Suchergebnisse

Celem jest stworzenie interdyscyplinarnego forum wymiany myśli na temat partnerstwa międzysektorowego na rzecz rozwiązywania problemów społecznych. Problematyka: 1. Współpraca międzysektorowa w procesie integracji społecznej osób: niepełnosprawnych, chorych psychicznie, ubogich, starszych, uzależnionych, doświadczających przemocy, bezdomnych itd. 2. Partnerstwo międzysektorowe na rzecz rozwiązywania problemów rodziny (rodzina w ponowoczesnym społeczeństwie). Współpraca służb socjalnych z instytucjami edukacyjnymi. 3. Partnerstwo międzysektorowe na rzecz rozwiązywania problemów rynku pracy. 4. Formowaniu partnerstwa pomiędzy podmiotami działającymi na rzecz rozwiązywania problemów społecznych. Partnerska rola władz lokalnych, organizacji pozarządowych oraz sektora prywatnego. Uwarunkowanie współpracy międzysektorowej. 5. Formy współpracy międzysektorowej – perspektywy dla organizacji pozarządowych w kontekście ustawy o działalności pożytku publicznego i wolontariacie. Wolontariusz – sprzymierzeniec czy konkurent? Wolontariat biznesu. 6. Współpraca organizacji pozarządowych z sektorem publicznym oraz prywatnym na przykładzie wybranych projektów współfinansowanych ze środków Unii Europejskiej. 7. Trzeci sektor a ekonomia społeczna. Budowanie współpracy na rzecz rozwoju ekonomii społecznej, a także ukazanie dobrych praktyk w obszarze partnerstwa międzysektorowego. Partnerstwa ponadnarodowe. ; In the countries of the European Union, the idea of partnership has a strong relationship with modernising the traditional models of social policy (Księżopolski 1999). A shifting of the traditional model of the welfare state in the direction of a welfare society is taking place. An important aspect, therefore, is the socialisation and enlargement of the range of shared responsibility of particular individuals, their families and the local community, to ensure dignified living conditions and social cohesion. The cooperation of representatives from the various sectors of social and economic life, defined as cross-sectoral partnership, is becoming more and more popular. The initiators of such partnerships are public institutions, NGOs, and businesses that operate at the local, regional, as well as national levels. J. Wygnański emphasised that: The principle of partnership has, from the axiological and political aspect, another much more crucial (and specifically European) root, namely the principle of subsidiarity. This principle has a long-standing European tradition. (.) The principle of subsidiarity denotes the specific "division of labour" between particular communities. It means, that whenever a smaller (more local or generally speaking, grassroots) community is capable of solving a given problem, the community (institution) located "higher" in the hierarchy can and should support that community in its efforts, but it should not, through its own actions, encroach on its territory and thereby (at least indirectly) incapacitate its citizens (Wygnański 2012: 9). Activating cooperation of the greatest number of diverse entities possible creates an opportunity for the permanent realisation of certain public purposes, among which social integration should be primarily mentioned. The international debate on the topic of cross-sectoral partnerships in terms of solving social problems, allowed for the preparation of a monograph, containing the results of research, analysis, and proposals posed by researchers representing several countries: the Czech Republic and Slovakia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, as well as Poland. Šarka Ulčáková joined the discussion concerning understanding the concept of social entrepreneurship in the context of its development in European countries within the past few decades. Beata Szluz has addressed the topic of partnership for combating social exclusion, using the example of social cooperatives operating in the Subcarpathian Voivodeship, which are a specific form of social enterprise. Working in a cooperative creates an opportunity for social integration and raising the professional skills of individuals at risk of social exclusion due to unemployment, disability or mental illness, those having problems finding a job, as well as social integration. Katarzyna Błaszczuk revealed good practices which oppose exclusion through the example of entities engaged in social economy activities in the Subcarpathian Voivodeship. Next, Piotr Frączek and Sylwia Drozd presented the operation of the Centre for Social Integration in Sanok (Subcarpathian Voivodeship), as an example of initiatives aimed at social reintegration. Ester Denihelková noted that the priority of the social economy is the employment of individuals who are socially excluded or those at risk of social exclusion. Chronic unemployment and the need to reduce the national budget deficit are factors that cause difficulties in the fields of social policy and social work. She posed the question, to what extent can the social economy help to solve these problems? The aim of her the article is to present the current state of both the Czech social economy and Czech social enterprises. Vendula Gojová emphasised interaction in the context of interdisciplinary social work and social entrepreneurship, which could support the capacity of civil society. She attempted to answer the question of whether social assistance can use the ideas of social entrepreneurship. Polish accession to the European Union has created new opportunities for economic and social development - stressed Paweł Walawender. Cross-sectoral cooperation takes place in different areas and is also realised by the actions undertaken within the framework of projects financed through European Union Funds. Creating a partnership is a difficult task, as it requires close cooperation with representatives of organisations whose priorities, objectives and methods of operation may vary considerably. The article introduces the concept of cross-sectoral partnerships based on the author's experience with projects implemented in the Subcarpathian Voivodeship, the aim of which was to assist individuals at risk of social exclusion. Cultural anthropology and its practical dimension in projects which include cross-sectoral partnership, constitutes the focus of considerations by Mateusz Sikora. Tatiana Matulayová, Ilona Pešatová, and Zdenka Michalová took up a discussion on the issues connected with the possibilities of the development of social work in schools. Maria Shved drew attention to trends in the development of higher education and the growing demands in the preparation of social pedagogues (and social workers). She presented the functioning of graduates in the labour market, referring to their professional competence in light of the analysis conducted by American, German and Ukrainian scientists. Monika Łagowska dealt with the subject of the situation of graduates in the labour market and partnership for solving their problems. According to the author, the completion of education and then entering the labour market is a key step in the life of every young person. Cooperation between the various entities seems to be the key in the context of tackling the issue of unemployment among graduates. Then, Dana Rosová presented the results of research on the meaning of life for the unemployed. She attempted to gather recommendations for social work, bearing in mind that more attention should be paid to the long-term unemployed, in order to encourage them to again take up employment. Jitka Reissmannová presented innovations in the field of education aimed toward the prosocial development of students. She put emphasis on activities connected with education and first aid, and now also for instance, in the prevention of ageing. Marie Chrásková presented the perception of health problems in the community, taking into account the views of Czech and Polish students, and drawing attention to the activities of voluntary work with respect to the sick and disabled. Next, Małgorzata Stępa commented on assistance to the terminally ill and the entities tasked with providing assistance to those individuals and their families. Aleksandra Rachwał illustrated institutional support for families caring for a sick person. She presented the issues of communication, cooperation, promotion and information. She emphasised the need for long-term support for the family of an individual with an oncological disease and (re)building trust toward aid institutions in public life. Michaela Hřivnová and Jana Majerová stressed in their articles that within the framework of cooperation between educational institutions in the Czech Republic, optimal solutions in terms of hazardous or pathological behaviour are being sought. Dana Rosová, Oľga Orosová, and Eva Žiaková presented the results of research into the meaning of life, self-esteem and the social support provided to homeless persons, as well as the degree of satisfaction with the social support provided by different entities. Elżbieta Szczygieł presented the results of research into the phenomenon of homelessness among children and adolescents. She made an attempt to portray the cooperation of entities in combatting this social problem. Consideration was given by Helena Kalábová and Jan Jihlavec to the issue of the importance of family and the home. As the authors depict, the so-called eco-friendly way of life which is often discussed nowadays, can also refer to the family and interpersonal relationships. The cooperation of educational institutions and social institutions in solving the problems of the contemporary family became the focus of Svitlana Kohut. Then, Magda Urbańska outlined the topic of cross-sectoral cooperation in solving the problems of working parents. Voluntary activity is the basis for the establishment and development of civil society. Serhiy Troyan and Paweł Troyan pointed out that in the last 10-15 years, the number of people participating (declaring their participation) in volunteerism in Ukraine has increased significantly, reflecting the increasing role and influence of the voluntary movement in the country. In Ukraine, volunteerism appeared in the early 1990s (in 1993). Its aim was to increase the participation of citizens in voluntary work, with a view to solving specific social problems. Agnieszka Belcer and Anna Wojnarowska postulated development of partnerships and cooperation in order to oppose social exclusion. Partnerships are initiated by companies, NGOs, and public institutions operating at the local, regional, national or global level. Each party brings different experiences and skills, whereby cross-sectoral cooperation can become sustainable, efficient and effective. The authors hope that the book will be of interest to sociologists, social workers, educators, as well as representatives of social services that are undertaking activities in terms of counteracting social problems.

This thesis contributes to a current debate on how to balance conservation and development goals. Globally, land set aside for the protection of biodiversity has increased exponentially over the last 30 years. Despite contemporary efforts to share protected area (PA) benefits with the local people in proximity to the PAs, in particular tourism revenues, the social impacts of establishing and maintaining these areas remain a contentious issue. It is in this context that this study was conducted at Bwindi Impenetrable National Park in Uganda. The specific research questions of the study were: i. To what extent does tourism revenue-sharing promote conservation and poverty reduction? ii. What is the nature of benefits derived and costs incurred by communities adjacent to the PA? iii. How are the benefits and costs distributed, and how does this affect people"s attitudes towards the PA? iv. How do local people describe their situation as neighbours of a PA? These questions have been addressed in four separate, but interrelated studies. Data were collected using a mixed methods approach. Secondary data in the form of written sources on Bwindi was used in addition to primary data gathered through a combination of participant observations, interviews with key informants, structured interviews, semistructured interviews, and unstructured interviews. The findings reveal serious inadequacies in the tourism revenue-sharing arrangement that severely constrain the potential for poverty reduction. This also reduces its potential local support effect for the conservation. Whereas an average household reports an annual total income of US$1038, the average benefit from revenue sharing is only US$12 (or 1.2%). Any positive effect from this contribution is further reduced by problems in the allocation-making processes and associated nepotism; this is because the revenues are planned for and distributed by inept local institutions under complex institutional arrangements that lack real local participation and involvement. In addition to the direct sharing of tourism revenues there are a number of other activities that could fall under a general framework of "Development Through Conservation" (e.g. support to private tree planting). Another activity is park-related employment. Each of these two sources contributes about 2% to an average household"s annual income. Costs include the traditional costs of physical evictions. However, the scope of this thesis is limited to the recurrent costs associated with restrictions on access to resources and damage caused by wildlife. A household bordering on the park foregoes on average about 6% of its annual income because of these restrictions on access to forest resources and on average loses another 10% of its annual income as a result of damage caused by wildlife. For some households, losses from wildlife damage can approach as much as 26% of the household income. What emerges is a situation where local people largely subsidise conservation through the high local costs. The estimated reported average local income is US$ 0.5/ per adult equivalent unit/day. Moreover, because of the problems in decision-making and the associated nepotism, tourism revenues often do not accrue to cost victims. In practice, PA benefits are often subject to local elite capture. This increases local inequality and compromises the ability of the PA to contribute to poverty reduction and improve state local people relations. In spite of this, there seems to be improved attitudes among local people towards the park, with 78 percent of our respondents believing that Bwindi"s conversion to a national park was a good thing, and despite the lack of individual benefits. People seem to be concerned about nature and the forest regardless of possible monetary transfers. Local perceptions furthermore seem to be characterised by an ambivalence that significantly deviates from the win-win narrative frequently presented by external actors. Local actors or households do regard the present situation as unsatisfactory (a perception which is well-grounded and generally supported by the socio-economic studies in this thesis). However there is some prospect of an improved situation in the future, particularly with regard to tourism because there are promises of improvements in the amount of revenues set aside for local people. Social, political and economic issues relating to PAs are presented and discussed in this thesis. Wider implications and representivity of the findings for other protected area policies in Uganda and elsewhere are several. It is observed that the eventual successes of PAs for the future will depend not only on the overall benefits and costs that eventually reach local communities but also on the distribution of costs and benefits, the implications for damage compensation, and impact on local inequality and the compatibility of present management with local social values, and norms and perceptions of rights and duties Local narratives form important insights in this context and need to be taken much more seriously in endeavours for rights-based development, local involvement and real participation. The local narratives should thus inform policy and practice, and act as a possible counter to the narratives produced by powerful external actors. ; Denne avhandlingen bidrar til en pågående debatt om naturvern og utvikling. Verdens verneområder for biologisk mangfold har økt eksponensielt de siste 30 årene. Det har vært mange forsøk på å dele inntekter fra turisme i verneområder med lokalbefolkningen. Likevel er fortsatt de sosiale kostnadene ved verneområder et omstridt spørsmål. Dette er bakgrunnen for studien av Bwindi Impenetrable National Park i Uganda. Studiens problemstillinger har vært: i. I hvilken grad bidrar lokalbefolkningens tilgang til inntekter fra turisme til naturvern og reduksjon av fattigdom? ii. Hvilke goder og kostnader av verneområdet får de nærmeste lokalsamfunnene? iii. Hvordan er goder og kostnader fordelt, og hvordan påvirker dette folks holdninger til verneområdet? iv. Hvordan beskriver folk som er naboer til verneområdet sin egen situasjon og sitt forhold til parken? Disse spørsmålene har blitt besvart i fire ulike delstudier. Data ble innsamlet ved hjelp av ulike metoder. Sekundærdata som skriftlige kilder om Bwindi ble brukt i tillegg til primærdata innsamlet ved en kombinasjon av deltakende observasjon, intervjuer med nøkkelinformanter og strukturerte og ustrukturerte intervjuer. Funnene avslører alvorlig begrensninger i fordelingen av inntekter fra turisme, noe som i betydelig grad begrenser potensialet for reduksjon av fattigdom. Dette begrenser også mulighetene for å få lokal støtte for naturvernet. Mens et gjennomsnittlig hushold oppgir en årsinntekt på 1038 USD er gjennomsnittlig inntekt fra den naturbaserte turismen på bare 12 USD i året (eller 1.2% av samlede inntekter). Positive effekter av dette bidraget reduseres ytterligere av problemer med selve fordelingsprosessen knyttet blant annet til nepotisme. Dette skyldes til dels at inntektsfordelingen er planlagt for og distribuert gjennom svake lokale institusjoner med komplekse institusjonelle arrangementer og der lokal deltakelse i stor grad er fraværende. I tillegg til direkte fordeling av inntekter fra turisme, er det også en rekke andre aktiviteter som kunne falle inn under "naturvernbasert utvikling" (for eksempel støtte til privat treplanting). En annen aktivitet er arbeidsplasser generert av nasjonalparken. Hver av disse to kildene bidrar gjennomsnittlig med 2% av husholdets årlige inntekt i følge våre undersøkelser. Avhandlingen konsentrerer seg om kostnader forbundet med begrensninger på tilgang til ressurser og skader forårsaket av vilt. Et hushold i nærheten av nasjonalparken gir i gjennomsnitt fra seg 6 % av dets årlige inntekt på grunn av førstnevnte begrensninger og 10% mistes i form av skader på avling og husdyr forårsaket av parkens ville dyr. For noen hushold vil slike viltskader kunne beløpe seg til 26% av husholdets inntekter. Resultatet er at lokalbefolkningen ender opp med å subsidiere naturvernet gjennom å bli påført høye lokale kostnader. Den estimerte gjennomsnittlige lokale inntekten er 0.5 USD pr voksen pr dag. På grunn av de nevnte problemene med forvaltningen tilfaller sjelden turistinntekter de som bærer de direkte kostnadene. Det er i praksis lokale eliter som tilriver seg mesteparten av inntektene fra nasjonalparken. Dette øker lokal ulikhet og begrenser mulighetene for naturvernet til å bidra til å redusere fattigdom og å forbedre forholdet mellom staten og lokalbefolkningen. På tross av dette, virker det som holdningene blant lokalbefolkningen til parken i seg selv har bedret seg. Blant våre respondenter var 78 % positive til at Bwindi er en nasjonalpark, til tross for mangelen på individuelle nyttevirkninger fra parken. Folk virker opptatt av vern av naturen og skogen uavhengig av pengeoverføringer. Lokale betraktninger er videre karakterisert av en ambivalens som avviker fra et vinnvinn- narrativ som ofte presenteres av eksterne aktører. Lokalbefolkningen ser ikke på den aktuelle situasjonen som tilfredsstillende. Det kan imidlertid være håp om forbedringer, fordi det er løfter om at en større andel av inntektene fra turisme skal tilfalle lokalbefolkningen. Sosiale, politiske og økonomiske sider ved vern av nasjonalparker blir presentert og diskutert i denne avhandlingen. Det er flere implikasjoner av disse funnene for andre verneområder i Uganda og andre steder. Mulighetene for at verneområder skal lykkes i fremtiden er ikke bare avhengig av generelle inntekter og kostnader, men også av fordelingen av disse inntektene og kostnadene, kompensasjon for skader forårsaket av vilt, konsekvenser for lokal ulikhet og hvordan forvaltningen forholder seg til lokale sosiale verdier, normer, rettigheter og plikter. Lokale narrativer representerer viktige innsikter i denne sammenheng og de må tas mye mer alvorlig i nye forsøk på en rettighetsbasert utvikling som innebærer reell lokal deltakelse. Politikkutforming og praksis bør derfor basere seg på slike lokale mot-narrativer som ofte står i motsetning til narrativer produsert av mektige eksterne aktører. ; Nordiska Afrikainstitutet (NAI) ; Norsk institutt for naturforskning (NINA)

El objetivo general de esta tesis es describir los modos de participación de los hogares en la estructura económico-ocupacional y en los sistemas de política social, y evaluar sus cambios durante el ciclo de políticas heterodoxas en la Argentina (2003-2014). A partir del estudio articulado de la participación en los mecanismos de distribución primaria y secundaria del ingreso, la tesis se propone contribuir al estudio de las transformaciones en los modos de reproducción socioeconómica de las unidades domésticas y aportar nuevas evidencias acerca de las rearticulaciones verificadas en la relación entre la heterogeneidad estructural y las formas de intervención social del Estado en la Argentina. En contraste con el ciclo de ajuste estructural de los noventa, durante la primera década de los años 2000 se verificó un giro hacia políticas macroeconómicas heterodoxas y políticas sociolaborales de corte redistributivo. A su vez, el período estuvo jalonado por la presencia de rasgos estructurales del régimen social de acumulación (alta concentración económica, especialización productiva y restricción externa). En este contexto, el caso argentino es relevante para evaluar la capacidad del crecimiento bajo políticas heterodoxas para promover cambios sustantivos en los patrones de desigualdad emergentes de la heterogeneidad estructural de los mercados de trabajo y para examinar el rol de las políticas sociales sobre las condiciones de vida de los hogares en el contexto de una economía capitalista periférica. El estudio articula tres líneas conceptuales. En primer lugar, la cuestión de las condiciones de vida es abordada a partir de aportes teóricos (en especial, de la sociología latinoamericana) que tematizaron la reproducción de la fuerza de trabajo y de las unidades domésticas. Estos aportes señalan que la reproducción socioeconómica de los hogares se asocia con la satisfacción de necesidades y se desenvuelve en una articulación de planos macro y microsociales. En segundo lugar, el marco teórico estructuralista, la tesis de la marginalidad económica y los enfoques de la segmentación laboral son claves para comprender las dinámicas de desigualdad de la estructura económico-ocupacional en la que participa la fuerza laboral de los hogares. En tercer lugar, recogemos una lectura en clave de economía política de la política social que permite reponer su papel con respecto a la regulación de la reproducción de la fuerza de trabajo y del conflicto social. La hipótesis general es que la heterogeneidad estructural del régimen de acumulación –y su correlato en la incapacidad de los sectores más dinámicos de la economía para absorber al conjunto de la fuerza de trabajo– habría dado lugar a dinámicas persistentes de desigualdad económico-ocupacional y de exclusión o marginalidad, con amplias consecuencias sobre las capacidades de reproducción económica y el bienestar material de los hogares, restringiendo los procesos de convergencia socioeconómica entre el 2003 y el 2014. Sin embargo, estas dinámicas no habrían impactado de forma directa sobre las condiciones de vida debido a una mediación, de relevancia variable según el momento político-económico del ciclo, de la política social y de los propios comportamientos microsociales de los hogares. Tales elementos habrían desempeñado un papel compensador –aunque limitado, dadas las condiciones estructurales prevalecientes– sobre las capacidades de reproducción económica de las unidades domésticas. En la investigación seguimos un abordaje metodológico cuantitativo con un diseño de estática comparada. En términos analíticos, se recurrió a técnicas de análisis multivariado, de descomposición y de microsimulación. La principal fuente son los microdatos de la Encuesta Permanente de Hogares (EPH), relevada trimestralmente por el Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos (INDEC). Empleamos las bases correspondientes al cuarto trimestre de 2003 a 2014 para una serie de años ventana. La tesis reúne evidencias que indican que la heterogeneidad de la estructura económicoocupacional, los procesos de segmentación del mercado de trabajo y la dinámica de la marginalidad económica constituyen instancias estrechamente asociadas con una pauta relativamente rígida de desigualdad sociolaboral. Esta pauta condiciona las capacidades de reproducción de los hogares e inhibe la convergencia socioeconómica: mientras que una parte de las unidades domésticas participa de sectores económicos dinámicos mediante sus integrantes, otra amplia franja permanece ligada a ocupaciones en microunidades, sin protección laboral y con ingresos que, o bien no garantizan la satisfacción de necesidades, o bien los dejan expuestos al riesgo de no hacerlo. Los comportamientos laborales de los integrantes de los hogares mediatizan esta pauta de desigualdad, pero su efecto agregado, en términos cuantitativos, resulta limitado. Por su parte, la política social adquiere creciente relevancia en la cobertura de los hogares peor posicionados en la estructura económico-ocupacional y los ingresos por transferencias constituyen un nuevo componente de su balance reproductivo. En este sentido, la tesis da indicios de algunas modificaciones en los patrones de reproducción socioeconómica de los hogares, al menos durante el ciclo histórico examinado. Sin embargo, exhibe que, en condiciones de baja integración económica sistémica (derivada de la heterogeneidad estructural), la política social no es suficiente para garantizar la convergencia en las condiciones de vida. ; The general objective of this thesis is to describe the modes of households' participation in the labour structure and in the system of social policies, and to evaluate its changes during the period of heterodox policies in Argentina (2003-2014). By binding households' participation in the primary and in the secondary income distribution together, the thesis aims to analyse changes in their socioeconomic reproduction patterns, and to provide new evidences about the existence of transformations in the relationship between the structural heterogeneity and the State social intervention in Argentina. In contrast to the phase of structural adjustment (in the 1990s), a turn to heterodox macroeconomic policies and redistributive labour and social policies took place during the 2000s. This period was also characterised by the presence of some long-term features of the social accumulation regime (such as a high economic concentration, the productive specialization in raw materials exports and the external restriction). Thus, Argentina offers a proper scenario to evaluate the ability of the economic growth under heterodox policies to change the inequality patterns derived from the structural heterogeneity of labour markets, as well as to examine how social policies shape living conditions in a peripherical country. This thesis is underpinned by three theoretical perspectives. Firstly, living conditions are tackled from a conceptual framework (mainly based on Latin American sociology) that emphasizes both labour power and households' reproduction. According to these conceptual contributions, socioeconomic reproduction is related to needs satisfaction and thus to income distribution and based on the interaction of micro and macrosocial processes. Secondly, the structuralist approach, the thesis of economic marginality and the theories of labour market segmentation are crucial to comprehend the inequality dynamics that underlie socioeconomic structure in which the members of the households participate. Thirdly, we take a political economy interpretation of social policy, recovering its role in terms of the regulation of labour power reproduction and in the regulation of social conflict. The general hypothesis is that the structural heterogeneity of the social regime of accumulation –and the insufficient labour demand of the most dynamic sectors of the economy– would have led to a persistent labour inequality pattern, with several consequences on households' economic reproduction conditions and material wellbeing, thus restricting socioeconomic convergence during the period 2003-2014. However, we suggest that this pattern would not have impacted directly on living conditions due to the intervention –of variable relevance according to the moment of the period– of social policy benefits and households' microsocial behaviours. These factors would have played a compensation role –even if limited, due to the structural conditions– on households' economic reproduction conditions. The research has followed a quantitative methodological design, based on cross-section data approach. Several multivariate analysis techniques were applied, as well as decomposition and microsimulation techniques. The main data source was the Permanent Household Survey (Encuesta Permanente de Hogares) carried out quarterly by the National Institute of Statistic and Censuses. We used microdata corresponding to fourth quarters of several years from 2003 to 2014. The evidences gathered in this thesis reveal that the labour structure's heterogeneity, the labour market segmentation and the economic marginality are processes strongly related to a rigid inequality pattern. This pattern affects households' living conditions and inhibits socioeconomic convergence: whereas a part of the households has members working in dynamic, modern and productive economic sectors, another fraction remains linked to employment in micro enterprises without labour protection and with low incomes, thus particularly exposed to the risk of not satisfying their reproductive needs. Households' members labour behaviours intervene on this inequality pattern. However, in aggregated terms, their effect is quantitatively limited. With respect to social policy, the thesis shows that it increases its relevance upon those households that are vulnerable in terms of the occupational position of its members. In this vein, social benefits are a new part of those households' reproductive balance. To sum up, the thesis suggests the existence of some changes in households' socioeconomic reproduction patterns, at least during the considered period. However, it also reveals that in a context of a low economic "system integration" (derived from structural heterogeneity), social policy is not enough to guarantee living conditions' convergence. ; Fil: Poy Piñeiro, Santiago. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Sociales; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina

Machine generated contents note:1.Stakeholder Views of Quality Assurance in Cambodian Higher Education /Christopher Ziguras --1.1.Introduction --1.2.Development of Quality Assurance in Cambodia --1.3.Importing Quality Assurance --1.4.Stakeholders' Views --1.5.Lackof Implementation of Donor-Funded Projects --1.6.Political Interference --1.7.Fragmented Governance of Higher Education? --1.8.Corruption --1.9.Accreditation Committee of Cambodia Management and Staff --1.10.Internal Quality Assurance Units --1.11.Conclusion --References --Further Reading --2.Quality Assurance in Chinese Higher Education /Jian Liu --2.1.Introduction --2.2.Emergence of Higher Education Quality Assessment in China --2.3.Evolution and Status Quo of Higher Education Quality Assessment Schemes in China --2.4.Approaches of the QAUE to Quality Assessment --2.5.Actors and Ownership --2.6.Evaluation Procedures and Methods --2.7.Evaluation Criteria --2.8.Consequences of Evaluation --2.9.Funding Sources for Assessment Activities --2.10.Impact of the QAUE on the Evaluated Institutions --2.11.Conclusions and Implications --References --Further Reading --3.Quality Assurance in Hong Kong: Fit for Cultural Perception /Jianrong Sun --3.1.Introduction --3.2.Quality Assurance in the Special Administrative Region (SAR) of Hong Kong --3.3.External Quality Assurance Initiatives --3.4.3+3+4 Transformation and OBA --3.5.Approaches to Audit in Hong Kong --3.6.Impacts of Quality Assurance on the Academia --3.7.Commonly Accepted Educational Practices as Expected in QA Criteria --3.8.Focus on Student Learning Outcomes --3.9.Expectation of Continuous Improvement --3.10.Evaluation Processes --3.11.Culturally-Impacted QA Criteria --3.12.Quality of Student Learning Defined: Hong Kong --3.13.QA Outreach and Its Impact --3.14.Modification in OBA: A Case Analysis --3.15.Quasi-OBA Model --3.16.Quasi-OBA Design --3.17.Conclusions --References --Further Reading --4.Quality Assurance in Higher Education -- An Indian Experience /Ankita Verma --4.1.Introduction --4.2.Overview of the Indian Higher Education System --4.3.Maintenance of Standards in Higher Education --4.4.Problems in the Maintenance of Standards --4.5.Simultaneous Coexistence of the Dual Regime of the Maintenance of Standards --4.6.Role of NAAC in Quality Assurance and Accreditation --4.7.Evaluation of NAAC --4.8.Recent Failed Attempts to Enhance the Strength of Accreditation --4.9.Future Strategies --4.10.National Board of Accreditation --4.11.Indian Council of Agricultural Research --4.12.Developing Internal Quality Assurance Cell/Mechanism --4.13.Conclusion --References --Further Reading --5.Rise of Quality Assurance in Indonesian Higher Education /Kamanto Sunarto --5.1.Introduction --5.2.National Higher Education System --5.3.National Higher Education Quality Assurance System --5.4.NAAHE Governance --5.5.NAAHE Accreditation System --5.6.NAAHE Accreditation Outcomes --5.7.NAAHE Domestic, Bilateral, Regional, and International Collaborations --5.8.First Nongovernmental Independent Accreditation Agency --5.9.Independent Program Accreditation Agencies: Other Initiatives --5.10.Higher Education QA System: DGHE Initiatives --5.11.Challenges to QA Endeavors --5.12.Conclusion --References --Further Reading --Appendixes --6.Quality Assurance in Higher Education of Kazakhstan: A Review of the System and Issues /Aliya Kuzhabekova --6.1.Introduction --6.2.Background Information --6.3.National Quality Assurance System: Major Practices, Trends, and Challenges --6.4.Early Period of Centralized Approach to Quality Assurance --6.5.Recent Developments in National Quality Assurance System Development --6.6.Collaboration with International Organizations --6.7.Institutional Quality Assurance Arrangements --6.8.Impact of Quality Assurance Arrangements on Higher Education Quality, Performance, and Development --6.9.Concluding Remarks --References --Further Reading --7.Quality Assurance System in Korean Higher Education: Development and Challenges /Jang Wan Ko --7.1.Introduction --7.2.System Background --7.3.National Quality Assurance (QA) System --7.4.Accrediting Organizations --7.5.Accreditation Procedures --7.6.Evaluation Criteria and Standards --7.7.Institutional Accreditation Decision --7.8.Institutional Quality Assurance Arrangements --7.9.Impacts of the National and Institutional Quality Assurance Arrangements on Higher Education Quality, Performance, and Development --7.10.Regional and International QA Activities --7.11.Current Challenges and Future Directions --References --8.Quality Assurance and Quality Enhancement in Malaysian Higher Education /Glenda Crosling --8.1.Introduction --8.2.Development of Higher Education in Malaysia --8.3.Quality Assurance in Higher Education in Malaysia --8.4.International and Regional Influence on Quality Assurance in Malaysian Higher Education --8.5.Quality Assurance and Academic Enhancement in Malaysia --8.6.Conclusion --References --Further Reading --9.Quality Assurance Mechanisms in Mongolian Higher Education /Tungalag Jamts --9.1.Introduction and Brief Overview of Higher Education Sector of Mongolia --9.2.Size of Higher Education Sector --9.3.National Quality Assurance Arrangements --9.4.National Higher Education Accreditation Council --9.5.Impacts of the National and Institutional Quality Assurance Arrangements on Higher Education Quality, Performance and Development --9.6.Participation in Regional and International Quality Assurance Agency Activities and its Benefits --9.7.Conclusion --Acknowledgment --References --Further Reading --10.Rise of Quality Assurance in Thailand /Tan Pitiyanuwat --10.1.Introduction --10.2.System Background of Higher Education in Thailand --10.3.National Quality Assurance System in Higher Education --10.4.Institutional Quality Assurance Arrangement (IQA) --10.5.Impacts of the National and Institutional Assurance Arrangements on Higher Education Quality --10.6.International QA Activities --10.7.Conclusion --Reference --Further Reading --11.Transforming Higher Education in Uzbekistan: From Quality Control to Quality Assurance Culture /Alex Krouglov --11.1.Introduction --11.2.Higher Education in Post-Soviet Uzbekistan --11.3.National Quality Assurance (QA) system --11.4.Quality Assurance Processes --11.5.Internationalization of the Higher Education and Impact on Quality Assurance: Current and Future Developments --11.6.Conclusion --References --Further Reading --12.Quality Assurance in the Vietnamese Higher Education: A Top-Down Approach and Compliance-Driven QA /Kim D. Nguyen --12.1.Introduction: Higher Education System Background --12.2.Types of Higher Education Providers --12.3.Higher Education Reforms and Challenges --12.4.National QA System-External QA Arrangements --12.5.Institutional-Internal QA arrangements --12.6.Structure and Functions --12.7.Compliance-Driven Internal QA --12.8.Influential Factors --12.9.Internationalization in QA --12.10.Issues of the National QA System and Recommendations --References.

Israel's war on Gaza has significantly internationalized with its expansion into the Red Sea since November. This body of water, which is critical from the standpoint of global trade, is consequently becoming increasingly militarized.
Members of NATO have been divided in their responses to the Red Sea security crisis. Some states in the Transatlantic alliance have favored a more militaristic approach to dealing with Houthi missile and drone attacks against commercial and merchant vessels. But others have warned that such action only risks escalating tensions.Beginning on January 12, the U.S. and UK — with nonoperational support from Australia, Bahrain, Canada, and the Netherlands — began bombing dozens of Houthi targets in various parts of Yemen. Additional rounds of bombing followed, and Washington and London are continuing these strikes against Ansarallah. However, France, Italy, and Spain have notably refused to take part in those U.S.-led military operations while instead opting for a more diplomatic approach to the Red Sea security crisis. Turkey says 'no' to bombing the Houthis The NATO member most staunchly opposed to such Western military intervention against Ansarallah is Turkey. President Recep Tayyip Erdogan went as far as accusing Washington and London of "trying to turn the Red Sea into a sea of blood." Erdogan's remark should be at least partly understood within the context of Turkish domestic politics at a time in which much of the general public is angry about Israel's industrial slaughter in Gaza. Particularly in the Turkish social media sphere there is a "rising tendency to glorify the Houthi war against Israel," said Betul Dogan-Akkas, an assistant professor of international relations at Ankara University, in an interview with RS. She explained that there is a general lack of knowledge among the general Turkish public about the Houthis but also a shared belief that state and non-state actors should support Gaza, which many Turks perceive the Houthis to be doing.Dogan-Akkas added that Erdogan has been keen to criticize some of Turkey's traditional Western allies for not taking any action against Israel in response to its behavior in Gaza since October while using, what Ankara sees as, disproportionate force against the Houthis in response to their maritime attacks.Although Erdogan's statements are frequently intended for domestic consumption, Turkey's president and high-ranking officials in Ankara seem gravely concerned about U.S.-UK military action in the Red Sea worsening regional tensions that could risk bringing NATO into a much larger conflict."It is not [in] Ankara's interests for the crisis to escalate, and Turkey would not benefit from a collective effort to attack Houthi targets given Erdoğan's desire to remain equidistant from the sides of the conflict," Batu Coşkun, a political analyst who specializes in Turkish affairs at the Sadeq Institute, told RS. "These concerns are likely being brought up by Turkish officials in NATO meetings as well.""Turkey is not directly party to the growing hostilities in the Red Sea and has in essence adopted a position of active neutrality. The government was even quick to downplay an incident where Houthi linked pirates boarded and detained a Turkey bound vessel," he added.Turkey, as a maritime power with vested interests in Africa and the Arabian Peninsula, has high stakes in the outcome of the Red Sea security crisis and militarization. Turkey's economy has been paying a price for increased freight costs with large container ships rerouting to avoid the Red Sea altogether because the Houthi maritime attacks.
Trade between Turkey and Far East countries such as China, which is Turkey's number one supplier of goods, must now go around South Africa and through the Strait of Gibraltar instead of through the Bab al-Mandab. Also, India, Malaysia, and South Korea make the list of Turkey's top 20 import partners.Enter SomaliaLast month, Turkey and Somalia signed the Framework Agreement for Defence and Economic Cooperation, which is a 10-year pact that purportedly involves Ankara in developing, training, and equipping the Somali naval forces while establishing Turkey as the protector of Somalia's coastline and ultimate maritime security guarantor. Building on that agreement, Turkey and Somalia signed an inter-governmental energy cooperation deal on March 7, which will further boost bilateral relations and increase Turkey's role in the Horn of Africa.Ankara and Mogadishu's defense and economic cooperation will reach new heights with Ankara having "expansive and unlimited" control in Somalia, according to one Mogadishu-based analyst. From a regional standpoint, Turkey is set to step up its activities as an increasingly influential actor in the Gulf of Aden's security landscape, which, as Coşkun explained, means that "Turkish maritime assets will now be present in proximity to the escalating crisis in the Red Sea."As Red Sea security continues to suffer from the Gaza war's expansion, Ankara will probably continue pursuing policies aimed at sparing Turkey from becoming excessively entangled. Ankara's participation in Western-led initiatives aimed at "deterring" Ansarallah from more missile and drone strikes against ships is highly unlikely. Rather than aligning with Washington and London against the Houthis, Turkey will attempt to balance itself between the various actors in Yemen and the Red Sea while also positioning Ankara as a defender of the Palestinians in Gaza."Amid insecurity in the Red Sea, Ankara benefits from being an actor that all parties are seeking to engage with. Turkey remains tethered to the Transatlantic alliance by virtue of a unified security architecture. However, [Turkey] sits at a somewhat unique position where its regional relations remain equally significant," Coşkun told RS.

Traditional arts and crafts reflect the degree of development in any society, and the history of traditional arts and crafts of any people is part of the social and cultural history of the people in which the utilitarian function is combined with religious functions, customs, traditions and inherited values.The handicrafts sector is of great interest in most countries of the world,and efforts are increasing at the national, regional and international levels to emphasize the social and cultural importance of crafts, traditional arts and handicrafts as part of the national heritage, not only interest is not limited to cultural and social aspects, but also the economic aspects of the importance of taking advantage of the available possibilities, whether those possibilities related to human resources that have distinct skills in craft activities or to increase the use of raw materials available in the local environment, or other possibilities available in some of the relevant parts, which can be utilized in the development of the arts and heritage sector ,some countries focus on the development of this sector, because of the importance of its products in attracting tourists and increasing their numbers Problem statement: One of the most serious problems that face handicrafts and traditional arts today is that it is far from its origins as a result of the influence of the arts coming from outside of our cultural environment, as well, the terrible industrial and technological progress we are witnessing today. Some believe that handicrafts are threatened with extinction due to the accuracy of their manufacture and their low yield ,however, the call for their return to the origins does not necessarily follow the old traditions without innovation and creativity, but is to preserve the originality with the utilize of sufficient provided by new technologies .There is no doubt that the academic institutions have a great role in reviving and rooting the heritage and folklore in the hearts and minds of young people, they are able to play this role, through which can transfer and display many of the crafts , folklore and preserve them from extinction, and highlights the importance of the participation of academic institutions in developing scientific and practical solutions to the problems related to the development of these traditional crafts and heritage arts, to overcome the problem of continuous and steady increase in the quantities and qualities of products and craft goods from abroad, which represents the optimum utilization of human resources and environment of those crafts ,which represents an impressive point in supporting the tourism industry , This is the problem of the study Crafts and heritage arts are considered a civilizational product for thousands of years of living interaction between communities and in the context of processes of economic, social and cultural change, crafts and heritage arts are declining, and their preserving is not a luxury but a duty to preserve identity because of its cultural, economic, social and political dimensions, this requires a more modern and interconnected development, so that it can deal with the changes of the times and its mechanisms and then its tools and the problem of research is focused on recognizing the role of academic institutions in the development of. Crafts and heritage arts in society by linking the education process to the needs and variables of comprehensive development, and supporting the intellectual and creativity capabilities of traditional crafts. This is the problem of the study, which must be considered and addressed through the provision of scientific studies and the development of a proposed vision for the development of traditional crafts and heritage arts, by getting benefit of the available resources and adding required environmental products that can compete locally and globally, as well as developing innovative capabilities and training young people to work in competitive fields that provide job opportunities and releasing creative energies that small producers have. this research aims to -activating the role of academic institutions in supporting the system of crafts and heritage arts to contribute to develop , highlight the most important problems of heritage crafts and Arts and setting the criteria to be observed for their preservation and advancement ,Preparing a strategy for the revival of heritage crafts and Arts according to the needs and requirements of the era and directing the attention of officials to the importance of this strategy and Developing the innovation of students in academic institutions and guiding them on how to how to benefit from applied courses in the promotion of heritage arts and crafts , The importance of research lies in increasing awareness and promoting belonging towards the love of heritage, for the revival, heritage arts and crafts in the hearts of young ,the study shows the importance of the arts and crafts sector in the employment of labor and decrease the negative effects of unemployment, the preservation and innovative application of crafts and heritage arts Proportionately modern life and This study can be used for graduates to prepare small industrial projects. Methodology: this research use Descriptive analytical method, Results: this research reached many results , including ,Heritage arts can be revived and preserved from extinction by teaching them in arts courses of academic institutions , heritage crafts and arts contribute in achieving balanced regional development, covering urban and rural areas, Investment in heritage crafts reflects an aspect of national identity and an effective tool in preserving heritage, Benefiting from academic artistic output, effectively contributes to the development and revival of heritage arts and crafts and Arts programs in academic institutions have an active role in the development of heritage crafts and arts

This article aims to give an account, from an anthropological perspective, of the interaction process between the Protestant evangelical creed and the indigenous spiritual tradition of the Nasa Wesx people of Gaitania, in southern Tolima. These belief practices take shape in a region colonized by peasants, indigenous people, institutions, armed groups, and religious communities. These actors have mediated between the armed conflict, divergent political positions and the sense of faith, elements that influence the conformation of an ambivalent collective character, the development of territorial tensions, and also agreements and consensus between the indigenous community that coalesces in their social formation diverse religious motives in commonly accepted forms of belief. The ritual and cult actions of the evangelical creed, in an atmosphere of religious congregation, spirituality and ethnic tradition, produce social and territorial appropriations, as well as balances and exchanges that consecrate spaces of otherness. The article focuses on the role played by the Alianza Cristiana y Misionera de Colombia, an evangelical congregation that has had a long activity in this region, and has developed processes of mission, preaching, but also participation and advocacy in social organization and Nasa Wesx community policy. This does not mean that the indigenous community as a whole bow to the doctrine and provisions of the Church. It suggests more that the practices of faith and worship are incorporated into the ways of interacting with the conflict, generating the processes of colonization and social organization in the region. The research was developed as an ethnographic fieldwork that, through informal dialogues in the situated experience, accounts for the point of view of the actors of these creeds promoting a qualitative analysis around how to believe in a disputed region in politics and religion. ; Este artículo tiene como objeto dar cuenta, desde una perspectiva antropológica, del proceso de interacción entre el credo evangélico protestante y la tradición espiritual indígena del pueblo Nasa Wesx de Gaitania en el sur del Tolima. Estas prácticas de creencia toman forma en una región colonizada por campesinos, indígenas, instituciones, grupos armados y comunidades religiosas. Dichos actores han mediado entre el conflicto armado, las posiciones políticas divergentes y el sentido de la fe, elementos que inciden en la conformación de un carácter colectivo ambivalente, del desarrollo de tensiones territoriales, y también de acuerdos y consensos entre la comunidad indígena que cohesiona en su formación social motivos religiosos diversos en formas de creencia comúnmente aceptadas, que inciden en su recomposición étnica y social. Las acciones rituales y cultuales del credo evangélico, en un ambiente de congregación religiosa, de espiritualidad y de tradición étnica, producen apropiaciones sociales y territoriales, así como equilibrios e intercambios que consagran espacios de alteridad. El artículo se centra en el rol que ha desempeñado la Alianza Cristiana y Misionera de Colombia, una congregación evangélica de origen estadounidense que ha tenido una prolongada actividad en esta región, y ha desarrollado procesos de misión, prédica, pero también de participación e incidencia en la organización social y política de la comunidad Nasa Wesx. Esto no quiere decir que la comunidad indígena se pliegue en su conjunto a la doctrina y disposiciones de la Iglesia. Sugiere más bien que las prácticas de fe y culto se incorporan a las formas de interactuar con el conflicto, a los procesos de colonización y organización social en la región, generando procesos de adaptación y articulación con realidades políticas y de fe que se evidencian en el tiempo. La investigación se desarrolló como un trabajo de campo etnográfico que, mediante diálogos informales en la experiencia situada, da cuenta del punto de vista de los actores de estos credos promoviendo un análisis cualitativo alrededor del cómo creer en una región disputada en lo político y lo religioso. ; Este artigo pretende dar conta, de uma perspectiva antropológica, do processo de interação entre o credo evangélico protestante e a tradição espiritual indígena do povo Nasa Wesx da Gaitânia, no sul de Tolima. Essas práticas de crença tomam forma em uma região colonizada por camponeses, povos indígenas, instituições, grupos armados e comunidades religiosas. Esses atores têm mediado entre o conflito armado, posições políticas divergentes e o sentido de fé, elementos que influenciam a formação de um caráter coletivo ambivalente, o desenvolvimento de tensões territoriais, e também acordos e consensos entre a comunidade indígena que em sua formação social se aglutinam motivos religiosos diversos em formas de crença comumente aceitas que afetam sua recomposição étnica e social. As ações rituais e de culto do credo evangélico, em um ambiente de congregação religiosa, espiritualidade e tradição étnica, produzem apropriações sociais e territoriais, bem como equilíbrios e trocas que consagram espaços de alteridade. O artigo enfoca o papel desempenhado pela Alianza Cristiana y Misionera de Colombia, uma congregação evangélica de origem americana que tem uma longa atividade nesta região, e tem desenvolvido processos de missão, pregação, mas também participação e advocacia no social e organização política da comunidade Nasa Wesx. Isso não significa que a comunidade indígena se incline como um todo para a doutrina e as disposições da Igreja. Sugere mais que as práticas de fé e culto sejam incorporadas às formas de interação com o conflito, aos processos de colonização e organização social da região, gerando processos de adaptação e articulação com realidades políticas e de fé que se evidenciam ao longo do tempo. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida como um trabalho de campo etnográfico que, por meio de diálogos informais na experiência situada, dá conta do ponto de vista dos atores desses credos promovendo uma análise qualitativa em torno de como acreditar em uma região disputada na política e na religião.

Τις τελευταίες δεκαετίες, ο πλανήτης μας αντιμετωπίζει όλο και περισσότερες παγκόσμιες προκλήσεις, όπως η αύξηση του πληθυσμού παγκοσμίως, η εξάντληση των ορυκτών πρώτων πόρων, η ανεπαρκής παραγωγή τροφίμων, η κλιματική αλλαγή και πολλά περιβαλλοντικά προβλήματα. Ως αποτέλεσμα, η εφαρμογή της βιώσιμης βιοοικονομίας θεωρείται ως μια γενική λύση από τη φύση της. Ωστόσο, η βιοοικονομία είναι μια πολυδιάστατη έννοια που περιλαμβάνει οικονομική, περιβαλλοντική και κοινωνική διάσταση και δεν υπάρχει καθολικά συμφωνημένος ορισμός. Εξαρτάται από την προοπτική κάποιου και το πεδίο που εμπλέκεται. Έτσι, διεθνείς οργανισμοί και κυβερνήσεις, προσπαθούν να ορίσουν την έννοια της κυκλικής και βιώσιμης βιοοικονομίας. Από αυτούς τους ορισμούς, νομοθεσίες, πολιτικές και στρατηγικές, αναπτύσσονται και εφαρμόζονται συνεχώς, και αυτός είναι ακριβώς ο λόγος για τον οποίο ο ορισμός της βιοοικονομίας είναι κρίσιμος. Η έννοια της βιοοικονομίας χρειάστηκε αρκετά χρόνια για να ωριμάσει ως πολιτική στρατηγική και παγκόσμια ιδέα. Ως εκ τούτου, μια παγκόσμια ανοδική τάση στην ανάπτυξη της πολιτικής βιοοικονομίας συνεχίστηκε από το 2015. Βασικά, για να επιτευχθεί παγκόσμια εφαρμογή της αειφορίας, η βιοοικονομία πρέπει να γίνει η κατευθυντήρια ιδέα σε επίπεδο κάθε χώρας. Η ανάπτυξη της βιοοικονομίας ως εθνικής στρατηγικής εξαρτάται από τις διάφορες αλληλεπιδράσεις μεταξύ των διαφόρων παραγόντων όπως δημόσιοι και ιδιωτικοί φορείς, πρωτογενείς τομείς, νέες τεχνολογίες και ανθρώπινοι πόροι, καινοτόμες έρευνες, παράγοντες ζήτησης και κοινωνίας. Κάθε χώρα πρέπει να ακολουθεί ένα βασικό σύνολο αρχών που περιλαμβάνει λογοδοσία, διαφάνεια, συμμετοχή στη διαμόρφωση στρατηγικής, αποτελεσματικότητα, συνοχή, δικαιοσύνη, καθώς και να αναπτύσσει τις πολιτικές της πρωτοβουλίες. Ως αποτέλεσμα της γενικής έννοιας της βιοοικονομίας, η πρώτη Ευρωπαϊκή Στρατηγική Βιοοικονομίας ανακοινώθηκε το 2012 με στόχο μια βιώσιμη, κυκλική βιοοικονομία σε ολόκληρη την Ευρώπη, μια ευθυγράμμιση του οικονομικού-τεχνο-κοινωνικο-περιβαλλοντικού τοπίου, βελτιστοποίηση των επιπτώσεων σε τομείς της βιοοικονομίας. Με αυτόν τον τρόπο, η στρατηγική βιοοικονομίας σκοπεύει να προσφέρει μια μακροπρόθεσμη ισορροπία οικονομικών, περιβαλλοντικών και κοινωνικών κερδών, συνδυάζοντας τη βιώσιμη χρήση ανανεώσιμων πόρων για ζωοτροφές, τρόφιμα, βιολογικά προϊόντα και βιοενέργεια, με την αποκατάσταση και προστασία της βιοποικιλότητας, των οικοσυστημάτων και φυσικών πόρων σε νερό και γη στην Ευρώπη και πέραν αυτής. Λαμβάνοντας υπόψη τη σημασία της αποκεντρωμένης και τοπικής διάστασης της βιοοικονομίας, αναλύονται τρεις διαφορετικές ευρωπαϊκές χώρες του Νότου και συγκεκριμένα της Μεσογειακής λεκάνης, της Γαλλίας, της Ιταλίας και της Ισπανίας. Συγκεκριμένα, παρατίθενται η στρατηγική που σχετίζεται με τη βιοοικονομία, ο συντάκτης της, οι βασικοί στόχοι, οι τομείς προτεραιότητας, το σχέδιο δράσης, καθώς και τα μέτρα για την προώθηση της στρατηγικής κάθε χώρας. Στο τελευταίο μέρος της διατριβής, δίνεται έμφαση στην Ελλάδα ως ευρωπαϊκή χώρα καθώς και στην προοπτική της βιοοικονομίας της Ελλάδας. Λαμβάνοντας υπόψη τη σκληρή οικονομική κρίση από το 2009, παρουσιάζονται στρατηγικές που σχετίζονται με τη βιοοικονομία, καθώς και οι βασικοί τους στόχοι και οι τομείς προτεραιότητας. Επιπλέον, εντοπίζονται ορισμένες προτάσεις που μπορούν να στηρίξουν τη βιοοικονομία και να ενισχύσουν την Ελλάδα γενικά. ; During the last decades, our planet is dealing with more and more global challenges such as worldwide population growth, depletion of fossil raw materials, inadequate food production, climate change, and many environmental problems. As a result, the implementation of sustainable bioeconomy is considered a general solution through its nature. However, bioeconomy is a multidimensional concept that includes economic, environmental, and social dimension, and there is no universally agreed definition. It depends on somebody's perspective and the field that he is involved in. Thus, international institutions and governments attempt to identify the notion of circular and sustainable bioeconomy. From those definitions, legislation, policies, and strategies are being developed and implemented continuously, which is exactly why defining bioeconomy is critical. The concept of bioeconomy took several years to mature as a political strategy and a global idea. Therefore, a global upward trend in the growth of bioeconomy policy has continued since 2015. Basically, in order to achieve global implementation of sustainability, bioeconomy has to become the guiding concept at any country's level. The development of the bioeconomy as a national strategy depends on the various interactions among the different factors such as public and private stakeholders, primary sectors, new technologies, human resources, innovating research, demand-side, and societal factors. Each country should follow a basic set of principles that include accountability, transparency, participation in Strategy Formulation, effectiveness, coherence, fairness, and policy initiatives. As a result of the general bioeconomy concept, the first European Bioeconomy Strategy was announced in 2012 aiming at a sustainable, circular bioeconomy across Europe, an alignment of economic-techno-socio- environmental landscape, optimize impact within sectors of the bioeconomy. In this way, bioeconomy strategy intends to provide a long-term balance of economic, environmental, and social profits combing the sustainable use of renewable resources for feed, food, bio-based products, and bioenergy, with the restoration and protection of biodiversity, ecosystems, and natural resources across water and land in Europe and beyond. Considering the importance of the decentralized and local dimension of bioeconomy, three different European countries of the South and especially the Mediterranean basin – France, Italy, and Spain are analyzed. In particular, the bioeconomy-related strategy, the author, the key goals, the priority areas, the action plan, and measures for promoting the strategy of each country are listed. In the last part of the thesis, it focuses on Greece as a European country and the bioeconomy perspective of Greece. Taking into account the cruel financial crisis since 2009, bioeconomy-related strategies are presented as well as the key goals and the priority areas. Moreover, some proposals are identified which can support bioeconomy and strengthen Greece generally.

The article considers the peculiarities of the development and preservation of the ethnic identity of the Bulgarian population of the south of the MSSR and Izmail region of the USSR post-war period 1944-1954 years. The urgency of the research is proved, first of all, by the lack of knowledge of this question, insufficient number of documents available for scientific community. The topicality of this investigation is caused by the attempt to analyze the achievements of the Bulgarian Diaspora on the way to preserving its ethnic identity separately from other nationalities. The author points to the positive changes in the national, cultural and educational development of the Bulgarian Diaspora in the post-war period. The specific features of the education of the Bulgarian population during the Soviet era and the role of education in preserving the ethno social identity, the development of the national consciousness of the Bulgarians are revealed. The author states that the Bulgarian language remained in wide use only at home in the post-war period. The learning process was held on Russian. However, this contributed to the fact that the Bulgarian youth became competitive in entrance exams, and eventually they were able to work and occupy various positions in Ukraine, Moldova and also abroad. The article also analyzes the state policy in relation to the ethnic minorities. The important consequence of the state education policy became the formation of a new Bulgarian educational intelligentsia, which could not but affected the ethno cultural development and preservation of the ethnic identity of the Bulgarian population of the region. The government contributed to the creation of a number of Bulgarian art groups, they were formed on the state account and initiative. In addition to the organization, the financing of the art collectives was also performed by the government. The professional music schools and their branches were also opened in the regions with the Bulgarian population. Further, the author specifies the achievements of the Bulgarian population in the field of culture. The participation of the Bulgarians in the social and cultural life of the Izmail region and the south of the MSSR is researched. The author claims that it was the cultural sphere where the national identity of the Bulgarian ethnic group of Ukraine and Moldova was preserved. The role and place of amateur folk art in preserving the language, folklore and ethnographic heritage of the Bulgarian people in consolidation with the Bulgarian ethnic group, as well as renewing and strengthening the social and cultural connections of the Bulgarian Diaspora with Bulgaria are also revealed. However, numerous direct contacts were established only in the post-Stalin period. It was considered that the Bulgarian people were not indifferent to the national culture and its development. In disregard the ideological, political, ethnic turmoil that apprehended the Bulgarian population of southwestern Ukraine and the south of Moldova in the post-war period, they preserved the inherent peculiarities in language, culture, ritualism and religion. It should be noted that national identity, originality and uniqueness are better preserved in the spiritual sphere than in the economic field. Thus, the article of I.I. Tatarko provides important inputs to the study of the most urgent problems and issues of historiography in Eastern Europe – the post-war period and the policy of the Soviet Union towards ethnic minorities. ; У статті досліджено особливості розвитку та збереження болгарським населенням півдня МРСР та Ізмаїльської області УРСР етнічної ідентичності в повоєнних умовах 1944 – 1954 рр. Актуальність роботи обґрунтована насамперед слабкою вивченістю проблематики, недостатнім уведенням у науковий обіг джерел, а також спробою проаналізувати досягнення болгарської діаспори на шляху до збереження своєї етнічної ідентичності окремо від інших національностей. Автор висвітлює позитивні зрушення у національному, культурному та освітньому розвитку болгарської діаспори у повоєнний період. Розкриває специфіку здобуття освіти болгарським населенням за радянської влади та роль освіти у збереженні етнічної ідентичності, розвитку національної свідомості болгар. Автор зазначає, що болгарська мова в повоєнний період залишилася у широкому вживанні тільки в побуті, навчання здійснювалося російською мовою. Однак це сприяло тому, що болгарська молодь стала конкурентноспроможною на вступних іспитах, а надалі змогла працювати і обіймати різноманітні посади не тільки в Україні та Молдові, а й за їх межами. Крім того, у статті аналізується державна політика щодо етнічних меншин. Важливим наслідком державної політики у сфері освіти стало формування нової болгарської просвітницької інтелігенції, що не могло не вплинути на етнокультурний розвиток і збереження етнічної ідентичності болгарського населення краю. Влада сприяла появі великої кількості болгарських мистецьких колективів, утворювала їх сама. Відкривалися професійні музичні школи та їхні філії у регіонах із болгарським населенням. Зазначається, що окрім організації, позитивним внеском у розвиток колективів було їхнє фінансування. Далі автор конкретизує досягнення болгарського населення в галузі культури. Висвітлює участь болгар у суспільно-культурному житті Ізмаїльщини та півдня МРСР. Стверджує, що саме у сфері культури вдалося зберегти національну самобутність болгарського етносу України та Молдови. Відзначає високу роль самодіяльної народної творчості у збереженні мови, фольклорної та етнографічної спадщини болгарського народу, у консолідації болгарського етносу, а також у поновленні та зміцненні суспільних та культурних зв'язків болгарської діаспори з Болгарією. Зроблено висновок, що болгарському народу не була байдужа національна культура та її розвиток. Попри ідеологічні, політичні, етнічні негаразди, які спіткали болгарське населення Південно-Західної частини України та Півдня Молдови у повоєнний період, воно зберегло властиву йому специфіку в мові, культурі, обрядовості, релігії. При цьому слід зазначити, що національна ідентичність, оригінальність і неповторність краще збереглися у духовній сфері, ніж у сфері господарській. Отже, стаття І.І.Татарко робить важливий внесок у вивчення найактуальніших проблем та питань історіографії Східної Європи – повоєнний період і політика Радянського Союзу по відношенню до етнічних меншин.

The purpose of the study is to determine the role and significance of measures for the management of financial resources of local budgets. The objectives of the study include: conducting a theoretical study of management issues and the formation of financial resources of local budgets, studying the financial reports of the regions of Kazakhstan, statistical processing of the data obtained.Materials and methods. In the process of preparing the article, the issues of introducing the fourth level of the budget, on the participation of citizens in budget planning were considered. The authors analyzed the financial reports of the regions for the execution of the 2019 budget. In the process of preparing the materials for the article, the authors used the information of the website of the Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Kazakhstan, analytical statistical materials, and scientific works of scientists of Kazakhstan.The following research methods were used in the work: theoretical (analysis, synthesis, generalization), empirical (observation), statistical analysis, etc.Results. The public financial management system, in particular, has been the subject of large-scale reforms in recent years aimed at strengthening the country's strategic development potential. In recent years, the orientation of budget planning to results has noticeably improved. The priorities of the "model of socio-economic development of the country" are agreed by the government and put forward by the Ministry of National Economy, and are duly reflected in the annual strategic plan of each ministry. Based on recent reforms, the programs outlined in the strategic plans are broadly aligned with the budget programs of the ministries, and management responsibilities in each province have been clarified.In recent years, important changes have occurred in relation to access to information, an online portal "Open Budgets" was developed, a civil budget was introduced, and centralized guidelines for their preparation were presented.Since 2018, Kazakhstan has introduced a fourth budget level for local governments. 90% of these budgets are formed from taxes and payments by residents themselves. Since January 1, 2020, in the cities of regional significance, villages, settlements and rural districts of the Republic of Kazakhstan with a population of 2,000 people and below, an independent local government budget has been introduced. In 2020, the corporate income tax (CIT) from small and medium-sized businesses as a revenue item was transferred from the republican budget to the local one. Thus, CIT receipts will be credited to the republican budget only from large business entities. Also, the maslikhats (local representative body) of the regions have the right to establish the standard for the distribution of CIT from small and medium-sized businesses between the regional and district budgets.Conclusion. Effective management of budgetary resources in accordance with the current budget policy should be guided by the implementation of the general goals facing the country's budget system: impact on economic growth and employment, ensuring the economic and political functions of the state.The main priority in planning government revenues and expenditures is the well-being of citizens of Kazakhstan, namely, their social support, health and education, as well as creating conditions for high-quality post-crisis economic growth. Therefore, it is especially important to note the role and importance of measures to manage financial resources of local budgets. ; Цель исследования заключается в определении роли и значения мероприятий по управлению финансовых ресурсов местных бюджетов. В задачи исследования входят: проведение теоретического исследования вопросов управления и формирования финансовых ресурсов местных бюджетов, изучение финансовых отчетов областей Казахстана, статистическая обработка полученных данных.Материалы и методы. В процессе подготовки статьи рассмотрены вопросы внедрения четвертого уровня бюджета, об участии граждан в планировании бюджета. Авторами проведен анализ финансовых отчетов областей по исполнению бюджета 2019 года. В процессе подготовки материалов статьи авторами использована информация сайта Министерства финансов Республики Казахстан, аналитические статистические материалы, научные труды ученых Казахстана.В работе были использованы следующие методы исследования: теоретические (анализ, синтез, обобщение), эмпирические (наблюдение), статистический анализ и др.Результаты. Система управления государственными финансами, в частности, была в последние годы предметом широкомасштабных реформ, направленных на укрепление потенциала стратегического развития страны. В последние годы заметно улучшилась ориентация бюджетного планирования на результат. Приоритеты «модели социально-экономического развития страны» согласованы правительством и выдвинуты Министерством национальной экономики, и должным образом отражены в ежегодном стратегическом плане каждого министерства. Исходя из недавних реформ, программы, изложенные в стратегических планах, в целом согласованы с бюджетными программами министерств, также была уточнена управленческая ответственность в каждой области.За последние годы произошли важные изменения в отношении доступа к информации, был разработан онлайн-портал «От- крытые бюджеты», введен гражданский бюджет, представлены централизованные руководства по их подготовке С 2018 года Казахстан внедрил четвертый уровень бюджета для органов местного самоуправления. 90% таких бюджетов формируются за счет налогов и платежей самих жителей. С 1 января 2020 года в городах районного значения, селах, поселках и сельских округах Республики Казахстан с населением численностью 2000 человек и ниже внедрили самостоятельный бюджет местного самоуправления. В 2020 году корпоративный подоходный налог (КПН) от малого и среднего бизнеса (МСБ) как доходную статью передали из республиканского бюджета в местный. Так, в республиканский бюджет будут зачислять поступления КПН только от субъектов крупного предпринимательства. Также маслихатам областей предоставлено право устанавливать норматив распределения КПН от МСБ между областным и районным бюджетом.Заключение. Эффективное управление бюджетными ресурсами в соответствии с проводимой бюджетной политикой должно ориентироваться на реализацию общих целей, стоящих перед бюджетной системой страны: воздействие на экономический рост и занятость, обеспечение экономических и политических функций государства.Основным приоритетом при планировании государственных доходов и расходов является благополучие граждан Казахстана, а именно их социальная поддержка, здоровье и образование, а также создание условий для качественного посткризисного роста экономики. Поэтому особенно важно отметить роль и значение мероприятий по управлению финансовых ресурсов местных бюджетов.

This paper represents the first attempt to find out the impact of legislative gender quotas on women's representation in elected leading positions in regional and district councils of Ukraine. Considering the global experience of effective women participation in politics, the achievement of gender balance in the government remains a hot topic and, therefore, identifying ways to ensure equal opportunities for leadership at all levels of government and related political decision-making is of particular importance. One of the most effective methods of increasing the number of women in politics at the present stage is gender quotas. We analyzed the Ukrainian electoral legislation and local elections data from 2015 when gender quotas were introduced but were non-obligatory, and the elections of 2020, during which gender quotas became obligatory under the new Election Code of Ukraine at the stage of nomination. The research was performed to explore in more detail the impact the quota had on the election of women. The results of this study indicate the positive effect of improving the gender quotas regulations with the mandatory use of administrative mechanisms for their observance. In addition to the positive impact of gender quotas on overcoming gender inequality in the local government, we found a close link between the percentage of women in councils and the number of women in leadership positions. On the basis of a thorough study of the gender quantitative composition of regional and district councils of Ukraine, in which local elections took place, a positive correlation has been established: the larger the number of women in the parliamentary corps, the greater the probability of electing a woman to a leadership position. We also determined higher representation of women in leading positions in councils, where the percentage of women is 40% and the low level of representation in councils, where the percentage of women does not reach the «critical mass» level and is less than 30%. In conclusion to our research of the connection between gender quotas, the numbers of women in the local councils and the female leading positions, suggests that the implemented legislative gender quotas promote women's career advancement and increase female representation in leading positions of representative bodies of local self-government. ; У статті вперше здійснено спробу з'ясувати вплив законодавчих ґендерних квот на представництво жінок на виборних керівних посадах в обласних та районних радах України. Зважаючи на світовий досвід ефективності політичної участі жінок, актуальним завданням на сучасному етапі залишається досягнення ґендерного паритету в представницьких органах влади, а, отже, особливого значення набувають й пошуки механізмів забезпечення рівних можливостей для лідерства на всіх рівнях прийняття політичних рішень. Одним із найбільш ефективних методів кількісного збільшення жінок у політиці на сучасному етапі є ґендерні квоти. Ми проаналізували виборче законодавство України та результати місцевих виборів 2015 р., коли ґендерне квотування було введене вперше, однак мало неімперативний характер, та виборів 2020 р., під час яких відповідно до нового Виборчого кодексу України ґендерні квоти стали обов'язковою нормою на етапі висування. Результати нашого дослідження підтвердили позитивний ефект вдосконалення норм ґендерних квот з обов'язковим застосуванням адміністративних механізмів їх дотримання. Окрім позитивного впливу ґендерних квот у напрямку подолання ґендерної асиметрії у представницьких органах місцевого самоврядування виявлено тісний зв'язок між часткою жіночого представництва у радах та кількістю жінок у керівному складі. У результаті ґрунтовного аналізу ґендерного кількісного складу обласних та районних рад України, в яких відбулися місцеві вибори, встановлено закономірність: чим більша частка жінок у депутатському корпусі, тим більша ймовірність обрання жінки на керівну посаду. Водночас вищий рівень представництва жінок на керівних посадах спостерігається у радах, де частка жінок становить більше 40%, і низький рівень – у радах, де відсоток жінок не досягає рівня «критичної маси» і становить менше 30%. Таким чином, виявлені нами у результаті дослідження взаємозв'язки між ґендерними квотами, часткою жінок у депутатському корпусі та керівному складі обласних та районних рад дають підстави зробити висновок, що законодавчі ґендерні квоти сприяють кар'єрному просуванню жінок та впливають на збільшення жіночого представництва на вищих керівних посадах представницьких органів місцевого самоврядування. ; У статті вперше здійснено спробу з'ясувати вплив законодавчих ґендерних квот на представництво жінок на виборних керівних посадах в обласних та районних радах України. Зважаючи на світовий досвід ефективності політичної участі жінок, актуальним завданням на сучасному етапі залишається досягнення ґендерного паритету в представницьких органах влади, а, отже, особливого значення набувають й пошуки механізмів забезпечення рівних можливостей для лідерства на всіх рівнях прийняття політичних рішень. Одним із найбільш ефективних методів кількісного збільшення жінок у політиці на сучасному етапі є ґендерні квоти. Ми проаналізували виборче законодавство України та результати місцевих виборів 2015 р., коли ґендерне квотування було введене вперше, однак мало неімперативний характер, та виборів 2020 р., під час яких відповідно до нового Виборчого кодексу України ґендерні квоти стали обов'язковою нормою на етапі висування. Результати нашого дослідження підтвердили позитивний ефект вдосконалення норм ґендерних квот з обов'язковим застосуванням адміністративних механізмів їх дотримання. Окрім позитивного впливу ґендерних квот у напрямку подолання ґендерної асиметрії у представницьких органах місцевого самоврядування виявлено тісний зв'язок між часткою жіночого представництва у радах та кількістю жінок у керівному складі. У результаті ґрунтовного аналізу ґендерного кількісного складу обласних та районних рад України, в яких відбулися місцеві вибори, встановлено закономірність: чим більша частка жінок у депутатському корпусі, тим більша ймовірність обрання жінки на керівну посаду. Водночас вищий рівень представництва жінок на керівних посадах спостерігається у радах, де частка жінок становить більше 40%, і низький рівень – у радах, де відсоток жінок не досягає рівня «критичної маси» і становить менше 30%. Таким чином, виявлені нами у результаті дослідження взаємозв'язки між ґендерними квотами, часткою жінок у депутатському корпусі та керівному складі обласних та районних рад дають підстави зробити висновок, що законодавчі ґендерні квоти сприяють кар'єрному просуванню жінок та впливають на збільшення жіночого представництва на вищих керівних посадах представницьких органів місцевого самоврядування.

The so-called "sharing economy" is a much-debated topic. Uber, Airbnb, Helpling and many other platform-based business models want to "disrupt" industries that they portray as "ossified" and user-unfriendly. The contenders claim to create new services that are more flexible and cost-efficient. And indeed, the new platforms, which serve as an intermediary between supply and demand, have many valuable contributions to offer. Nevertheless, the new platforms are increasingly beset by criticism. Usually they rely on a workforce of independent contractors, who work on their own account and at their own risk, for low wages and without social security. Neither the platform providers nor their clients take on the role and responsibilities of an employer. Labour laws, worker protection, health and safety regulations, quality of work and social security contributions mostly fall to the responsibility of the independent contractors alone, who are also not entitled to the kind of workers' participation common in other sectors. The clients of the platforms essentially gain access to an on-demand workforce, while the independent contractors who provide the labour are subject to precarious working conditions. Against this background, the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung (FES) decided to have a closer look at platform-based digital business models and their implications for the economy and for society. While digital platforms have come to play a role in many branches of the economy, the present publication is focussed on the socio-politically most contested ones, namely digital labour platforms. The study explains the basic mechanisms of three-sided digital labour markets and compares its variants and subcategories. It also explains the specific features and challenges of the different categories and pro-poses starting points for political measures. ; La llamada "economía colaborativa" es un tema muy debatido. Uber, Airbnb, Helpling y muchos otros modelos de negocios basados en plataformas buscan "trastocar" aquellas industrias que describen como "anquilosadas" y poco amigables para el usuario. Estos jugadores afirman estar creando nuevos servicios más flexibles y rentables. En efecto, las nuevas plataformas que sirven como intermediarias entre la oferta y la demanda, tienen muchas contribuciones valiosas para ofrecer.Sin embargo, las nuevas plataformas se encuentran cada vez más asediadas por las críticas. Por lo general, estas dependen de una fuerza laboral conformada por trabajadores independientes [independent contractors], que trabajan por cuenta propia y bajo su propio riesgo, por salarios bajos y sin ningún tipo de seguridad social. En este sentido, ni los proveedores de la plataforma ni sus clientes asumen el papel y las responsabilidades de un empleador.Las leyes laborales, la protección de los trabajadores, las normas de salud y seguridad, la calidad del trabajo y las cargas sociales recaen principalmente sobre los trabajadores, quienes tampoco tienen derecho al tipo de participación común en otros sectores. Los clientes de las plataformas obtienen acceso a una fuerza laboral a demanda [on-demand], mientras que los trabajadores que proveen la mano de obra están sujetos a condiciones laborales precarias.En este contexto, la Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung (FES) decidió examinar más de cerca los modelos de negocio digitales basados en plataformas y sus implicancias para la economía y la sociedad. Si bien las plataformas digitales han llegado a desempeñar un rol relevante en muchas ramas de la economía, la presente publicación se centra en las más controvertidas sociopolíticamente, es decir, las plataformas de trabajo digital [digital labour platforms]. El estudio explica los mecanismos básicos de las tres caras de los mercados de trabajo digital y compara sus variantes y subcategorías. También explica las características específicas y los desafíos de las diferentes categorías y propone puntos de partida para la toma de decisiones políticas. ; A chamada "economia compartilhada" é um tema muito debatido. Uber, Airbnb, Helpling e muitos outros modelos de negócios baseados em plataforma querem "perturbar" setores que eles retratam como "ossificados" e hostis ao usuário. Os concorrentes pretendem criar novos serviços mais flexíveis e econômicos. E, de fato, as novas plataformas, que servem como intermediárias entre a oferta e a demanda, têm muitas contribuições valiosas a oferecer. No entanto, as novas plataformas são cada vez mais assediadas por críticas. Normalmente contam com uma força de trabalho de contratados independentes, que trabalham por conta própria e por sua conta e risco, com baixos salários e sem seguridade social. Nem os fornecedores de plataforma nem seus clientes assumem o papel e as responsabilidades de um empregador. As leis trabalhistas, a proteção do trabalhador, os regulamentos de saúde e segurança, a qualidade do trabalho e as contribuições para a seguridade social recaem principalmente sobre a responsabilidade dos contratantes independentes, que também não têm direito ao tipo de participação dos trabalhadores comum em outros setores. Os clientes das plataformas têm essencialmente acesso a mão-de-obra on-demand, enquanto os autônomos que fornecem a mão-de-obra estão sujeitos a condições de trabalho precárias. Neste contexto, a Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung (FES) decidiu examinar mais de perto os modelos de negócios digitais baseados em plataformas e suas implicações para a economia e a sociedade. Embora as plataformas digitais tenham vindo a desempenhar um papel em muitos ramos da economia, a presente publicação centra-se nos mais contestados sócio-politicamente, nomeadamente as plataformas digitais de trabalho. O estudo explica os mecanismos básicos dos mercados de trabalho digitais de três lados e compara suas variantes e subcategorias. Também explica as características específicas e os desafios das diferentes categorias e propõe pontos de partida para medidas políticas.

Objetivo: El enfrentamiento a la pandemia del COVID-19 ha sido un desafío para todos los Estados, debido al alto nivel de contagio y la necesidad de insumos y camas en la unidad de cuidados intensivos para la atención de los casos más graves. Brasil ha enfrentado, además de la crisis de la salud, varias cuestiones administrativas, legislativas y judiciales relacionadas con los procedimientos para combatir el virus.Metodología: La investigación tiene como objetivo plantear el contexto de Brasil y México en este desafío, abordando cuestiones como la administración, la gobernanza y los juicios relacionados, este último en Brasil. La investigación tratará cómo estos Estados enfrentan la pandemia en términos de manejo, enfatizando aspectos administrativos y legales. Método: el método utilizado combina el estudio de caso (Brasil y México) con el desarrollo del razonamiento deductivo, a partir de la organización administrativa y la regulación legal. La investigación se basa en la revisión de la literatura, el análisis de datos documentales y secundarios.Resultados: Los resultados muestran que Brasil tiene experiencia en la realización de vacunaciones, pero que las diferencias políticas han obstaculizado la lucha contra el COVID-19, y el Estado brasileño puede realizar esfuerzos para una participación más activa de la población, con el fin de legitimar las acciones y luchar contra el COVID-19, con la ayuda y fortalecimiento de los gobiernos locales, como lo hizo México, donde el análisis demuestra las lecciones aprendidas en el combate a la pandemia, mediante el fortalecimiento de la gobernanza y la gestión de redes de apoyo entre los vecinos y personas de las localidades coordinadas por el propio gobierno municipal.Contribuciones: La principal contribución de la investigación es permitir el análisis de los contextos, problemas y acciones desarrolladas por Brasil y México para enfrentar la pandemia por COVID-19.Palabras Clave: Brasil; México; Enfrentamiento al COVID-19; Aspectos administrativos; Aspectos legales. ABSTRACTObjective: The fight against the pandemic by COVID-19 has been a challenge for all States, due to the high level of contagion and the requirement for intensive care supplies and beds for the care of the most serious cases. Brazil has been fighting, in addition to the health crisis, several administrative, legislative and judicial problems related to procedures to combat the virus. The research aims to raise the context of Brazil and Mexico in this challenge, addressing issues such as administration, governance and related lawsuits — the latter concerning Brazil. Thus, the research will investigate how these States are facing the pandemic in terms of management, emphasizing administrative and legal aspects.Methodology: The method used combines the case study (considering Brazil and Mexico) with the development of deductive reasoning, starting from administrative organization and legal regulation. The research is based on literature review, documental and secondary data analysis.Results: The results show that Brazil has expertise in carrying out vaccinations, but that political divergences have hampered the fight against COVID-19, and that the Brazilian State may undertake efforts for a more active participation of the population, in order to legitimize the actions to fight it. to COVID-19, with the help and strengthening of local governments, as did Mexico, where the analysis demonstrates the lessons learned in combating the pandemic by strengthening governance and vaccine management by Solidarity Support Networks for Neighbors and Local Residents , coordinated by the municipal government.Contributions: The main contribution of the research is to allow the analysis of the contexts, problems and actions developed by Brazil and Mexico in confronting the pandemic by COVID-19.Keywords: Brazil; Mexico; Confronting COVID-19; Administrative aspects; Legal aspects. RESUMO Objetivo: O enfrentamento da pandemia pela COVID-19 tem sido um desafio para todos os Estados, devido ao alto nível de contágio e da exigência de insumos e leitos de unidade intensiva para os cuidados dos casos mais graves. O Brasil tem combatido, além da crise sanitária, diversos problemas de ordem administrativa, legislativa e judicial, referentes aos procedimentos de combate ao vírus. A pesquisa tem como objetivo levantar o contexto do Brasil e do México neste desafio, abordando temas como a administração, a governança e as ações judiciais relativas — este último concernente ao Brasil. Assim, a pesquisa investigará a maneira como estes Estados estão enfrentando a pandemia em termos de gestão, salientando-se os aspectos administrativos e jurídicos.Metodologia: O método utilizado combina o estudo de caso (considerando Brasil e México) com o desenvolvimento do raciocínio dedutivo, partindo da organização administrativa e da regulação jurídica. A pesquisa está alicerçada em revisão bibliográfica, na análise documental e secundária de dados.Resultados: Os resultados mostram que o Brasil tem expertise na realização de vacinação, mas que divergências políticas vêm obstaculizando o combate à COVID-19, podendo o Estado brasileiro empreender esforços para a participação mais ativa da população, a fim de legitimar as ações de enfrentamento à COVID-19, com auxílio e fortalecimento dos governos locais, tal como fez o México, onde a análise demonstra as lições aprendidas no combate à pandemia pelo fortalecimento da governança e da gestão das vacinas pelas Redes de Apoio Solidário de Vizinhos e Moradores das Localidades, coordenadas pelo governo municipal.Contribuições: A principal contribuição da pesquisa consiste em permitir a análise dos contextos, dos problemas e das ações desenvolvidas pelo Brasil e pelo México no enfrentamento da pandemia pela COVID-19.Palavras-chaves: Brasil; México; Enfrentamento da COVID-19; Aspectos administrativos; Aspectos legais.

This article examines whether YouTube content on climate change allows for fresh communication initiatives with diverse voices and approaches, implying better information for citizens and involving them in taking the necessary steps to face the problem (consumption decisions, pushing politicians to adopt measures, among others), or amplifies the traditionally predominating voices in the media, such as politicians. This study explores climate change representation in the most popular videos on YouTube through content analysis. After reviewing a sample of 288 videos uploaded during October 2016-October 2017, we found that politicians, such as former US President Donald Trump, are the most quoted in YouTube videos on climate change, followed by journalists and scientists. Regarding video producers, the media hold a privileged popular position, as even other YouTubers reuse their contents totally or partially. Their messages intend to be informative with a speech focused on the consequences of climate change in developed countries. The content analysis results also show that, in the most popular YouTube videos on climate change, the information that helps to understand the processes implicated in environmental issues is pushed into the background by the prominence of the political situation. In conclusion, politicians, officials, or former officials prevail over expert voices, such as scientists, risking social debate and citizen participation in the actions to tackle climate change. Para citar este artículo / to reference this article / para citar este artigo Muñoz-Pico, H. P., León, B. y García, A. N. (2021). Representación del cambio climático en YouTube: un análisis cuantitativo de los vídeos más populares. Palabra Clave, 24(1), e2415. https://doi.org/10.5294/pacla.2021.24.1.5 ; Este artículo examina si los contenidos de YouTube sobre el cambio climático contribuyen a que se generen nuevas propuestas de comunicación, con voces y enfoques distintos, lo que implicaría una mejor información de los ciudadanos y podría facilitar su implicación y participación en la toma de medidas necesarias para enfrentar el problema (decisiones de consumo, presión a los políticos para que adopten medidas, etc.), o si, por el contrario, se han amplificado las voces que, en general, predominan en los medios, como las de los políticos. Mediante un análisis de contenido, este estudio analiza la representación del cambio climático en los vídeos más populares en YouTube. Tras examinar una muestra de 288 vídeos difundidos durante el periodo octubre 2016-octubre 2017, se constata que los políticos, como el expresidente estadounidense Donald Trump, son las voces más citadas en las piezas de YouTube sobre cambio climático, seguidas de periodistas y científicos. Respecto de los productores de esos vídeos, los medios de comunicación ocupan un lugar privilegiado de popularidad. Incluso, parte de sus contenidos se reutilizan total o parcialmente por otros usuarios de la plataforma. La vocación principal de los mensajes es informativa, con un discurso enfocado, sobre todo, en las consecuencias del cambio climático en los países desarrollados. Los resultados del análisis de contenido también ponen de manifiesto que las informaciones que ayudan a entender los procesos en los que se inscriben los problemas ambientales quedan relegadas por la prominencia de la coyuntura política en los vídeos más populares sobre el cambio climático en YouTube. Entre las conclusiones de este estudio, destaca el predominio de políticos, funcionarios o exfuncionarios por encima de voces expertas, como los científicos, que conlleva el riesgo de una menor discusión social e implicación ciudadana en las acciones necesarias para enfrentar el cambio climático. Para citar este artículo / to reference this article / para citar este artigo Muñoz-Pico, H. P., León, B. y García, A. N. (2021). Representación del cambio climático en YouTube: un análisis cuantitativo de los vídeos más populares. Palabra Clave, 24(1), e2415. https://doi.org/10.5294/pacla.2021.24.1.5 ; Neste artigo, é analisado se os conteúdos do YouTube sobre a mudança climática contribuem para que novas propostas de comunicação, com vozes e abordagens distintas, sejam geradas, o que implicaria uma melhor informação dos cidadãos e poderia facilitar seu envolvimento e participação na tomada de medidas necessárias para enfrentar o problema (decisões de consumo, pressão aos políticos para que adotem medidas, entre outras) ou se, ao contrário, são amplificadas as vozes que, em geral, predominam nos meios, como as dos políticos. Por meio de uma análise de conteúdo, neste estudo, é analisada a representação da mudança climática nos vídeos mais populares no YouTube. Após examinar uma amostra de 288 vídeos difundidos entre outubro de 2016 e outubro de 2017, é constatado que os políticos, como o ex-presidente Donald Trump, são as vozes mais citadas no YouTube sobre mudança climática, seguidas de jornalistas e cientistas. A respeito dos produtores desses vídeos, os meios de comunicação ocupam um lugar privilegiado de popularidade. Ainda, parte de seus conteúdos é reutilizada total ou parcialmente por outros usuários da plataforma. A intenção principal das mensagens é informativa, com um discurso focado, principalmente, nas consequências da mudança climática nos países desenvolvidos. Os resultados da análise de conteúdo também evidenciam que as informações que ajudam a entender os processos nos quais estão inseridos os problemas ambientais ficam abandonadas pela prominência da conjuntura política nos vídeos mais populares sobre a mudança climática no YouTube. Entre as conclusões deste estudo, destaca o predomínio de políticos, funcionários ou ex-funcionários por cima de vozes especializadas, como as dos cientistas, o que implica o risco de uma menor discussão social e envolvimento cidadão nas ações necessárias para enfrentar a mudança climática. Para citar este artículo / to reference this article / para citar este artigo Muñoz-Pico, H. P., León, B. y García, A. N. (2021). Representación del cambio climático en YouTube: un análisis cuantitativo de los vídeos más populares. Palabra Clave, 24(1), e2415. https://doi.org/10.5294/pacla.2021.24.1.5

Rapid development of information society requires a way of general computerization and establishment of information and telecommunication technologies in almost all spheres of our present. In the fight against competitiveness and productivity, information, knowledge and the ability to manage information and knowledge in the modern world come to the fore. Social networks, social interaction between people is one of the components of the social economy, which is revealed and away is explored in social capital, representing not only the means of communication and communication, but also the mechanism of creating and constructing social space, having unlimited functions and prospects. In the era of globalism, when traditional methods of production, exchange and consumption of pellets in the summer, we witness new methods of decision-making, observing the transformation of the person him. Today, there is almost no person who has no connection with relatives, acquaintances, interest groups, and an integral part of the relationship is communication with business. Gradually, we ourselves transmit a lot of personal information that is analyzed, processed and then used, bringing into effect one of the main directions of development of modern business - a relationship and relationship with the client, attraction of new and interest of regular, already existing consumers. We are witnessing a historic moment of rapid growth of information technology and information security, especially in developed countries with high standards of living and it is the sphere of information development, in the near future, that will determine the political direction and economic role of the country in the world. The Internet enters every home and household, increasingly becomes the master of today and the main generator of the world's limitless platforms, sends and gives landmarks to people, social groups, enterprises, organizations, authorities. The intensification of technological platforms carries not only the communication of all members of society to information resources, but also encourages active participation in exchanges, interactions and development of information technologies, which contributes to the implementation of self-expression, exchange of experience, improvement of their skills and skills, personal improvement, etc. ; Стремительное развитие информационного общества требует общей компьютеризации и создания информационно-телекоммуникационных технологий практически во всех сферах нашего настоящего. В борьбе с конкурентоспособностью и производительностью на первое место выступают информация, знания и способность управлять информацией в современном мире. Социальные сети, социальное взаимодействие между людьми является одной из составляющих социальной экономики, которая раскрывает и исследуется в социальном капитале, представляя не только средства общения и коммуникации, но и механизм создания и построения социального пространства, имеющие неограниченные функции и перспективы. В эпоху глобализма, когда традиционные методы производства, обмена и потребления устарели, мы наблюдаем новые возможности принятия решений, наблюдая за трансформацией и изменением человека. Сегодня практически нет человека, который не имеет связи с родственниками, знакомыми, группами интересов, а неотъемлемой частью отношений является общение с бизнесом. Постепенно мы сами передаем много личной информации, которая анализируется, обрабатывается, а затем используется, в результате чего вступает в силу одно из главных направлений развития современного бизнеса ‒ отношения и контакт с клиентом, привлечение новых и поддержание интереса у постоянных, уже существующих потребителей. Мы являемся свидетелями исторического момента стремительного роста информационной технологии и информационной безопасности, особенно в развитых странах с высоким уровнем жизни, и именно сфера информационного развития в ближайшем будущем будет определять политическое направление и экономическую роль страны в мире. Интернет проникает в каждый дом и домашнее хозяйство, все чаще становится хозяином сегодняшнего дня и главным генератором безграничных мировых платформ, посылает и дает ориентиры людям, социальным группам, предприятиям, организациям, властям. Активация технологических платформ несет в себе не только обеспечение связями всех членов общества к информационным технологиям, но и побуждает к активному участию, обмену, взаимоотношению и развитию информационных технологий, что способствует реализации самовыражения, обмену опытом, совершенствованию их умений и навыков, личному совершенствованию и т.д. ; Стрімкий розвиток інформаційного суспільства вимагає загальної комп'ютеризації та налагодження інформаційно-телекомунікаційних технологій майже в усі сфери нашого сьогодення. У боротьбі конкурентоспроможності та продуктивності на перший план виходить інформація, знання та вміння управляти інформацією в сучасному світі. Соціальні мережі, соціальна взаємодія між людьми є одним із компонентів соціальної економіки, який розкривається і подалі досліджується в соціальному капіталі, що є не тільки засобом спілкування та комунікацій, але і механізмом створення та конструювання соціального простору, маючи необмежені функції та перспективи. В епоху глобалізму, коли традиційні методи виробництва, обміну та споживання канули у літа ми стаємо свідками нових методів прийняття рішень, спостерігаючи перетворення самої людини. Сьогодні майже не має людини, яка б не мала зв'язок з рідними, знайомим, групами за інтересами, і невід'ємною частиною взаємовідносин є спілкування з бізнесом. Поступово ми самі передаємо безліч особистої інформації, яка аналізується, обробляється та потім використовується, приводячи у дію одне з основних напрямків розвитку сучасного бізнесу ‒ це взаємини та взаємовідносини з клієнтом, залучення нових та зацікавленість постійних, вже існуючих споживачів. Ми спостерігаємо історичний момент швидкого зростання інформаційних технологій та інформаційної безпеки, особливо у розвинутих країнах з високим рівнем життя, і саме сфера інформаційного розвитку найближчим часом буде визначати політичний напрямок та економічну роль країни у світі. Інтернет заходить у кожну домівку і домогосподарство, все більш стає господарем сьогодення та основним генератором світових безмежних платформ, направляє та дає орієнтири людям, соціальним групам, підприємствам, організаціям, владі. Активізація технологічних платформ несе у собі не тільки забезпечення зв'язку всіх членів суспільства до інформаційних ресурсів, але і спонукає до активної участі в обмінах, взаємодіях та розвитку інформаційних технологій, що сприяє до реалізації самовираження, обміну досвідом, вдосконалення своїх вмінь та навичок, особистому вдосконаленню тощо.