Thesis: The problems and solutions in the adaptation of pupils from the social exclusion risk families at school (Vilkaviškis district case). Problem. While changing socio-economical conditions, certain groups of people feel insecure socially, they feel difficulties to adapt to the pace of modern life, socio-economical and political changes. As a result, some people do not feel themselves, or they really are not, the part of society in which they live; therefore a phenomenon of social exclusion is growing rapidly in Lithuania. Recently in the country, due to poor material and social living conditions, morality of families and emotional safety of children is deteriorating. The adaptation of pupils from the social exclusion of risk families at school is relevant, as students, while hard adaptation, experience failure, often lose interest in learning, weakening in motivation for learning and this has a negative impact on their future life. The aim of this work is to analyze the peculiarities of the adaptation of students from the social exclusion risk families in rural and urban-type schools. Hypothesis: • There are significant differences noticed in adaptation between students in rural and urban schools. Adaptation is more successful in rural areas. There the separation of the adaptation type is noticeable. The adaptation in the urban schools is not so successful, because the separation and insurrection of the adaptation types are noticeable among the students of the social exclusion risk. • A failed adaptation at school mainly depends on stigmatized negative attitude to the children of risk group (the factor of labelling). According to the opinion of all groups of respondents, the successful adaptation of pupils at school would be resulted of the main factor: a favourable approach of teachers and classmates to the students of exclusion risk. • Students from the social exclusion risk families master different stigma management strategies (avoidance, defamation, benefits, demonstration) at school. • The attitude towards the help differs among teachers, pupils of the social exclusion risk and their classmates. Teachers believe that the outside assistance is required (necessary), and the students - the need for material assistance. Research methods: literature analysis; qualitative study – interviews with informants in four groups (children from the social exclusion risk families, children from unproblematic families, teachers (class teachers), social pedagogues). The conclusions: • The analysis of the survey shows that the hypothesis - There are significant differences noticed in adaptation between students in rural and urban schools. Adaptation is more successful in rural areas. There the separation of the adaptation type is noticeable. The adaptation in the urban schools is not so successful, because the separation and insurrection of the adaptation types are noticeable among the students of the social exclusion risk – has been confirmed. • The survey revealed that generally students of social exclusion risk families, regardless of where they live, think, that both – their teachers and friends think negative, bad about their families, though, they are likely reluctant to admit it out loud, hide and feel uneasy about it while thinking and talking. Thus, the hypothesis – All groups of respondents consider that a failed adaptation at school mainly depends on stigmatized negative attitude to the children of risk group (the factor of labelling). According to the opinion of all groups of respondents, the successful adaptation of pupils at school would be resulted of the main factor: a favourable approach of teachers and classmates to the students of exclusion risk – has been confirmed. • The survey showed that students from the social exclusion risk families are reluctant to talk about their families; they hide the facts or just contrarily – are trying to demonstrate that they are well, can operate and go wherever they want. So we can state that the hypothesis – Students from the social exclusion risk families master different stigma management strategies (avoidance, defamation, benefits, demonstration) at school – has been proved partly. They have mastered two basic strategies for managing stigma – the concealment and the demonstration of advantages at school. • Research data analysis showed that students from the social exclusion risk families consider that they, in the event of difficulties, are unable to cope with problems but friends, class tutors, teachers, social pedagogues and psychologists can help them; and their families need material assistance. Students from usual families think, that they are able to cope with the encountered difficulties; they can manage themselves without anyone's help. Thus, it appears that the hypothesis – The attitude towards the help differs among teachers, pupils of the social exclusion risk and their classmates. Teachers believe that the outside assistance is required (necessary), and the students – the need for material assistance–- has been confirmed.
Thesis: The problems and solutions in the adaptation of pupils from the social exclusion risk families at school (Vilkaviškis district case). Problem. While changing socio-economical conditions, certain groups of people feel insecure socially, they feel difficulties to adapt to the pace of modern life, socio-economical and political changes. As a result, some people do not feel themselves, or they really are not, the part of society in which they live; therefore a phenomenon of social exclusion is growing rapidly in Lithuania. Recently in the country, due to poor material and social living conditions, morality of families and emotional safety of children is deteriorating. The adaptation of pupils from the social exclusion of risk families at school is relevant, as students, while hard adaptation, experience failure, often lose interest in learning, weakening in motivation for learning and this has a negative impact on their future life. The aim of this work is to analyze the peculiarities of the adaptation of students from the social exclusion risk families in rural and urban-type schools. Hypothesis: • There are significant differences noticed in adaptation between students in rural and urban schools. Adaptation is more successful in rural areas. There the separation of the adaptation type is noticeable. The adaptation in the urban schools is not so successful, because the separation and insurrection of the adaptation types are noticeable among the students of the social exclusion risk. • A failed adaptation at school mainly depends on stigmatized negative attitude to the children of risk group (the factor of labelling). According to the opinion of all groups of respondents, the successful adaptation of pupils at school would be resulted of the main factor: a favourable approach of teachers and classmates to the students of exclusion risk. • Students from the social exclusion risk families master different stigma management strategies (avoidance, defamation, benefits, demonstration) at school. • The attitude towards the help differs among teachers, pupils of the social exclusion risk and their classmates. Teachers believe that the outside assistance is required (necessary), and the students - the need for material assistance. Research methods: literature analysis; qualitative study – interviews with informants in four groups (children from the social exclusion risk families, children from unproblematic families, teachers (class teachers), social pedagogues). The conclusions: • The analysis of the survey shows that the hypothesis - There are significant differences noticed in adaptation between students in rural and urban schools. Adaptation is more successful in rural areas. There the separation of the adaptation type is noticeable. The adaptation in the urban schools is not so successful, because the separation and insurrection of the adaptation types are noticeable among the students of the social exclusion risk – has been confirmed. • The survey revealed that generally students of social exclusion risk families, regardless of where they live, think, that both – their teachers and friends think negative, bad about their families, though, they are likely reluctant to admit it out loud, hide and feel uneasy about it while thinking and talking. Thus, the hypothesis – All groups of respondents consider that a failed adaptation at school mainly depends on stigmatized negative attitude to the children of risk group (the factor of labelling). According to the opinion of all groups of respondents, the successful adaptation of pupils at school would be resulted of the main factor: a favourable approach of teachers and classmates to the students of exclusion risk – has been confirmed. • The survey showed that students from the social exclusion risk families are reluctant to talk about their families; they hide the facts or just contrarily – are trying to demonstrate that they are well, can operate and go wherever they want. So we can state that the hypothesis – Students from the social exclusion risk families master different stigma management strategies (avoidance, defamation, benefits, demonstration) at school – has been proved partly. They have mastered two basic strategies for managing stigma – the concealment and the demonstration of advantages at school. • Research data analysis showed that students from the social exclusion risk families consider that they, in the event of difficulties, are unable to cope with problems but friends, class tutors, teachers, social pedagogues and psychologists can help them; and their families need material assistance. Students from usual families think, that they are able to cope with the encountered difficulties; they can manage themselves without anyone's help. Thus, it appears that the hypothesis – The attitude towards the help differs among teachers, pupils of the social exclusion risk and their classmates. Teachers believe that the outside assistance is required (necessary), and the students – the need for material assistance–- has been confirmed.
Länsimaisissa demokratioissa äänestäjien yhteiskuntaluokka ja koettu luokka-asema ovat perinteisesti selittäneet heidän puoluevalintojaan. Tätä äänestyspäätöksiä selittävää toimintamallia, eli omaan yhteiskuntaluokkaan liittyvän puolueen äänestämistä, kutsutaan luokkaäänestämiseksi. Luokkaäänestämistä painottavissa teorioissa yhteiskuntaluokkia pidetään merkittävimpänä poliittisena jakolinjana. Länsimaisissa monipuoluejärjestelmissä myös poliittiset puolueet ovat syntyneet tältä pohjalta. Nykyisillekin puoluejärjestelmille merkitykselliseksi poliittiseksi jakolinjaksi yhteiskuntaluokat muodostuivat jo teollisessa vallankumouksessa, joka synnytti vastakkainasettelua työtä tekevän ja omistavan väestönosan välillä. Jakolinja oli niin voimakkaasti kansalaisia erotteleva, että se synnytti nopeasti yhteiskuntaan erilaisia poliittisia järjestöjä etenkin työväestön keskuuteen. Tällä tavoin ammattiliitot, sosiaalidemokraattiset sekä sosialistiset puolueet saivat alkunsa. 1980-luvulle tultaessa yhä useammat tutkimukset osoittivat, että äänestäjien luokka-aseman vaikutus heidän vaalikäyttäytymiseensä oli heikentynyt. Erityisesti tämä trendi liittyi työväenluokkaisiin äänestäjiin. Heidän ammattiasemansa katsottiin menettäneen asteittain merkitystään vaaleissa tekemiin puoluevalintoihinsa. Yhteiskunnan rakennetasolla trendiä on selitetty työntekijäammattien vähenemisellä teollistuneissa demokratioissa. Esimerkiksi Suomessa työntekijäammattien osuus kaikista ammateista on pienentynyt lähes 20 prosenttiyksikköä 1970-luvulta 2010-luvulle tultaessa. Luokkaäänestämisen laskun on esitetty liittyvän puoluekentän pirstoutumiseen, yhteiskunnan uudelleenjärjestäytymiseen ja laajamittaisiin rakenteellisiin muutoksiin länsimaissa. Globalisaatiokehitys, koulutustason nousu, työelämän lisääntynyt epävakaus sekä väestön ikääntyminen ovat yleisimpiä yhteiskunnan rakennetason muutoksia, jotka ovat väistämättä muuttaneet myös poliittista kenttää. Vaikka luokkaäänestäminen on vähentynyt, osa tutkimuksista on suhtautunut havaintoihin sen vähenemisestä varauksellisesti. Varsinkaan Pohjoismaiden vaaleissa työväenluokkaisuuden ei ole katsottu menettäneen samassa suhteessa merkitystään äänestyspäätöksiä selittävänä tekijänä verrattuna muihin länsimaisiin demokratioihin. Lisäksi yhteiskunnan rakenteelliset muutokset sekä niiden seuraukset ja luokkaäänestämisen yleinen väheneminen ovat motivoineet tutkijoita tarkastelemaan äänestäjien luokka-asemia myös subjektiivisesta näkökulmasta. Subjektiivisesta näkökulmasta kiinnostuneet tutkijat ovat tyypillisesti keskittyneet analysoimaan äänestäjien luokka-asemia heidän luokkasamastumisensa kautta. Luokkasamastumisella tarkoitetaan yhteiskuntaluokkaa, johon henkilö kokee itse lähinnä kuuluvansa. Tämä väitöstutkimus tuottaa luokkaäänestämisen näkökulmasta uutta tietoa suomalaisten työväenluokkaisten äänestäjien äänestyskäyttäytymisestä, arvoista ja asenteista sekä heidän puoluevalinnoistaan Suomessa 2000-luvulla. Tarkoitan nyt ja myös jäljempänä 2000-luvulla vuosituhannen vaihteesta alkanutta aikaa. Tutkimus on saanut alkunsa kahdesta 2000-luvun suomalaisia äänestäjiä sekä suomalaista puoluejärjestelmää koskevasta havainnosta. Ensimmäinen havainto koskee luokkasamastumista. Merkittävä osa suomalaisista äänestäjistä kokee 2000-luvulla samastuvansa johonkin yhteiskuntaluokkaan siitä huolimatta, että yhteiskuntaluokkien on esitetty hiipuvan ja menettävän merkitystään. Toinen havainto koskee suomalaista puoluejärjestelmää ja siinä 2000-luvulla tapahtuneita merkittäviä muutoksia. Tästä hyvänä esimerkkinä voidaan mainita vuoden 2011 eduskuntavaalit, joissa iso joukko työväenluokkaisia äänestäjiä siirtyi Suomen Sosialidemokraattisen Puolueen (SDP) takaa Perussuomalaisten (PS) kannattajiksi. Tämä tutkimus tuo nämä kaksi erillistä havaintoa yhteen tutkimalla työnväenluokan äänestämisen mekanismeja 2000-luvun Suomessa sekä luokkakongruenssin että äänestäjien arvojen ja asenteiden näkökulmasta. Tavoitteena on selvittää, kuinka työnväenluokkaiset äänestäjät äänestävät 2000-luvun Suomessa. Tutkimusongelma nojaa tapaan analysoida äänestäjien luokka-asemia kahdesta näkökulmasta. Se tarkoittaa objektiivisen luokka-aseman, eli ammatin, ja subjektiivisen luokka-aseman, eli luokkasamastumisen, tarkastelemista samanaikaisesti. Näiden kahden luokka-asemaa mittaavan muuttujan yhteyttä nimitetään tässä tutkimuksessa joko luokkakongruenssiksi tai inkongruenssiksi riippuen siitä, ovatko ne toisiaan vastaavat vai eivät. Tutkimus muodostaa kolme erillistä työväenluokkaryhmää. Ryhmistä ensimmäinen on "perinteinen työväenluokka" ( traditional working class ), joka koostuu työntekijäammateissa toimivista, jotka samastuvat työväenluokkaan. Ryhmä "ammatillinen työväenluokka" ( occupational working class ) koostuu työntekijäammateissa toimivista, jotka samastuvat alempaan keskiluokkaan, keskiluokkaan tai ylempään keskiluokkaan. Kolmanteen ryhmään, "ideologiseen työväenluokkaan" ( ideological working class ) kuuluvat ei- työntekijäammateissa toimivat, jotka kuitenkin samastuvat työväenluokkaan. Lisäksi tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan näiden kolmen ryhmän arvoja ja asenteita, joiden merkitystä viimeaikainen tutkimus on painottanut puoluevalintojen taustalla. Tutkimusaineistoina käytetään kansallisten eduskuntavaalitutkimusten kyselyaineistoja (FNES) vuosilta 2003–2019. Tutkimuksen analyysi on kolmivaiheinen. Ensimmäinen analyysiluku keskittyy löytämään tekijöitä, jotka selittävät luokkakongruenssia ja inkongruenssia tutkimuksen kolmen työnväenluokkaryhmän keskuudessa. Tulosten mukaan lapsuudenkoti, koulutustaso ja puolison ammatti ovat merkittävimmät tekijät, jotka selittävät sekä luokkakongruenssia että inkongruenssia. Ennen kaikkea työväenluokkainen lapsuudenkoti nousee esiin merkittävimpänä työväenluokkaan samastumista selittävänä tekijänä. Tutkimuksen toinen analyysiluku tarkastelee sitä, missä määrin kolme työväenluokkaryhmää eroavat toisistaan arvoiltaan ja asenteiltaan. Toisin sanoen luku analysoi sitä, missä määrin luokkakongruenssi ja luokkainkongruenssi vaikuttavat arvoihin ja asenteisiin. Tulokset osoittavat, että kolme työväenluokkaryhmää eroavat jossain määrin toisistaan sekä sosioekonomisilta että sosiokulttuurisilta arvoiltaan ja asenteiltaan. Ideologinen työväenluokka ( ideological working class ) erottuu kahdesta muusta ryhmästä vasemmistolaisemmalla sosioekonomisella orientaatiollaan. Lisäksi ammatillinen työväenluokka ( occupational working class ) on sosiokulttuuriselta orientaatioltaan kolmesta työväenluokkaryhmästä konservatiivisin. Kaikki kolme ryhmää ovat selvästi enemmän EU-kriittisiä kuin EU-myönteisiä verrattuna muihin äänestäjiin. Tutkimuksen kolmas analyysiluku tuo yhteen kaksi aiempaa analyysilukua. Se tarkastelee luokkakongruenssin ja luokkainkongruenssin sekä arvojen ja asenteiden vaikutusta työväenluokkaryhmien puoluevalintoihin. Kokoava analyysi soveltaa polkumallia ja tutkii, missä määrin luokkakongruenssi ja luokkainkongruenssi vaikuttavat suoraan työväenluokkaisten äänestäjien puoluevalintoihin, tai missä määrin vaikutus on epäsuora äänestäjien arvojen ja asenteiden kautta. Tulokset osoittavat, että työväenluokkaisten äänestäjien puoluevalinnat ovat moniulotteisia, eikä niitä voi enää 2000-luvulla kuvailla pelkästään perinteisiksi luokka-puolue-siteiksi. Tästä huolimatta SDP ja Vasemmistoliitto ovat yhä 2000-luvulla puolueita, joille työväenluokkaiset äänestäjät antavat ääniään. Nämä työväenluokan ääniä perinteisesti keränneet puolueet ovat saaneet haastajia Perussuomalaisten ohella muistakin puolueista. Työväenluokkaisten äänestäjien puoluevalintoja ohjaavat myös heidän arvonsa ja asenteensa. Perinteisesti työväenluokkaäänestämiseen liitetty vasemmistolainen sosioekonominen orientaatio, on kuitenkin tulosten valossa yhä harvemmin löydettävissä työväenluokan äänestyspäätösten taustalta. Tulosten valossa mihinkään työväenluokkaryhmään kuuluminen yhdistettynä sosioekonomiseen orientaatioon ei lisää todennäköisyyttä äänestää mitään tarkasteltua puoluetta. Arvoista ja asenteista EU-kriittisyys yhdistettynä mihin tahansa työväenluokkaryhmään erottuu selvästi useimmiten puoluevalintoja selittävänä tekijänä. Tämän lisäksi konservatiivisen sosiokulttuurisen orientaation havaitaan lisäävän todennäköisyyttä äänestää Suomen Keskustaa tai Perussuomalaisia ammatillisen työväenluokan ( occupational working class ) keskuudessa. Kyse on sellaisista työväenluokkaisista äänestäjistä, jotka toimivat työntekijäammateissa, mutta samastuvat alempaan keskiluokkaan, keskiluokkaan tai ylempään keskiluokkaan. Kaiken kaikkiaan tulokset osoittavat, että perinteistä työväenluokkaäänestämistä ilmenee yhä edelleen 2000-luvun Suomessa, mutta työväenluokan äänet jakautuvat useamman puolueen kesken. SDP:n ja Perussuomalaisten ohella työväenluokka antaa 2000-luvulla äänensä niin Vihreälle Liitolle, Vasemmistoliitolle kuin Suomen Keskustallekin. Keskeinen löydös on, että Perussuomalaiset onnistuu kilpailemaan kaikkien kolmen tutkimuksessa muodostetun työväenluokkaryhmän äänistä. Täten työväenluokkaryhmien siirtyminen Perussuomalaisten äänestäjiksi ei juurikaan riipu heidän koulutustasostaan, ammatistaan tai luokkasamastumisestaan. Tulokset osoittavat myös, että kesällä 2017 tapahtuneesta sisäisestä kahtiajaostaan huolimatta Perussuomalaiset on puolueena kyennyt jatkamaan tätä trendiä. Vaikka EU- kriittisyys linkittyy myös muiden puolueiden äänestämiseen työväenluokkaisten äänestäjien keskuudessa, Perussuomalaiset on epäilemättä onnistunut kanavoimaan EU-kriittiset äänet taakseen. Äänestäjien luokka-asemien perusteellinen ja moniulotteinen analysointi tarjoaa tärkeää uutta tietoa luokkaäänestämisen malleista ja mekanismeista. Tämän tutkimuksen kontribuutio laaja-alaiseen luokkaäänestämistä käsittelevään tutkimukseen piilee nimenomaan sen soveltamassa kaksiulotteisessa lähestymistavassa työväenluokkaisen aseman määrittelemiseen. Lisäksi tutkimus yhdistää kaksiulotteisen näkökulman arvoihin ja asenteisiin. Tutkimuksen keskeinen argumentti on, että mikäli jokin kolmesta tekijästä – objektiivinen luokka-asema, subjektiivinen luokka-asema tai äänestäjän arvot ja asenteet – jätetään pois tarkastelusta, luokkaäänestämisen keskeiset mekanismit jäävät pimentoon. Tulevaisuuden luokkaäänestämistä tarkastelevien tutkimusten on tärkeää ottaa huomioon nämä kaikki kolme tekijää. ; Traditionally, voters' class positions have determined their party choices in Western democracies. At the same time, social class has been considered being the most significant political cleavage of which political parties have conventionally emerged in the West-European multi-party systems. Class cleavage has emerged from the industrial revolution based on the labour market confrontation between workers and owners. The cleavage has been so divisive and has resulted in the formation of various political organisations especially at the worker-side. Meanwhile, Labour Unions, Social Democratic (SD) parties and socialist parties were formed. Since the late 1980s, numerous studies have claimed that voters' class has become an irrelevant determinant of electoral behaviour. This trend has been related to working-class voters, whose occupational position is regarded becoming gradually a weaker predictor of their voting behaviour than in the past. At the macro level, this weakening trend has been explained by a decline in the relative proportion of the working class. The share of blue-collar employees has decreased significantly in the past few decades in advanced industrialised democracies. For example, in Finland, the share of blue-collar employees has decreased by almost 20 percentage points from the 1970s to the 2010s. The declines in class voting have been linked to the political parties' disintegration, reconfiguration of society, and large-scale societal change in the Western world. Globalisation, the rising level of education, unstable working-life conditions, and the ageing population have been the most common societal explanations for the change in the political sphere. Despite the relative decrease, some previous studies have indicated that the working class is still relevant and has not lost its significance as a determinant of voting behaviour to same extent in the Nordic countries as in other Western democracies in the 21st century. Moreover, the societal change, its consequences, and declining trends in class voting have motivated scholars to consider the subjective approach to voters' class positions. Typically, scholars who have focused on the subjective approach, i.e., class identification, have considered the declining trend in class voting more carefully. This study aims to provide new knowledge on the Finnish working class' voting behaviour, party attachment, and attitudinal orientations from the perspective of class voting in 21 st century Finland. It originates from two observations on the Finnish electorate and party system in the 21 st century. The first observation relates to the continued significance of class identification among the Finnish electorate. Considerable majority of eligible voters identify with a specific social class, despite ongoing debates over the decreasing significance of social classes to voting preferences. The second observation relates to the notable changes, which have occurred in the Finnish party system in the 21 st century. A good example of this is a large share of working-class voters who switched from the SDP to the Finns Party in the 2011 parliamentary election. This study integrates these two separate observations together by studying the mechanisms of working-class voting from the perspective of class (in)congruence and voters' attitudinal orientations. As such, the study discovers how the working-class votes in 21st century Finland. The research problem is built on analysing working-class voting from the perspective of a two-dimensional approach to voters' class positions, i.e., class (in)congruence. The study formulates three groups of working-class voters by considering voters' occupation and class identification. The first group, the traditional working class , consists of blue-collar employees with working-class identification. The second group, the occupational working class, is blue-collar employees who do not have working-class identification, but they identify with the lower-middle, middle, or upper-middle class. The third group, the ideological working-class, consists of those who are not blue-collar employees by their occupation but have working-class identification. In addition, the study considers the working-class voters' attitudinal orientations, the significance the previous research has highlighted with regard to determining voting decisions in the 21 st century. The datasets used for the analyses are the 2003-2019 Finnish National Elections Studies (FNES). The first part of the study's threefold analysis focuses on finding factors that explain class incongruence and congruence among the three working-class groups. The results show that class of the childhood home, the level of education, and spouse's occupation are the most significant factors that explain both class incongruence and congruence. Above all, working-class childhood home is the most significant factor that explains working-class identification. The second analysis examines the extent to which three working-class groups differ from each other based on their attitudinal orientations, i.e., the extent that class (in)congruence affects attitudinal orientations. The results show that the three working-class groups differ from each other by their socioeconomic and sociocultural orientations. The ideological working-class is more leftist based on their socioeconomic orientation than the traditional or the occupational working class. In addition, the results show that the occupational working class has a more conservative sociocultural orientation than the traditional and ideological working class. From the outcome of the results, all three working-class groups have more opposing attitudes towards the EU than other voters. The third analysis combines the previous analyses and examines the extent that party choices among the Finnish working-class voters are influenced by the class (in)congruence and the voters' attitudinal orientations. Moreover, the last analysis aims to discover the extent the class (in)congruence affects directly working-class voters' party choice or indirectly via the working-class voters' attitudinal orientations. The findings indicate that the working-class' voting patterns are multidimensional and cannot be defined as simple class-party ties in 21 st century Finland. The traditional left-wing parties, the SDP, and the Left Alliance, are still parties, to which working-class voters give their votes in general. This study shows that the party choices of the Finnish working class is determined by their attitudinal orientations. In spite of this, the leftist socioeconomic orientation, which is traditionally linked to working-class voting, is increasingly less common determinant of party choice among the Finnish working class. The results show that belonging to a particular working-class group and having a particular socioeconomic orientation do not increase the likelihood of voting any of the six parties under study. Instead, there can be distinguished an indirect effect on party choice, which goes via opposing attitudes towards the EU among each working class group. In addition, belonging to the occupational working class has an indirect effect on voting both for the Centre Party and the Finns Party via conservative sociocultural orientation. Overall, the results indicate that traditional working class voting still occurs in 21 st century Finland, but the votes of the working class tend to be shared between several parties. Along with the SDP and the Finns Party, Finnish working-class voters give their votes to the Green League, the Left Alliance, and the Centre Party. One important finding is that the Finns Party is, however, able to compete for the votes of the working class among each of the three working-class groups. The party can gather support from all working-class groups despite their class identification, occupation, or level of education. The findings also show that despite the split of the Finns Party in June 2017, the split fails to reduce the party's popularity among the working-class voters. Moreover, the EU criticism has moved working-class voters closer to the Finns Party. While the opposing views about the EU have been linked to voting for the other parties as well, the Finns Party has undoubtedly managed to channel particularly these types of votes among the working-class voters. The findings show that working-class voting still occurs in 21 st century Finland revealing that when a comprehensive approach is applied to the voters' class positions, important knowledge on the patterns and mechanisms of class voting is provided. The study contributes to the vast literature on class voting by applying a two-dimensional approach to voters' class positions and combining it with the voters' attitudinal orientations. If one of the three factors—objective class-position, subjective class-position, and attitudinal orientations—is not examined, then the essential mechanisms of class voting remain undiscovered. Future class-voting studies should consider all subjective class indicators, the voter's occupation, and voters' attitudinal orientations.
Purpose: the main purpose of the study is to analyze the impact of corporate social responsibility of transnational corporations on the sustainable development of the territories of its presence and on its basis to develop recommendations for the integration of domestic business in the implementation of social projects abroad. In this regard, it is necessary to summarize the real experience and identify the best practices of Russian TNCs, positioning themselves as socially responsible companies.Methods: this article is based on the modern concept of corporate social responsibility – its understanding from the standpoint of the market approach to socially responsible behavior, state regulation of socially responsible practices, corporate conscience as a criterion of moral responsibility of the agent of economic relations, the theory of stakeholders, considering the Corporation as part of the social structure of society and responsible to a wide range of stakeholders. The study was conducted using the methods of comparative analysis, inductive-deductive and General logical methods.Results: the analysis of the impact of corporate social responsibility of transnational corporations on the sustainable development of the territories of its presence. The importance of the return of moral criteria in the economic sphere, which form the basis for assessing the level of socially responsible business behavior, is revealed. The article substantiates the increasing role of TNCs in the sustainable development of the global economy against the backdrop of a shortage of foreign direct investment needed to achieve sustainable development goals. The necessity of dialogue between TNCs and the national governments of the territory of their presence on a wide range of issues of support for the national economy, social investment in local communities and solving environmental problems is shown. The best practices of Russian TNCs in the field of corporate social responsibility are reviewed. The recommendations on the integration of domestic business in the implementation of social projects abroad.Conclusions and Relevance: one of the trends of sustainable development of the global economy is the recognition by economic agents of the importance and prospects of cooperation with ethically-oriented business, the imperative of which is corporate social responsibility. Investment by foreign affiliates of TNCs in the basic infrastructure, production capacity, social and environmental sphere of the territory of their presence should be considered from the perspective of corporate social responsibility. The content and volume of financing of corporate social responsibility programs by foreign affiliates of TNCs is largely determined by the specifics of the business. The implementation of corporate social responsibility, which has become part of the systematic approach of Russian business and is implemented within the framework of a common business strategy in foreign countries, is becoming an undeniable competitive advantage of Russian TNCs over foreign partners. ; Цель: Основной целью исследования является проведение анализа влияния корпоративной социальной ответственности транснациональных корпораций на устойчивое развитие территорий своего присутствия и разработка на его основе рекомендаций по интегрированию отечественного бизнеса в реализацию социальных проектов за рубежом. В связи с этим необходимо обобщить реальный опыт и выявить лучшие практики российских ТНК, позиционирующих себя социально ответственными компаниями.Методология проведения работы: Данная статья основана на современной концепции корпоративной социальной ответственности – ее понимания с позиций рыночного подхода к социально ответственному поведению, государственного регулирования социально ответственной практики, корпоративной совести как критерия моральной ответственности агента экономических отношений, теории заинтересованных сторон, рассматривающей корпорации как часть социальной структуры общества и несущей ответственность перед широким кругом стейкхолдеров. Исследование проводилось с использованием методов сравнительного анализа, индуктивно-дедуктивного и общелогических методов.Результаты работы: Проведен анализ влияния корпоративной социальной ответственности транснациональных корпораций на устойчивое развитие территорий своего присутствия. Выявлена важность возвращения в экономическую сферу нравственных критериев, составляющих основу оценки уровня социально ответственного поведения бизнеса. Обосновано возрастание роли ТНК в устойчивом развитии глобальной экономики на фоне дефицита прямых иностранных инвестиций, необходимых для достижения Целей устойчивого развития. Показана необходимость ведения диалога ТНК с национальными правительствами территории своего присутствия по широкому спектру вопросов поддержки национальной экономики, социальному инвестированию в местные сообщества и решению экологических проблем. Проводится обзор лучших практик российских ТНК в сфере корпоративной социальной ответственности. Предложены рекомендации по интегрированию отечественного бизнеса в реализацию социальных проектов за рубежом.Выводы: Одним из трендов устойчивого развития глобальной экономики выступает признание экономическими агентами важности и перспективности сотрудничества с этически-ориентированным бизнесом, императивом которого является корпоративная социальная ответственность. Инвестирование зарубежными филиалами ТНК в базовую инфраструктуру, производственный потенциал, социальную и экологическую сферу территории своего присутствия следует рассматривать с позиции корпоративной социальной ответственности. Содержание и объем финансирования программ корпоративной социальной ответственности зарубежными филиалами ТНК в значительной степени определяется спецификой бизнеса. Реализация корпоративной социальной ответственности, ставшей частью системного подхода российского бизнеса и реализующейся в рамках общей бизнес-стратегии в иностранных государствах, становится неоспоримым конкурентным преимуществом российских ТНК перед зарубежными партнерами.
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With Super Tuesday in the rearview mirror, Louisiana's presidential primary and other elections straight ahead, and the 2024 Regular Session of the Louisiana Legislature to start soon, now is a good time for Louisiana to review its ballot integrity as other states surpass it on this account.
Historically, the state has done well compared to others in terms of votes cast under the name of an individual being cast by that individual, who is a citizen residing at the address registered. It was one of the early adopters of photo identification and positive identification upon registering and at the polls.
However, while one can register to vote online or mail that mandates eventual photographic identification preferably in the form of a driver's license or special identification card (which require other documents assuring an accurate identity) also acceptable is any photo ID and some other documentation containing name and address. Presentation of verified photo ID also isn't needed when registering at a site that dispenses government benefits and the registerer also receives those benefits.
Magnifying the threat to ensuring that caster of a vote is an actual individual accurately registered to vote as that individual is that one can vote without a government picture ID backed by definitive identification. The state can issue one with positive picture identification from another source, but, even more troubling, a person can vote in Louisiana without any picture ID at all by swearing an affidavit and answering correctly identifying information enrolled a registration.
It's not hard to beat such a system. For example, a political operative could gather information from people at a congregate setting, perhaps with the cooperation of their relatives, then send in imposters on election day who provided with the correct information when quizzed successfully impersonate the registrant. The same could occur with college students out of state.
For that reason, Louisiana is classified among the states by the National Conference of State Legislatures as "photo ID requested," as opposed to its more stringent categorization of "strict photo ID," such as in Georgia where a voter must present a Georgia driver's license (even if expired), or an ID card issued by the state of Georgia or the federal government; or a free voter ID card issued by the state or county (like Louisiana's); or a U.S. passport; or a valid employee ID card containing a photograph from any branch, department, agency, or entity of the U.S. Government, Georgia, or any county, municipality, board, authority or other entity of the state; or a valid U.S. military identification card; or a valid tribal photo ID. If not, the voter casts a provision ballot that is counted only if the person returns to the registrar's office within three working days with the acceptable ID. This is the kind of law Louisiana should have.
Also leaky is Louisiana's absentee voting rules. It's good in that it requires for most individuals wanting to vote absentee a request to do so, with three exceptions: people with disabilities who are homebound, anybody age 65 or older, and nursing home residents. Absentee ballots are sent automatically to the homebound and can be for the elderly, while registrars visit nursing homes to solicit and witness ballots cast. All such ballots must be witnessed.
Still, ballot harvesting can occur under these conditions, even if state law says witnesses unrelated to voters may witness only one ballot, because if parish election boards ignore this (as happened last year in Caddo that caused overturning of the results of its sheriff's election) integrity measures can be defeated. Worse, unscrupulous individuals can intercept or entice ballots and mark them without the knowledge of voters. This can be countered by adopting a signature requirement like Mississippi's, where the registrar checks the voter's signature and invalidates those that blatantly don't match.
Fortunately, some legislation has been proposed to ameliorate these problems, particularly Republican state Sen. Heather Cloud's SB 226 that forces election boards to follow the law in regards to required information on absentee ballots. Still, nothing has been introduced to add a signature verification requirement.
Nor has anything been introduced that would tighten photo ID requirements. That also would vault the state into the category of best practices when it comes to voting integrity. There's nothing more important than elections that are as fraud-free as possible, because any fraudulent vote stains the democratic process and people's trust in government, and states should do as much as possible to implement measures such as these that present next-to-no burden on voters that accomplish this objective.
We are witnessing an emerging digital revolution. For the past 25–30 years, at an increasing pace, digital technologies—especially the internet, mobile phones and smartphones—have transformed the everyday lives of human beings. The pace of change will increase, and new digital technologies will become even more tightly entangled in human everyday lives. Artificial intelligence (AI), the Internet of Things (IoT), 6G wireless solutions, virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), mixed reality (XR), robots and various platforms for remote and hybrid communication will become embedded in our lives at home, work and school. Digitalisation has been identified as a megatrend, for example, by the OECD (2016; 2019). While digitalisation processes permeate all aspects of life, special attention has been paid to its impact on the ageing population, everyday communication practices, education and learning and working life. For example, it has been argued that digital solutions and technologies have the potential to improve quality of life, speed up processes and increase efficiency. At the same time, digitalisation is likely to bring with it unexpected trends and challenges. For example, AI and robots will doubtlessly speed up or take over many routine-based work tasks from humans, leading to the disappearance of certain occupations and the need for re-education. This, in turn, will lead to an increased demand for skills that are unique to humans and that technologies are not able to master. Thus, developing human competences in the emerging digital era will require not only the mastering of new technical skills, but also the advancement of interpersonal, emotional, literacy and problem-solving skills. It is important to identify and describe the digitalisation phenomena—pertaining to individuals and societies—and seek human-centric answers and solutions that advance the benefits of and mitigate the possible adverse effects of digitalisation (e.g. inequality, divisions, vulnerability and unemployment). This requires directing the focus on strengthening the human skills and competences that will be needed for a sustainable digital future. Digital technologies should be seen as possibilities, not as necessities. There is a need to call attention to the co-evolutionary processes between humans and emerging digital technologies—that is, the ways in which humans grow up with and live their lives alongside digital technologies. It is imperative to gain in-depth knowledge about the natural ways in which digital technologies are embedded in human everyday lives—for example, how people learn, interact and communicate in remote and hybrid settings or with artificial intelligence; how new digital technologies could be used to support continuous learning and understand learning processes better and how health and well-being can be promoted with the help of new digital solutions. Another significant consideration revolves around the co-creation of our digital futures. Important questions to be asked are as follows: Who are the ones to co-create digital solutions for the future? How can humans and human sciences better contribute to digitalisation and define how emerging technologies shape society and the future? Although academic and business actors have recently fostered inclusion and diversity in their co-creation processes, more must be done. The empowerment of ordinary people to start acting as active makers and shapers of our digital futures is required, as is giving voice to those who have traditionally been silenced or marginalised in the development of digital technology. In the emerging co-creation processes, emphasis should be placed on social sustainability and contextual sensitivity. Such processes are always value-laden and political and intimately intertwined with ethical issues. Constant and accelerating change characterises contemporary human systems, our everyday lives and the environment. Resilience thinking has become one of the major conceptual tools for understanding and dealing with change. It is a multi-scalar idea referring to the capacity of individuals and human systems to absorb disturbances and reorganise their functionality while undergoing a change. Based on the evolving new digital technologies, there is a pressing need to understand how these technologies could be utilised for human well-being, sustainable lifestyles and a better environment. This calls for analysing different scales and types of resilience in order to develop better technology-based solutions for human-centred development in the new digital era. This white paper is a collaborative effort by researchers from six faculties and groups working on questions related to digitalisation at the University of Oulu, Finland. We have identified questions and challenges related to the emerging digital era and suggest directions that will make possible a human-centric digital future and strengthen the competences of humans and humanity in this era.
Esta tesis doctoral, que se centra en la cuestión del fenómeno migratorio en el Mediterráneo, abre un escenario mucho más amplio. En efecto, este trabajo pretende enmarcarse en un aspecto más amplio, que es el de los itinerarios migratorios de los menores extranjeros no acompañados a través del Mediterráneo. El trabajo se desarrolló principalmente en el territorio siciliano y más precisamente en la ciudad del municipio de Milazzo, con particular atención también al fenómeno que se desarrolló en el extrarradio. La llegada de menores extranjeros no acompañados a Italia ha sido un fenómeno estructural durante muchos años. En los últimos seis años, el número total de menores acogidos por las autoridades italianas ha ido aumentando. Por lo tanto, en el trabajo no sólo hay un análisis de los flujos migratorios, sino que también se ha analizado la situación legislativa, que todavía hoy plantea serias dudas sobre su puesta en práctica. El objetivo principal, por tanto, ha sido analizar cómo estos niños se complementan con la población autóctona, gracias a las instituciones y a proyectos activos como la integración cultural a través del deporte, pero también y sobre todo también a través de los itinerarios escolares que para los menores extranjeros, llamados CPIA. Se ha analizado cómo la integración es posible gracias a la Cooperativa Utopía que opera en la ciudad de Milazzo desde hace varios años y que se ocupa de los menores no acompañados, pero no sólo, puesto que gestiona también estructuras de acogida para adultos. Partiendo de las rutas migratorias, hemos estudiado paso a paso el itinerario que estos jóvenes han seguido hasta su llegada a los centros de acogida. Además, hemos tratado de averiguar si estos centros de segunda acogida, llamados SPRAR, funcionan de forma definitiva o son simplemente lugares de tránsito para destinos europeos. El objetivo principal de la investigación es comprender las condiciones de integración lingüística de los menores en la ciudad de Milazzo y los procesos de construcción identitaria de un conjunto de jóvenes adolescentes pertenecientes a la cooperativa. Todo lo que ha surgido de todos los análisis realizados ha permitido tener un mayor conocimiento de la situación y de las necesidades primarias de los menores extranjeros no acompañados y de cómo los flujos migratorios pueden ofrecer pistas de reflexión para estimular a las instituciones a incluyendo el mundo de la escuela para dar respuestas concretas sobre un tema tan delicado. ; This doctoral thesis, which focuses on the issue of migration in the Mediterranean, opens up to a much wider scenario. In fact, this work is intended to be part of a broader aspect that is that of the migratory routes of unaccompanied foreign minors across the Mediterranean. The work was carried out mainly on the Sicilian territory and more precisely in the city of the municipality of Milazzo, with particular attention also to the phenomenon that has developed in the hinterland. The arrival of unaccompanied foreign minors in Italy has been a structural phenomenon for many years. Over the past six years, the total number of minors rescued and welcomed by the Italian authorities has been increasing. Therefore, in the work there is not only an analysis of migratory flows, but also the legislative situation has been analyzed, which still today raises serious doubts about its implementation. The main objective, therefore, has been to analyse how these minors complement the indigenous population, thanks to institutions and active projects such as cultural integration through sport, but also and above all through the school paths that for foreign minors, called CPIA. It was analyzed how integration is possible thanks to the Utopia Cooperative that has been operating in the city of Milazzo for several years and that takes care of unaccompanied minors, but not only, because it also manages facilities for adults. Starting from the migratory routes, we studied step by step the itinerary that these guys followed until the arrival in the reception centers. In addition, we have tried to understand whether these second reception centres, called SPRAR, function definitively or are simply places of transit for European destinations. The research aims above all to understand the conditions of linguistic integration of minors in the city of Milazzo and the processes of identity building of a group of young teenagers belonging to the cooperative. All that has emerged from all the analyses made has made it possible to have a greater knowledge of the situation and the primary needs of unaccompanied foreign minors and how the migratory flows can offer food for thought in order to stimulate the institutions to including the school world to give concrete answers on such a delicate subject. ; Tesis Univ. Granada.
Executive summary We are witnessing an emerging digital revolution. For the past 25–30 years, at an increasing pace, digital technologies—especially the internet, mobile phones and smartphones—have transformed the everyday lives of human beings. The pace of change will increase, and new digital technologies will become even more tightly entangled in human everyday lives. Artificial intelligence (AI), the Internet of Things (IoT), 6G wireless solutions, virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), mixed reality (XR), robots and various platforms for remote and hybrid communication will become embedded in our lives at home, work and school. Digitalisation has been identified as a megatrend, for example, by the OECD (2016; 2019). While digitalisation processes permeate all aspects of life, special attention has been paid to its impact on the ageing population, everyday communication practices, education and learning and working life. For example, it has been argued that digital solutions and technologies have the potential to improve quality of life, speed up processes and increase efficiency. At the same time, digitalisation is likely to bring with it unexpected trends and challenges. For example, AI and robots will doubtlessly speed up or take over many routine-based work tasks from humans, leading to the disappearance of certain occupations and the need for re-education. This, in turn, will lead to an increased demand for skills that are unique to humans and that technologies are not able to master. Thus, developing human competences in the emerging digital era will require not only the mastering of new technical skills, but also the advancement of interpersonal, emotional, literacy and problem-solving skills. It is important to identify and describe the digitalisation phenomena—pertaining to individuals and societies—and seek human-centric answers and solutions that advance the benefits of and mitigate the possible adverse effects of digitalisation (e.g. inequality, divisions, vulnerability and unemployment). This requires directing the focus on strengthening the human skills and competences that will be needed for a sustainable digital future. Digital technologies should be seen as possibilities, not as necessities. There is a need to call attention to the co-evolutionary processes between humans and emerging digital technologies—that is, the ways in which humans grow up with and live their lives alongside digital technologies. It is imperative to gain in-depth knowledge about the natural ways in which digital technologies are embedded in human everyday lives—for example, how people learn, interact and communicate in remote and hybrid settings or with artificial intelligence; how new digital technologies could be used to support continuous learning and understand learning processes better and how health and well-being can be promoted with the help of new digital solutions. Another significant consideration revolves around the co-creation of our digital futures. Important questions to be asked are as follows: Who are the ones to co-create digital solutions for the future? How can humans and human sciences better contribute to digitalisation and define how emerging technologies shape society and the future? Although academic and business actors have recently fostered inclusion and diversity in their co-creation processes, more must be done. The empowerment of ordinary people to start acting as active makers and shapers of our digital futures is required, as is giving voice to those who have traditionally been silenced or marginalised in the development of digital technology. In the emerging co-creation processes, emphasis should be placed on social sustainability and contextual sensitivity. Such processes are always value-laden and political and intimately intertwined with ethical issues. Constant and accelerating change characterises contemporary human systems, our everyday lives and the environment. Resilience thinking has become one of the major conceptual tools for understanding and dealing with change. It is a multi-scalar idea referring to the capacity of individuals and human systems to absorb disturbances and reorganise their functionality while undergoing a change. Based on the evolving new digital technologies, there is a pressing need to understand how these technologies could be utilised for human well-being, sustainable lifestyles and a better environment. This calls for analysing different scales and types of resilience in order to develop better technology-based solutions for human-centred development in the new digital era. This white paper is a collaborative effort by researchers from six faculties and groups working on questions related to digitalisation at the University of Oulu, Finland. We have identified questions and challenges related to the emerging digital era and suggest directions that will make possible a human-centric digital future and strengthen the competences of humans and humanity in this era.
From September 2020 to April 2022, the "DIGI-WOMEN, digital entrepreneurship tools and support for women entrepreneurs" project is being implemented within the "Erasmus +" program. Project coordinator is the University of National and World Economy, Sofia, Bulgaria. Project partners are National Technical University "Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute", Ukraine; Bit-management Beratung Gesmbh, Austria; Baltijas Juras Regiona Klasteru Eksperti, Latvia; Consulenza Direzionale di Paolo Zaramella, Italy; CEPOR Centar za politiku razvoja malih i srednjih poduzeća i poduzetništva, Croatia; Greek Association of Women Entrepreneurs – SEGE, Greece. Project overall objective is to develop a training program that will train experts in order to offer trainings and mentorship sessions that are tailored to the needs of the female entrepreneurs digitalizing their business and help them overcome the obstacles they face in the digitalization. As a result of analyzing the relevance of digitalization in small business for women entrepreneurs in Ukraine the conclusion was made that important areas of digitalization are: search for ideas for business and substantiate these ideas using digital technologies; creation and promotion of business websites; presentation and promotion of business in social networks; implementation of a CRM system at the enterprise. A training program is proposed to prepare experts who will then train women entrepreneurs who run small businesses. The program is designed in such a way that women entrepreneurs have mastered precisely those areas of knowledge that are recognized as the most important in the studies. The program consists of a number of trainings on the following topics: "Training techniques for women entrepreneurs in small business", "Search and Substantiation of Ideas for Business", " Development, deployment, analysis and promotion of the web site ", "Introduction to Social Media Marketing (SMM), "Implementation of digital technologies on the example of the Bitrix24 CRM system". ; С сентября 2020 по апрель 2022 года в рамках программы "Erasmus+" осуществляется проект "DIGI-WOMEN, digital entrepreneurship tools and support for women entrepreneurs". Координатор проекта - University of National and World Economy, София, Болгария. В проекте принимают участие Национальный технический университет «Харьковский политехнический институт», Украина; Bit-management Beratung Gesmbh, Австрия; Baltijas Juras Regiona Klasteru Eksperti, Латвия; Consulenza Direzionale di Paolo Zaramella, Италия; CEPOR Centar za politiku razvoja malih i srednjih poduzeća i poduzetništva, Хорватия; Greek Association of Women Entrepreneurs - SEGE, Греция. Главная цель проекта - разработать учебную программу для подготовки специалистов, которые затем будут проводить тренинги и наставнические занятия для женщин-предпринимателей малого бизнеса. Программа должна учитывать потребности предпринимательниц, которые цифровизуют свой бизнес, и помогать им преодолевать препятствия, с которыми они сталкиваются на этом пути. В результате анализа актуальности цифровизации малого бизнеса женщин-предпринимателей в Украине пришли к выводу, что важными направлениями цифровизации являются: - поиск идей для бизнеса и обоснование этих идей с помощью цифровых технологий; - создание и продвижение сайтов компаний; представление и продвижение бизнеса в социальных сетях; внедрение на предприятиях CRM-систем. Предлагается программа тренингов для подготовки экспертов, которые затем будут обучать женщин-предпринимателей малого бизнеса. Программа составлена таким образом, чтобы женщины-предприниматели освоили именно те области знаний, которые в проведенных исследованиях признаны наиболее важными. Программа состоит из ряда тренингов на следующие темы: «Методики преподавания для женщин-предпринимателей малого бизнеса», «Поиск и обоснование идей для бизнеса», «Разработка, размещение, аналитика и продвижение собственного веб-сайта», «Введение в Social Media Marketing (SMM), «Внедрение digital-технологий на примере CRM системы Битрикс24». ; З вересня 2020 по квітень 2022 року в рамках програми "Erasmus +" здійснюється проект "DIGI-WOMEN, digital entrepreneurship tools and support for women entrepreneurs". Координатор проекту - University of National and World Economy, Софія, Болгарія. У проекті беруть участь Національний технічний університет «Харківський політехнічний інститут», Україна; Bit-management Beratung Gesmbh, Австрія; Baltijas Juras Regiona Klasteru Eksperti, Латвія; Consulenza Direzionale di Paolo Zaramella, Італія; CEPOR Centar za politiku razvoja malih i srednjih poduzeća i poduzetništva, Хорватія; Greek Association of Women Entrepreneurs - SEGE, Греція. Головна мета проекту - розробити навчальну програму для підготовки фахівців, які потім будуть проводити тренінги та повчальні заняття для жінок-підприємців малого бізнесу. Програма повинна враховувати потреби підприємниць, які цифровізуют свій бізнес, і допомагати їм долати перешкоди, з якими вони стикаються на цьому шляху. В результаті аналізу актуальності цифровізації малого бізнесу жінок-підприємців в Україні прийшли до висновку, що важливими напрямками цифровізації є: пошук ідей для бізнесу та обґрунтування цих ідей за допомогою цифрових технологій; створення і просування сайтів компаній; представлення та просування бізнесу в соціальних мережах; впровадження на підприємствах CRM-систем. Пропонується програма тренінгів для підготовки експертів, які потім будуть навчати жінок-підприємців малого бізнесу. Програма складена таким чином, щоб жінки-підприємці освоїли саме ті галузі знань, які в проведених дослідженнях визнані найбільш важливими. Програма складається з ряду тренінгів на наступні теми: «Методики викладання для жінок-підприємців малого бізнесу», «Пошук і обгрунтування ідей для бізнесу», «Розробка, розміщення, аналітика і просування власного веб-сайту», «Введення в Social Media Marketing (SMM), «Впровадження digital-технологій на прикладі CRM системи Бітрікс24».
From September 2020 to April 2022, the "DIGI-WOMEN, digital entrepreneurship tools and support for women entrepreneurs" project is being implemented within the "Erasmus +" program. Project coordinator is the University of National and World Economy, Sofia, Bulgaria. Project partners are National Technical University "Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute", Ukraine; Bit-management Beratung Gesmbh, Austria; Baltijas Juras Regiona Klasteru Eksperti, Latvia; Consulenza Direzionale di Paolo Zaramella, Italy; CEPOR Centar za politiku razvoja malih i srednjih poduzeća i poduzetništva, Croatia; Greek Association of Women Entrepreneurs – SEGE, Greece. Project overall objective is to develop a training program that will train experts in order to offer trainings and mentorship sessions that are tailored to the needs of the female entrepreneurs digitalizing their business and help them overcome the obstacles they face in the digitalization. As a result of analyzing the relevance of digitalization in small business for women entrepreneurs in Ukraine the conclusion was made that important areas of digitalization are: search for ideas for business and substantiate these ideas using digital technologies; creation and promotion of business websites; presentation and promotion of business in social networks; implementation of a CRM system at the enterprise. A training program is proposed to prepare experts who will then train women entrepreneurs who run small businesses. The program is designed in such a way that women entrepreneurs have mastered precisely those areas of knowledge that are recognized as the most important in the studies. The program consists of a number of trainings on the following topics: "Training techniques for women entrepreneurs in small business", "Search and Substantiation of Ideas for Business", " Development, deployment, analysis and promotion of the web site ", "Introduction to Social Media Marketing (SMM), "Implementation of digital technologies on the example of the Bitrix24 CRM system". ; С сентября 2020 по апрель 2022 года в рамках программы "Erasmus+" осуществляется проект "DIGI-WOMEN, digital entrepreneurship tools and support for women entrepreneurs". Координатор проекта - University of National and World Economy, София, Болгария. В проекте принимают участие Национальный технический университет «Харьковский политехнический институт», Украина; Bit-management Beratung Gesmbh, Австрия; Baltijas Juras Regiona Klasteru Eksperti, Латвия; Consulenza Direzionale di Paolo Zaramella, Италия; CEPOR Centar za politiku razvoja malih i srednjih poduzeća i poduzetništva, Хорватия; Greek Association of Women Entrepreneurs - SEGE, Греция. Главная цель проекта - разработать учебную программу для подготовки специалистов, которые затем будут проводить тренинги и наставнические занятия для женщин-предпринимателей малого бизнеса. Программа должна учитывать потребности предпринимательниц, которые цифровизуют свой бизнес, и помогать им преодолевать препятствия, с которыми они сталкиваются на этом пути. В результате анализа актуальности цифровизации малого бизнеса женщин-предпринимателей в Украине пришли к выводу, что важными направлениями цифровизации являются: - поиск идей для бизнеса и обоснование этих идей с помощью цифровых технологий; - создание и продвижение сайтов компаний; представление и продвижение бизнеса в социальных сетях; внедрение на предприятиях CRM-систем. Предлагается программа тренингов для подготовки экспертов, которые затем будут обучать женщин-предпринимателей малого бизнеса. Программа составлена таким образом, чтобы женщины-предприниматели освоили именно те области знаний, которые в проведенных исследованиях признаны наиболее важными. Программа состоит из ряда тренингов на следующие темы: «Методики преподавания для женщин-предпринимателей малого бизнеса», «Поиск и обоснование идей для бизнеса», «Разработка, размещение, аналитика и продвижение собственного веб-сайта», «Введение в Social Media Marketing (SMM), «Внедрение digital-технологий на примере CRM системы Битрикс24». ; З вересня 2020 по квітень 2022 року в рамках програми "Erasmus +" здійснюється проект "DIGI-WOMEN, digital entrepreneurship tools and support for women entrepreneurs". Координатор проекту - University of National and World Economy, Софія, Болгарія. У проекті беруть участь Національний технічний університет «Харківський політехнічний інститут», Україна; Bit-management Beratung Gesmbh, Австрія; Baltijas Juras Regiona Klasteru Eksperti, Латвія; Consulenza Direzionale di Paolo Zaramella, Італія; CEPOR Centar za politiku razvoja malih i srednjih poduzeća i poduzetništva, Хорватія; Greek Association of Women Entrepreneurs - SEGE, Греція. Головна мета проекту - розробити навчальну програму для підготовки фахівців, які потім будуть проводити тренінги та повчальні заняття для жінок-підприємців малого бізнесу. Програма повинна враховувати потреби підприємниць, які цифровізуют свій бізнес, і допомагати їм долати перешкоди, з якими вони стикаються на цьому шляху. В результаті аналізу актуальності цифровізації малого бізнесу жінок-підприємців в Україні прийшли до висновку, що важливими напрямками цифровізації є: пошук ідей для бізнесу та обґрунтування цих ідей за допомогою цифрових технологій; створення і просування сайтів компаній; представлення та просування бізнесу в соціальних мережах; впровадження на підприємствах CRM-систем. Пропонується програма тренінгів для підготовки експертів, які потім будуть навчати жінок-підприємців малого бізнесу. Програма складена таким чином, щоб жінки-підприємці освоїли саме ті галузі знань, які в проведених дослідженнях визнані найбільш важливими. Програма складається з ряду тренінгів на наступні теми: «Методики викладання для жінок-підприємців малого бізнесу», «Пошук і обгрунтування ідей для бізнесу», «Розробка, розміщення, аналітика і просування власного веб-сайту», «Введення в Social Media Marketing (SMM), «Впровадження digital-технологій на прикладі CRM системи Бітрікс24».
Since the European Union began to play a growing role in the relationships between the Member States and the Non-EU Mediterranean countries, the policymakers in Brussels have devoted a great deal of attention to devise and implement actions and programmes aimed at promoting peace, stability and growth to the area. The effects of such involvement have been not as significant as expected but not even insignificant. Tension has almost always floated over the Mediterranean waters because crises and violent conflicts have followed one another though never breaking all relations down. The present paper takes a cue from this feature of the Mediterranean area and proposes to watch the territory from a different angle of view. Contrary to the prevailing view of the Mediterranean as an area unaffected or scarcely affected by the dominant world policies, the paper analyses the impact of the world policy-making institutions and policies on the Mediterranean area. It also draws the readers' attention towards the participation and, in significant cases, the non-participation of the governments of the area in the world institutions and policies. Accordingly, the first section highlights the concepts useful to analyze the world as the political space in which policymaking institutions have been established for building policies that respond to world-scale problems. The second section outlines the significant security and economic world policies that have been established for responding to world problems and, consequently, for bringing order to the world, the Mediterranean area included. In the third section, the focus is on forecasting the world and Mediterranean politics of the coming years by drawing the readers' attention to the confrontation of three big powers, the USA, China and Russia. The difficulty to keep unaltered the Western coalition could not impede the renewal of the US hegemony should disorder be unsustainable to loads of countries. The Chinese model of economic openness and the non-interference of the investing companies may not work in all the Mediterranean countries. By acting as a troublemaker and game-changer in security complex settings like the Mediterranean area by bolstering authoritarian regimes, Russia mostly wants to create a situation in which the United States and the European countries find it impossible to make any decisions without its participation. Accordingly, the paper's conclusions call for building knowledge about the reconfiguration of the world coalitions and the change of the existing order and institutions. Especially the revisionism of the three states competing for world leadership requires careful investigation. Research on the influence of such a global process on the wider Mediterranean area and the involvement of the Mediterranean countries in such a process is of paramount importance. ; С тех пор, как Европейский союз стал играть растущую роль в отношениях между государствами-членами и средиземноморскими странами, не входящими в ЕС, политики в Брюсселе стали уделять большое внимание разработке и реализации действий и программ, направленных на поощрение мира, стабильности и развития в регионе. Эффект от такого участия оказался не столь значительным, как ожидалось, но, тем не менее, ощутимым. Напряжение почти всегда витало над водами Средиземного моря, потому что кризисы и жестокие конфликты следовали один за другим, но никогда не разрушали все отношения. Настоящая статья основана на этой особенности Средиземноморья и предлагает взглянуть на этот регион под другим углом зрения. Вопреки преобладающему мнению о Средиземноморье как о зоне, не затронутой или почти не затронутой основными мировыми событиями, в работе анализируется влияние международных институтов и действий, влияющих на Средиземноморский регион. Автор также привлекает внимание читателей к активной, а в некоторых случаях — к пассивной позиции правительств региона в мировых институтах и международной политике. Соответственно, первый раздел предлагает вниманию читателей концепции, пригодные для анализа мира как политического пространства, в котором были созданы институты для проведения политики, реагирующей на проблемы мирового масштаба. Во втором разделе излагаются основные международные подходы к безопасности и экономической политике, которые были разработаны для реагирования на мировые проблемы и, следовательно, для наведения порядка в мире, включая Средиземноморский регион. В третьем разделе основное внимание уделяется прогнозированию мировой и средиземноморской политики ближайших лет с учетом противостояния трех великих держав — США, Китая и России. Препятствия для сохранения в неизменном виде западной коалиции не могут помешать возобновлению гегемонии США, если беспорядок окажется неприемлемым для большого числа стран. Китайская модель экономической открытости и нейтральности компаний-инвесторов может работать не во всех странах Средиземноморья. Нарушая спокойствие и изменяя правила игры в сложных условиях безопасности, таких как Средиземноморье, поддерживая авторитарные режимы, Россия стремится создать ситуацию, в которой Соединенные Штаты Америки и европейские страны не могли бы принимать никаких решений без ее участия. Соответственно, выводы статьи призывают к накоплению знаний о реконфигурации мировых коалиций и изменении международного положения. Особенно тщательно следует исследовать политику ревизионизма трех государств, соревнующихся за мировое лидерство. Первостепенное значение имеют исследования влияния такого глобального процесса на более обширный район Средиземноморья и на участие средиземноморских стран в этом процессе.
From September 2020 to April 2022, the "DIGI-WOMEN, digital entrepreneurship tools and support for women entrepreneurs" project is being implemented within the "Erasmus +" program. Project coordinator is the University of National and World Economy, Sofia, Bulgaria. Project partners are National Technical University "Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute", Ukraine; Bit-management Beratung Gesmbh, Austria; Baltijas Juras Regiona Klasteru Eksperti, Latvia; Consulenza Direzionale di Paolo Zaramella, Italy; CEPOR Centar za politiku razvoja malih i srednjih poduzeća i poduzetništva, Croatia; Greek Association of Women Entrepreneurs – SEGE, Greece. Project overall objective is to develop a training program that will train experts in order to offer trainings and mentorship sessions that are tailored to the needs of the female entrepreneurs digitalizing their business and help them overcome the obstacles they face in the digitalization. As a result of analyzing the relevance of digitalization in small business for women entrepreneurs in Ukraine the conclusion was made that important areas of digitalization are: search for ideas for business and substantiate these ideas using digital technologies; creation and promotion of business websites; presentation and promotion of business in social networks; implementation of a CRM system at the enterprise. A training program is proposed to prepare experts who will then train women entrepreneurs who run small businesses. The program is designed in such a way that women entrepreneurs have mastered precisely those areas of knowledge that are recognized as the most important in the studies. The program consists of a number of trainings on the following topics: "Training techniques for women entrepreneurs in small business", "Search and Substantiation of Ideas for Business", " Development, deployment, analysis and promotion of the web site ", "Introduction to Social Media Marketing (SMM), "Implementation of digital technologies on the example of the Bitrix24 CRM system". ; С сентября 2020 по апрель 2022 года в рамках программы "Erasmus+" осуществляется проект "DIGI-WOMEN, digital entrepreneurship tools and support for women entrepreneurs". Координатор проекта - University of National and World Economy, София, Болгария. В проекте принимают участие Национальный технический университет «Харьковский политехнический институт», Украина; Bit-management Beratung Gesmbh, Австрия; Baltijas Juras Regiona Klasteru Eksperti, Латвия; Consulenza Direzionale di Paolo Zaramella, Италия; CEPOR Centar za politiku razvoja malih i srednjih poduzeća i poduzetništva, Хорватия; Greek Association of Women Entrepreneurs - SEGE, Греция. Главная цель проекта - разработать учебную программу для подготовки специалистов, которые затем будут проводить тренинги и наставнические занятия для женщин-предпринимателей малого бизнеса. Программа должна учитывать потребности предпринимательниц, которые цифровизуют свой бизнес, и помогать им преодолевать препятствия, с которыми они сталкиваются на этом пути. В результате анализа актуальности цифровизации малого бизнеса женщин-предпринимателей в Украине пришли к выводу, что важными направлениями цифровизации являются: - поиск идей для бизнеса и обоснование этих идей с помощью цифровых технологий; - создание и продвижение сайтов компаний; представление и продвижение бизнеса в социальных сетях; внедрение на предприятиях CRM-систем. Предлагается программа тренингов для подготовки экспертов, которые затем будут обучать женщин-предпринимателей малого бизнеса. Программа составлена таким образом, чтобы женщины-предприниматели освоили именно те области знаний, которые в проведенных исследованиях признаны наиболее важными. Программа состоит из ряда тренингов на следующие темы: «Методики преподавания для женщин-предпринимателей малого бизнеса», «Поиск и обоснование идей для бизнеса», «Разработка, размещение, аналитика и продвижение собственного веб-сайта», «Введение в Social Media Marketing (SMM), «Внедрение digital-технологий на примере CRM системы Битрикс24». ; З вересня 2020 по квітень 2022 року в рамках програми "Erasmus +" здійснюється проект "DIGI-WOMEN, digital entrepreneurship tools and support for women entrepreneurs". Координатор проекту - University of National and World Economy, Софія, Болгарія. У проекті беруть участь Національний технічний університет «Харківський політехнічний інститут», Україна; Bit-management Beratung Gesmbh, Австрія; Baltijas Juras Regiona Klasteru Eksperti, Латвія; Consulenza Direzionale di Paolo Zaramella, Італія; CEPOR Centar za politiku razvoja malih i srednjih poduzeća i poduzetništva, Хорватія; Greek Association of Women Entrepreneurs - SEGE, Греція. Головна мета проекту - розробити навчальну програму для підготовки фахівців, які потім будуть проводити тренінги та повчальні заняття для жінок-підприємців малого бізнесу. Програма повинна враховувати потреби підприємниць, які цифровізуют свій бізнес, і допомагати їм долати перешкоди, з якими вони стикаються на цьому шляху. В результаті аналізу актуальності цифровізації малого бізнесу жінок-підприємців в Україні прийшли до висновку, що важливими напрямками цифровізації є: пошук ідей для бізнесу та обґрунтування цих ідей за допомогою цифрових технологій; створення і просування сайтів компаній; представлення та просування бізнесу в соціальних мережах; впровадження на підприємствах CRM-систем. Пропонується програма тренінгів для підготовки експертів, які потім будуть навчати жінок-підприємців малого бізнесу. Програма складена таким чином, щоб жінки-підприємці освоїли саме ті галузі знань, які в проведених дослідженнях визнані найбільш важливими. Програма складається з ряду тренінгів на наступні теми: «Методики викладання для жінок-підприємців малого бізнесу», «Пошук і обгрунтування ідей для бізнесу», «Розробка, розміщення, аналітика і просування власного веб-сайту», «Введення в Social Media Marketing (SMM), «Впровадження digital-технологій на прикладі CRM системи Бітрікс24».
Problématique. Les personnes en situation d'itinérance qui consomment des substances psychoactives (SPA) se retrouvent fréquemment en situation de vulnérabilité et cumulent plusieurs problèmes de santé physique, psychosociaux, relationnels et judiciaires. L'offre actuelle de services ne répond pas adéquatement à l'ensemble de leurs besoins. Cela les mène à interagir fréquemment avec les services d'urgence, c'est-à-dire la police, les services paramédicaux et les urgences hospitalières, surtout en contexte d'intoxication à des SPA. Bien souvent, les interventions réalisées par les prestataires des services d'urgence sont peu adaptées à cette clientèle. Objectif. L'objectif général de ce projet doctoral est d'utiliser l'évaluation comme un levier pour améliorer la réponse d'urgence offerte aux personnes en situation d'itinérance qui consomment des SPA à Montréal. Cadre conceptuel et stratégies de recherche. Cette recherche s'appuie sur un cadre conceptuel intégrant le modèle d'accès aux soins de santé de Levesque, Harris et Russell (2013) et le concept de la collaboration tel que défini par Hodges et Hardiman (2006), ainsi que sur diverses stratégies de recherche collaboratives et évaluatives. En particulier, cette étude s'appuie sur une démarche évaluative qui combine une analyse des besoins et une évaluation démocratique délibérative. Cette recherche s'est déroulée en trois étapes : 1) l'évaluation des besoins par un World Café intersectoriel (n = 34); 2) l'évaluation des solutions par une analyse logique inverse inspirée d'une revue réaliste rapide; et 3) la priorisation des solutions par une Technique de recherche d'information par l'animation d'un groupe d'experts (TRIAGE) intersectorielle (n = 32). Résultats. 1) L'évaluation des besoins a montré que les dimensions conceptuelles les plus saillantes sont : a) la pertinence de la réponse d'urgence, notamment lorsqu'il y a un danger pour la personne et des problèmes de santé aigus; b) le manque d'acceptabilité de la réponse d'urgence qui se traduit par de la stigmatisation et de la discrimination ; et c) un manque de disponibilité de la réponse globale. 2) L'évaluation des solutions a permis d'identifier cinq types de solutions prometteuses : approche de proximité, approche bas seuil, soutien institutionnel et dans la communauté, solutions pour améliorer la continuité des services, et les interventions cliniques. 3) La priorisation des solutions a permis de sélectionner onze solutions classées en quatre catégories : prévention de l'itinérance, approche bas seuil, continuité des services et gouvernance. Conclusion. Ce projet doctoral a permis d'avoir un impact social sur notre communauté, en plus d'avoir des apports importants sur le plan des connaissances à l'égard de la problématique, des méthodes et sur le plan conceptuel. Il demeure important de poursuivre l'étude de cette population, des services offerts et des politiques publiques pour améliorer les réponses qui leur sont offertes. ; Abstract: Background. Homeless people who use substances often find themselves in vulnerable situations and present with a number of physical health, psychosocial, relational and legal concerns. The current services do not adequately address their multiple needs. Frequent interactions with emergency services (i.e., the police, paramedical services and hospital emergency departments) result, especially in the context of their substance use. In many cases, interventions provided by emergency service providers are poorly adapted to this population. Objective. The objective of this doctoral project was to use evaluation as a lever to improve the emergency response to homeless people using substances in Montreal. Conceptual framework and research strategies. This research is based on a conceptual model integrating Levesque, Harris et Russell's model of access to health care (2013) and the concept of collaboration concept as defined by Hodges et Hardiman (2006), as well as various collaborative and evaluative research strategies. In particular, this study used an evaluative approach that combined a needs analysis with a deliberative democratic evaluation. This research was conducted in three stages: 1) a needs assessment through an intersectoral World Café (n = 34); 2) identification of solutions through an inverse logical analysis based on a rapid realistic review; and 3) prioritization of the solutions through an intersectoral Technique for Research of Information by Animation of a Group of Experts (TRIAGE; n = 32). Results. 1) The needs assessment showed that the most salient conceptual dimensions were: a) the relevance of the emergency response, particularly when homeless people are a danger to themselves and present acute health problems; b) the lack of acceptability of the emergency response, manifested by stigmatization and discrimination; and c) a lack of availability to a global response. 2) The solution identification process identified five types of promising solutions: an outreach approach, a low-threshold approach, institutional and community supports, improvements to the continuity of services, and clinical interventions. 3) In prioritizing solution, eleven solutions in four categories have been selected: prevention of homelessness, low-threshold approach, continuity of services and governance. Conclusion. This doctoral project has had a social impact on our community, and made an important contribution to improving the knowledge of the issue, the methods and its conceptual aspects. It remains important to continue the study of this population, the services available and the related public policies in an effort to improve the responses offered to those experiencing homelessness and substance use.
The world is facing a wide diversity of social innovation: globalization, the "boom" of the new economy based on knowledge, and the emergence of active and thoughtful citizens. The rapid transmission of information dissolves traditions and customs to impose a more active and open life approach. The national education system faces increasing social inequalities, particularly in the area of access to social welfare and human rights (the social, political, economic, and cultural complexity of its establishment, promotion, and defense). One of the challenges of Mexican society is to provide quality education to all children who have not been able to access it, the integration and functioning of the educational system, as well as the formation of responsible, supportive, participatory, and critical citizens required in a modern democracy (Padilla, 2013). This paper examines the following: training and quality of performance of the students from the agricultural high school (PA) and propaeudeutic program of the Universidad Autónoma Chapingo, Mexico, on education in human rights and social welfare (education, environment, values, tolerance, discrimination, migration, poverty, gender-based violence, psychological issues, etc.). These students mostly come from highly marginalized areas, and currently, no such subjects or courses have been created for them. It was found that students from the PA and propaedeutic program have, mostly, some concept of human rights, values at home, respect, harmony, and solidarity, among others. They believe that, at school, they are influenced by bad friendships, and most have suffered discrimination at some stage in their life, mainly because of clothing, bullying, being indigenous, and having low income to live on. In general, teachers, students, and administrative workers are not interested in these issues; they are non-tolerant people and speak little about human rights. There are no subjects or courses about human rights and problems of social welfare (values, tolerance, environment, migration, education, discrimination, etc.). Most of the students have relatives who have migrated to other states of the Mexican Republic or the USA, in search of resources and a better quality of life. These students also believe that inculcating and teaching human rights values in the poorest communities or indigenous people would help them protect and not suffer from discrimination and abuse. ; El mundo se enfrenta a una extensa diversidad de innovaciones sociales: globalización, el boom de la nueva economía basada en el conocimiento y el surgimiento de una ciudadanía activa y reflexiva, la rápida transmisión de la información disuelve tradiciones y costumbres, imponiendo un enfoque más activo y abierto de la vida. El sistema educativo nacional enfrenta el aumento de las desigualdades sociales, particularmente en materia de acceso al bienestar social y a los derechos humanos (la complejidad social, política, económica y cultural de su establecimiento, promoción y defensa). Uno de los retos de la sociedad mexicana es proporcionar educación de calidad a todos los niños que no han logrado acceder a ella, además de la integración y funcionamiento del sistema educativo y la formación de los ciudadanos responsables, solidarios, participativos y críticos que una democracia moderna requiere (Padilla, 2013). En este estudio se analizó la calidad de la formación de los estudiantes en derechos humanos (DH) y bienestar social (educación, medio ambiente, valores, tolerancia, no discriminación, migración, pobreza, violencia de género, violencia psicológica, etc.), en la Preparatoria Agrícola (PA) y del Propedéutico de la Universidad Autónoma Chapingo. Los estudiantes de esta universidad en su mayoría provienen de zonas altamente marginadas y actåualmente no se han creado materias de esta índole. Se encontró que los alumnos de la PA y del Propedéutico tienen en su mayoría algún concepto de DH, de valores en casa, de respeto, armonía, solidaridad, creen que en la escuela son influenciados por malas amistades y la mayoría han sufrido en alguna etapa de su vida discriminación, principalmente por ser de bajos recursos, por ser indígenas, por su vestimenta. En general, a los profesores, estudiantes y administrativos no les interesan estos temas, no son tolerantes y se habla poco de DH, no hay materias que impartan temas de DH y de bienestar social (valores, del medio ambiente, tolerancia, educación, migración, no discriminación, etc.). La mayoría de los estudiantes tienen familiares que han migrado a otros estados de la república mexicana o a Estados Unidos, por falta de recursos y para tener una mejor calidad de vida. Creen que inculcar y enseñar los DH en las comunidades más pobres o de indígenas los ayudaría mucho a protegerse y no sufrir de discriminación y abusos.
With this thesis, we will study Alfonso X the Wise's Setenario (1282-1284). This encyclopedic text, composed of "laws", consists of a complex though incomplete rewriting of legal, historic and scientific works assigned to the sovereign. It starts with a general propaedeutic and is afterwards based on two main themes. First, it presents a history of ancient beliefs (animism, idolatry and astrology) as a prefiguration of the Christian ritual. Then, thanks to a series of connections and interpretative leaps, it demonstrates how pagan customs and devotions led to the conception of the list of the seven sacraments. This final presentation, inspired by the contents of the Primera Partida and canonical texts, is a true profession of faith that establishes the norms of religious practices. Through a study of the sources and structures of this text, we will show how Alfonso X expresses, for the last time, his political and intellectual ideals. Certainly written at the end of his reign, the Setenario is not only a testament but also a transitional work. It puts an end to a period of intense literary activity led in a hostile context. Diseased, exiled in Seville, the king presents in this treatise a complete vision of his intellectual project that, as a legacy, he passes on to his successors. The text heralds a new way of thinking, born out of an effort to synthetize and structure knowledge. It prepares the rising of a new class of clergymen who, in the late 13th century, will give theological questions a central place in literary production. ; En el marco de la presente investigación doctoral, nos proponemos estudiar el Setenario de Alfonso X el Sabio (1282-1284). Este texto, compuesto por "leyes", constituye una reescritura compleja, aunque inacabada, de las obras jurídicas, históricas y científicas atribuidas al soberano. Tras una propedéutica general, se organiza en torno a dos ejes temáticos. Propone primero una historia de las creencias antiguas (animismo, idolatría y astrología) en tanto que prefiguración del ritual cristiano. Luego, gracias a una serie de correspondencias y giros interpretativos, demuestra cómo las costumbres y devociones paganas llevaron a la elaboración del septenario sacramental. Esta presentación final, copiada al contenido de la Primera Partida y de varios textos de derecho canónico, constituye una verdadera profesión de fe que establece las normas de la práctica religiosa.A través de un examen de las fuentes y estructuras de este texto, mostraremos cómo Alfonso X enuncia, por última vez, sus ideales políticos e intelectuales. Redactado sin duda al final de su reinado, el Setenario constituye a la vez un testamento y una obra de transición. Remata un período de intensa actividad literaria llevada a cabo en un contexto a menudo hostil. Enfermo, exiliado en Sevilla, el rey expone en este tratado una visión total de su proyecto intelectual que dirige, como un legado, a sus sucesores. El texto inaugura el auge de un nuevo pensamiento, debido al esfuerzo de síntesis y organización de los saberes que lo caracteriza. Anticipa el ascenso al poder de una casta de clérigos que, durante los últimos años del siglo XIII, va a reorientar la producción letrada hacia cuestiones teológicas. ; Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous nous proposons d'étudier le Setenario d'Alphonse X le Savant (1282-1284). Ce texte encyclopédique, composé de « lois », constitue une réécriture complexe quoiqu'inachevée des œuvres juridiques, historiques et scientifiques attribuées au souverain. Après une propédeutique générale, il est articulé autour de deux grands ensembles thématiques. Il propose tout d'abord une histoire des croyances anciennes (animisme, idolâtrie et astrologie) comme préfiguration du rituel chrétien. Puis, grâce à une série de correspondances et de sauts interprétatifs, il démontre comment les coutumes et dévotions païennes ont conduit à l'élaboration du septénaire sacramentel. Cette présentation finale, calquée au contenu de la Primera Partida et aux textes du droit canon, est une véritable profession de foi qui établit les normes de la pratique religieuse.À travers une étude des sources et structures de ce texte, nous montrerons comment Alphonse X formule, pour la dernière fois, ses idéaux politiques et intellectuels. Sans doute écrit à la fin de son règne, le Setenario est à la fois un testament et une œuvre de transition. Il vient clore une période d'intense activité littéraire menée dans un contexte souvent hostile. Malade, exilé à Séville, le roi expose dans le traité une vision totale de son projet intellectuel qu'il destine, comme un legs, à ses successeurs. Le texte marque les prémisses d'une pensée nouvelle, née de l'effort de synthèse et d'organisation des savoirs. Il prépare l'avènement d'une caste de religieux qui, dans les dernières années du XIIIe siècle, va ramener les questions théologiques au cœur de la production lettrée.
