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The author analyzes virtual states in the contexts of identity markets. There is assumed that virtual states can play the role of both subjects and objects of modern symbolic exchange. The article shows that virtual states do not have a common definition, and those who study them offer different approaches ranging from economic to cultural, from social to anthropological. On the one hand, virtual states can sell their identities. The author presumes that markets can be defined as cultures, and cultures as markets. On the other hand, the virtual states' "products" that actualize their identity can also be goods. There is assumed that the processes of globalization and virtualization significantly changed the vectors and trajectories of identities development, turning them into a part of the market economy. The article assumes that the nation-state is gradually losing its monopoly right to represent the identity of the nation, and new actors are trying to challenge this right by proposing their own projects for identity development.The author believes that the emergence of virtual states in identity markets was the result of a performative turn and a craft revolution, for virtual states appeared as the consequences of economy craftivization, offering various mechanisms to monetize identities and turn them into sacred and symbolic political products. The author believes that the virtual state was caused by the craftivization of the serial mass identities proposed in the 19th century as in the age of nationalism. There is assumed that the virtual states were the attempts to challenge the regular state's monopoly inherited from the modern era to construct national identities. Therefore, the article analyzes the virtual states as attempts to revise the modern nation-state in the contexts of a cultural turn in the economy, which turned it into a sphere of production of meanings and identities. In general, the author considers virtual states as a new and alternative form of economic functioning, where the sense-making and meaning-generating constructs that invent and imagine new types and forms of identities become goods.

This volume takes as its starting point that issues of identity and culture are important and relevant for community development in nearly every society. It is therefore essential that community development practitioners acknowledge both culture as well as the political necessity of incorporating cultural systems, cultural values and traditions into community development initiatives. This book argues that including identity and culture in community development design, and treating identity an

Frontmatter -- Table of Contents -- Introduction / Levisohn, Jon A. / Kelman, Ari Y. -- Taking Jewish Identity Metaphors Literally / Gottlieb, Eli -- You are Jewish if You Want to Be: The Limits of Identity in a World of Multiple Practices / Mehta, Samira K. -- On the Origins and Persistence of the Jewish Identity Industry in Jewish Education / Krasner, Jonathan -- Identity and Crisis: The Origins of Identity as an Educational Outcome / Kelman, Ari Y. -- Regarding the "Real" Jew: Authenticity Anxieties Around Poland's "Generation Unexpected" / Reszke, Katka -- Re-Thinking American Jewish Zionist Identity: A Case for Post-Zionism in the Diaspora (Based on the Writings of R. Menachem Froman) / Magid, Shaul -- Jewish Educators Don't Make Jews: A Sociological Reality Check About Jewish Identity Work / Zelkowicz, Tali -- Beyond Language Proficiency: Fostering Metalinguistic Communities in Jewish Educational Settings / Benor, Sarah Bunin / Avineri, Netta -- Where is the Next Soviet Jewry Movement? How Identity Education Forgot the Lessons that Jewish Activism Taught / Kelner, Shaul -- Jewish Education as Initiation into the Practices of Jewishness / Levisohn, Jon A. -- Jewish Sensibilities: Toward a New Language for Jewish Educational Goal-Setting / Moore, Lee / Woocher, Jonathan -- Index

"This groundbreaking book covers the full spectrum of literature on citizenship theory, including the state and structure of identity, the individual and the public, and the enduring issues of civic engagement and collective discourse. It examines some of the complex challenges faced by citizens and policy makers and explores the existing procedural and institutional mechanisms that undermine democratic political accountability as well as its legitimation. From classical conceptions of citizenship in the early Greco-Roman eras to contemporary critical social theory and postmodernist contentions, author Kalu N. Kalu covers complex issues including rights and obligations, the doctrine of state sovereignty and authority, equality, the principle of majority rule, citizen participation in governance, public versus self-interest, ideas of justice, immigration and cultural identity, global citizenship, and the evolution of hybrid communities that challenge traditional notions of state-citizenship identity. With meticulous detail and powerful analysis, this book illuminates the intellectual richness of citizenship literature on the one hand while demonstrating the ongoing challenges in both conceptualization and practice on the other."-- Back cover.

The 2015 Constitution defines Nepal as a multi-ethnic and multi-lingual country but not a multi-national; however, historically, two powerful ethnic groups with potential sub-national characters have been contesting each other under the native versus immigrant dyad. The alleged immigrants, namely the Madheshis, and the self-claimed native settlers, to name the Pahadis, both assert their distinct ethnic and linguistic identity enriched with sub-national strength. As a result, the Madheshis question the legitimacy of the civic form of nationalism promoted by the Pahadi ruling elites under 'Nepali' monocultural framework, thereby demanding that their sub-national character be recognised, whereas the Pahadis aim to assimilate the Madheshis under the civic form of nationalist framework that they have been promoting for a long. The face-off between these two groups has impacted national ethnopolitics and everyday relations since the 2007 Madheshi uprising. On this backdrop, this article, based on secondary sources, inquires how strong the Madheshis' claim of sub-national identity is in relation to the larger framework of Nepali national identity structured by Pahadi norms and values.

Occhi reviews TSUGARU: Regional Identity on Japan's Northern Periphery by Nanyan Guo, Seiichi Hasagawa, Henry Johnson, Hidemichi Kawanishi, Kanako Kitahara, and Anthony Rausch.

As a young lecturer in philosophy and the eldest son of a prominent Jewish family, Alan Montefiore faced two very different understandings of his identity: the more traditional view that an identity such as his carries with it, as a matter of given fact, certain duties and obligations, and an opposing view, emphasized by his studies in philosophy, in which there can be no rationally compelling move from statements of fact-whatever those facts may be-to "judgments of value." According to this second view, in the end it is up to individuals to determine their own values and obligations.