general public about issues related to the European Union's history and current affairs, as well as reflecting on potential future challenges. 29 Marc 2019 to 30 April 2021, EDIC University of Luxembourg had organized wide range of of lectures, seminars, discussions and exhibitions in cooperation with numerous partners from Luxembourg and worldwide. In the meantime, it had offered a vast variety of information about the history of European integration, the EU institutions, the workings and policies of a united Europe, as well as the place of Luxembourg and its key figures in the European integration history. Based in the Luxembourg Learning Centre (LLC) on Belval Campus, EDIC University of Luxembourg is managed by Dr Elena Danescu, a Research Scientist at the Luxembourg Centre for Contemporary and Digital History (C2DH) - the third interdisciplinary centre of the University of Luxembourg. ; 2022

From a strict technological perspective copyright holders can today truly enforce their rights ex ante by creating closed environments in which the consumption of digital works is strictly controlled by DRM systems. The scope of such control is however usually attributable to a given business model rather than legal compliance because the copyright framework (and particularly Art. 6 InfoSoc Directive or Art. 11 WCT) does not regulate the use of self-enforcement technology other than generally prohibiting others from circumventing it. Although such protection of DRM systems is, arguably, needed to deter piracy and encourage rightholders to digitally distribute content, once a digital work has been acquired from a (legitimate) source, there is little to nothing that an acquirer (consumer) can do to arrange consumption around their own preferences. Instead, their consumption is subject to complicated, sometimes equivocal, terms regulating the legal relationship and device limitations which are imposed by the DRM system. The reasonable expectations of acquirers can often get misaligned with what they are actually allowed to do (both legally and technologically) and potential remedies available vary across the EU. Copyright law, both international and EU, does currently little to address this and to maintain a balance between the legitimate interests of rightholders and the legitimate interests of bona fide digital consumers (note for example the discretionary character of Art. 6(4) paragraph 2). Against this background is a framework of consumer protection law whose underlying aim is indeed to maintain a balance between contracting parties where one is in a clearly weaker (bargaining) position. The intersection of copyright and consumer protection law is however especially problematic because not only is there insufficient, or a general lack of subject-specific, legislation but, high costs of litigation in conjunction with small sums relating to disputes do not incentivise pursuing legal action. This potentially creates market failures on many levels and reinforces the unrestricted use of DRM systems, even though certain informational requirements were introduced by the Consumer Rights Directive in 2011. Although the EU Commission's copyright reform (DSM Agenda)in this context is commendable to the extent that it purports to encapsulate digital consumers into the consumer protection framework (proposal for a Directive on the supply of digital content) and clearly fill an existing gap, the question that transpires is whether the response ought lie in the 'simple' modernisation of consumer protection law only or instead in the clearer alignment of consumer protection law and copyright law (such as is indirectly done in the current proposal for a Regulation ensuring the cross-border portability of online content services), for example through more direct regulation of the use of DRM systems. The paper addresses consumer expectations and the change in the consumption pattern before the arrival of the 'digital market proper', the functioning and use of DRM systems in the 'digital market proper', the regulation of the use of DRM systems in copyright law, and finally the EU Commissions recent proposals in light of some of the failures of the legal framework concerning the use of DRM. See generally: Kubesch, A.S., Wicker, S., Digital Rights Management: The Cost to Consumers (2015) 103(5) Proceedings of the IEEE 726 Dussolier, S., The protection of technological measures: Much ado about nothing or silent remodelling of copyright? In Dreyfuss, R.C. and Ginsburg, J.C. (eds), Intellectual Property at the Edge. The Contested Contours of IP, Cambridge University Press (2015), pp.253-268 Loos, M., et. al., Analysis of the applicable legal frameworks and suggestions for the contours of a model system of consumer protection in relation to digital content contracts, Final Report Digital Content Contracts for Consumers, CSECL, IViR and ACLE, 2011, Chapter 6 Bradgate, R., Consumer Rights in Digital Products, Research and Analysis Report, Department for Business Innovation and Skills, 2010 European Commission, Staff Working Document, Report to the Council, the European Parliament and the Economic and Social Committee on the application of Directive 2001/29/EC on the harmonisation of certain aspects of copyright and related rights in the information society SEC(2007) 1556 Guibault, L., et. al., Study on the Implementation and Effect in Member States' Laws of Directive 2001/29/EC on the Harmonisation of Certain Aspects of Copyright and Related Rights in the Information Society, IViR, 2007, Chapter 4 Helberger, N., Hugenholtz, P. B., No place like home for making a copy: private copying in european copyright law and consumer law (2007) 22(3) Berkeley Tech. L.J. 1062 Guibault, L., Accommodating the Needs of iConsumers: Making Sure They Get Their Money's Worth of Digital Entertainment (2008) 31 J Consum Policy 409 Helberger, N., Digital Rights Management from a Consumer's Perspective [2005] 8 IRIS Plus

A full and proper execution of the European Union (EU) peace-keeping operations in the territory of the receiving states, -outside the EU borders-, requires the subsequent conclusion of different International Agreements on implementation with third countries (participants or mission receptors) or other international organizations. The analysis of these agreements shows the start of a practice of the EU to the conclusion and implementation of these agreements, which has been consolidated with the new articles in the TEU and TFEU, endowing greater legal certainty and transparency to the process of celebration and subsequent implementation of the agreements, although the involvement of the European Parliament in this process remains testimonial. The entry into force of the Treaty of Lisbon, with the recognition of the international legal personality of the Union and its capacity to conclude international agreements on matters within the Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP), has not limited the powers of the States members, since we are dealing mostly qualified by the doctrine as mixed, although given their specific characteristics and the lack of definition of the type of competition from agreements, could be considered now as agreements in which the Member States exercise a shared complementary competence. Furthermore, the EU practice (before and after Lisbon) shows that the Union and its Member States have invoked the provisions of provisional application under some of these agreements in cases where domestic ratification requirements could paralyze the full implementation of these treaties. ; La completa y adecuada ejecución de las misiones de paz de la Unión Europea (UE) en el territorio de los Estados receptores,-fuera de las fronteras de la Unión-, requiere también de la posterior celebración de diferentes acuerdos internacionales de ejecución con terceros Estados (participantes o receptores de la misión) u otras Organizaciones internacionales. El análisis de estos Acuerdos muestra el inicio de una práctica de la UE respecto a la celebración y ejecución de estos Acuerdos, que se ha consolidado con los nuevos artículos del TUE y del TFUE, dotando de mayor seguridad jurídica y transparencia al proceso de celebración y aplicación posterior de los Acuerdos, si bien la intervención del Parlamento Europeo en este proceso sigue siendo testimonial. La entrada en vigor del Tratado de Lisboa y el reconocimiento de la personalidad jurídica internacional de la Unión y de su capacidad para celebrar Acuerdos internacionales sobre materias de la Política Común de Seguridad y Defensa (PCSD), no ha limitado las competencias de los Estados miembros, puesto que estamos ante Acuerdos calificados mayoritariamente por la doctrina como mixtos, aunque dadas sus características específicas y la indefinición del tipo de competencia que representan, podrían ser considerados ahora como Acuerdos en los que los Estados miembros ejercen una competencia concurrente complementaria. Asimismo, la práctica de la UE (antes y después de Lisboa) muestra que la Unión y sus Estados miembros invocan las cláusulas de aplicación provisional previstas en algunos de estos Acuerdos en los casos en los que las exigencias internas de ratificación podrían paralizar la plena ejecución de estos tratados. ; La completa i adequada execució de les missions de pau de la Unió Europea (UE) en el territori dels Estats receptors, -fora de les fronteres de la Unió-, també requereix la posterior celebració de diferents acords internacionals d'execució amb tercers estats (participants o receptors de la missió) u altres organitzacions internacionals. L'anàlisi d'aquests acords mostra l'inici d'una pràctica de la UE respecte a la celebració i execució d'aquests, que s'ha consolidat amb els nous articles del TUE i del TFUE, dotant de major seguretat jurídica i transparència al procés de celebració i aplicació posterior dels acords, si bé la intervenció del Parlament Europeu en aquest procés continua sent testimonial. L'entrada en vigor del Tractat de Lisboa i el reconeixement de la personalitat jurídica internacional de la Unió i la seva capacitat per celebrar acords internacionals sobre matèries de la Política Comuna de Seguretat i Defensa (PCSD) no ha limitat les competències dels Estats membres , ja que estem davant acords qualificats majoritàriament per la doctrina com a mestissos, encara que donades les seves característiques específiques i la indefinició del tipus de competència que representen, podrien ser considerats ara com a acords en els quals els Estats membres exerceixen una concurrència competencial complementària. Així mateix, la pràctica de la UE (abans i després de Lisboa) mostra que la Unió i els seus Estats membres invocen les clàusules d'aplicació provisional previstes en alguns d'aquests acords en els casos en què les exigències internes de ratificació podrien paralitzar la plena execució d'aquests tractats.