What does it mean to treat poetry, brain scans, and library borrowing records alike as "data"? Today, we analyze rich and complicated data produced in the humanities at scale with computational tools such as Natural Language Processing, network analysis, and machine learning. Likewise, data scientists rely on humanists for political and historical context that helps make their work more equitable and just. During 2018-19, the Center for Digital Humanities (CDH) dedicated its energies to bringing various disciplinary voices at Princeton together to examine how data is transforming our academic fields and our society. We called this initiative "Year of Data," and held over twenty events - lectures, symposia, conferences, workshops - with campus partners in the humanities, arts, data and computer science, social science, and library and archives.
[cat] La situació jurídica de la dona casada ha anat evolucionant al llarg de la història, des d'una situació d'absoluta dependència i subordinació al marit, a l'actual igualtat; els països europeus han experimentat una evolució semblant a l'espanyola. Cada legislació recull els costums socials de l'època i la fonamentació filosòfica del moment. Analitzem la situació jurídica estudiant els efectes personals i patrimonials del matrimoni, tant inter vivos com mortis causa, en les principals legislacions de la història espanyola, des de Roma als nostres dies, centrant-nos en analitzar el Dret actual i els problemes de la dona com a conseqüència de la desigualtat. Plantegem les possibles millores jurídiques per aconseguir la plena igualtat jurídica entre l'home i la dona, partint que la igualtat és un principi general del dret. ; [spa] La situación jurídica de la mujer casada ha ido evolucionando a lo largo de la historia, desde una situación de absoluta dependencia y subordinación al marido, a la actual igualdad; los países europeos han experimentado una evolución parecida a la española. Cada legislación recoge las costumbres sociales de la época y la fundamentación filosófica del momento. Analizamos la situación jurídica estudiando los efectos personales y patrimoniales del matrimonio, tanto inter vivos como mortis causa, en las principales legislaciones de historia española, desde Roma a nuestros días, centrándonos en analizar el Derecho actual y los problemas de la mujer como consecuencia de la desigualdad. Planteamos las posibles mejoras jurídicas para conseguir la plena igualdad jurídica entre el hombre y la mujer, partiendo de que la igualdad, es un principio general del Derecho. ; [eng] The legal status of married women has evolved throughout history, from a position of absolute dependence and subordination to the husband, equal to the current; European countries have experienced a similar evolution to the Spanish. Each legislation reflects the social mores of the time and the philosophical foundation of the period. We analyze the personal and economic effects of marriage, both inter vivos and mortis causa , in the main laws of Spanish history, from Rome to the present day, and focus on the current legislation and women's issues as a result of inequality. We propose possible legal improvements to achieve full legal equality between men and women, assuming that equality is a general principle of law.
Das Grundlagenwerk analysiert erstmals die Vielzahl der unter dem Begriff Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) gefassten normativen Prozesse und unterzieht diese zugleich einer Systematisierung und kritischen Prüfung. Nationales, supranationales und Völkerrecht sowie transnationale privatrechtliche Instrumente – ergänzt und überlagert durch Soft Law und informelles Steuern privater und öffentlicher Akteure – sind der smart mix, aus dem ein globaler Ordnungsrahmen für unternehmerisches Wirtschaften entstehen soll.Die Autorin stellt diese Prozesse in den Kontext prinzipieller Betrachtungen, insbesondere zum Unternehmensbegriff, zu Begründung und Reichweite unternehmerischer Verantwortung und zu Public-Private Governance. Dabei wird deutlich, dass die Informalisierung der Normbildung und ihre Verlagerung auf Exekutiven und private Akteure grundsätzliche Fragen nationaler Souveränität, demokratischer Legitimation und Rechtsstaatlichkeit aufwerfen und eine neue Definition von "Recht" fordern.Der Band richtet sich an Rechts-, Wirtschafts-, Politik- und Sozialwissenschaftler, an Wirtschaftsethiker und an Entscheidungsträger und Berater aus Wirtschaft, Politik, Anwaltschaft und Zivilgesellschaft.
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By analyzing the broad research of different types of 'folk' music in former Yugoslavia, the paper explores the different forms of interpretation and representations created by scholars in social science and humanities. Tracing back their critique of this music into the socialist period, the analysis offers new insights into the motives and ways of producing meaning by one part of the intellectual elite – for Serbia framed as the 'second/ other Serbia' – in the context of political transformation at the end of the 20th century in this region. While hardly any of the analyzed scholarly works on ('folk') music was really about music, being instead quite often mainly concerned with its alleged symbolical meaning, most of them used 'folk' as a catchy 'label' that introduced further analysis of society and/or politics in former Yugoslavia during the 1990s. By criticizing the 'kitsch' of 'folk' and, at the same time, presenting more or less sophisticated scientific findings on correlations between 'folk' and politics, the authors of the works analyzed in this paper mostly underlined their distance to this 'genre', thus pointing out their (oppositional) political standpoint, and, especially, by delegitimizing the 'folk culture' on the one hand and the new nationalist political setting on the other, they aimed to compensate the loss of cultural capital they used to or – from their perspective – ought to have as representatives of some kind of intellectual vanguard.
For several decades, the field of human neurophysiology has focused on the role played by cortical oscillations in enabling brain function underpinning behaviors. In parallel, a less visible but robust body of work on the stochastic resonance phenomenon has also theorized contributions of neural noise - hence more heterogeneous, complex and less predictable activity - in brain coding. The latter notion has received indirect causal support via improvements of visual function during non-regular or random brain stimulation patterns. Nonetheless, direct evidence demonstrating an impact of brain stimulation on direct measures of neural noise is still lacking. Here we evaluated the impact of three non frequency-specific TMS bursts, compared to a control pure high-beta TMS rhythm, delivered to the left FEF during a visual detection task, on the heterogeneity, predictability and complexity of ongoing brain activity recorded with scalp EEG. Our data showed surprisingly that the three non frequency-specific TMS patterns did not prevent a build-up of local high-beta activity. Nonetheless, they increased power across broader or in multiple frequency bands compared to control purely rhythmic high-beta bursts tested along. Importantly, non frequency-specific patterns enhanced signal entropy over multiple time-scales, suggesting higher complexity and an overall induction of higher levels of cortical noise than rhythmic TMS bursts. Our outcomes provide indirect evidence on a potential modulatory role played by sources of stochastic noise on brain oscillations and synchronization. Additionally, they pave the way towards the development of novel neurostimulation approaches to manipulate cortical sources of noise and further investigate their causal role in neural coding.
Summary for several years ago, the proclaimed right to the city has become a major issue, alluding at the same time to two issues; on the one hand, the existence of a right subject (the citizen), who uses and resides in the city and, in its daily practice, transforms, means and reproduces urban space. On the other hand, differentiated citizenship whose access to this area is denied and restricted as a reflection of its socio-sexual, cultural, political and economic heterogeneity. This article presents a reflection on this issue, putting the rhetoric of town planning and progress on feminist space into tension, with the aim of moving forward with the construction of a proposal from the south: the right to the territory. ; Resumen Desde hace varios años, la proclama del derecho a la ciudad ha adquirido marcado protagonismo aludiendo simultáneamente a dos cuestiones; por un lado, la existencia de un sujeto de derecho (el ciudadano), quien usa y reside en la ciudad y, en su práctica cotidiana, transforma, significa y reproduce el espacio urbano. Por otro lado, una ciudadanía diferenciada cuyo acceso a este espacio se ve denegado y restringido como eco de su heterogeneidad sociosexual, cultural, política y económica. Este artículo presenta una reflexión que ahonda en esta problemática, poniendo en tensión el discurso del urbanismo y los avances en la espacialidad feminista con el objetivo de avanzar en la construcción de una propuesta desde el sur: el derecho al territorio.
How to try the power and correctness of the language of this magnificent contour: "When we realise it or not, the fact that the unthinkable is there, whether it sets us impavid, reaches the shores of our fathers, hints the banks of our minds, conceals the escape until then without the contemporary songe. The most important courage would be to fix it in our turn without touching it. I will tell you why. Creation is never as powerful as when it is exposed. ; Commençons par goûter la puissance et la justesse de la langue de ce conteur magnifique :« Que l'on s'en rende compte ou pas, le fait que l'impensable soit là, qu'il nous fixe impavide, atteint les rives de nos paupières, effrite les berges de notre esprit, décape l'échappée jusqu'alors sans chemin du songe contemporain. Le courage le plus déterminant serait de le fixer à notre tour sans trembler. Je vais te dire pourquoi. La création n'est jamais aussi puissante que lorsqu'elle se trouve exposé …
The book considered here is part of this trend, which 'clears' classified non-material. In the light of new information of origin secret for state reasons, the book by Marina Kabat, the left-wing historian and militant, proposes a new reading of the events that occurred in the period it sets out. This investigation is at odds with several 'stories', based on the information from archives which, for many years, had remained under the supervision of the State. With the support of material declassified recently, Marina Kabat made a new reading of the GOU in order to demonstrate the aspects of his policy that continues during Peron's governments as President-elect, despite changes in the national and global environment. It is particularly interesting to observe these continuities in the connection with the Catholic Church, in the anti-communist struggle and in the church politics. Faculty of Humanities and Education Sciences ; El libro que aquí consideramos se inscribe dentro de esta tendencia que "desempolva" material otrora clasificado. A la luz de nueva información de origen secreto por razones de Estado, el libro de Marina Kabat, historiadora y militante de izquierda, propone una nueva lectura sobre los hechos ocurridos en el período que acota. Nutre una investigación que colisiona con varios "relatos", asentada en la información de archivos que, durante muchos años, habían permanecido bajo la tutela del Estado. Con el sostén de material desclasificado hace poco tiempo, Marina Kabat realiza una nueva lectura del GOU, para demostrar los aspectos de su política que se prolongan durante los gobiernos de Perón como presidente electo, a pesar de los cambios en la coyuntura nacional y mundial. Resulta particularmente interesante observar estas continuidades en el vínculo con la iglesia católica, en la lucha anticomunista y en la política gremial. Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educación
On the day after his re-election as President of the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire on 25 October 2015, Alassane Ouattara had confirmed that he wished to carry out a major constitutional reform that would be subject to referendum.This was not a surprise, as the previous Constitution, adopted at the initiative of General Gueï in July 2000, contained the famous Article 35, which had been very important in the break-up of the 2002 rebellion, since he excluded any candidate who could not prove that his father and mother were originally Ivorian. He de facto rejected the candidacy of Alassane Ouattara, and it was necessary for international mediation led by Thabo Mbeki (Pretoria Agreement, April 2005) to circumvent this rule and allow the leader of the main opposition party in Laurent Gbagbo to stand for the 2010 election. ; International audience ; On the day after his re-election as President of the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire on 25 October 2015, Alassane Ouattara had confirmed that he wished to carry out a major constitutional reform that would be subject to referendum.This was not a surprise, as the previous Constitution, adopted at the initiative of General Gueï in July 2000, contained the famous Article 35, which had been very important in the break-up of the 2002 rebellion, since he excluded any candidate who could not prove that his father and mother were originally Ivorian. He de facto rejected the candidacy of Alassane Ouattara, and it was necessary for international mediation led by Thabo Mbeki (Pretoria Agreement, April 2005) to circumvent this rule and allow the leader of the main opposition party in Laurent Gbagbo to stand for the 2010 election. ; Dès le lendemain de sa réélection à la présidence de la République de Côte d'Ivoire, le 25 octobre 2015, Alassane Ouattara avait confirmé qu'il souhaitait procéder à une réforme constitutionnelle d'envergure qui serait soumise à référendum.Ce n'était pas une surprise, la précédente Constitution, adoptée dans la précipitation à l'initiative du général Gueï en juillet ...
Mit der Verfassung vom 1. Mai 1934 wurde in Österreich versucht, der parlamentarischen Demokratie in Gestalt einer berufsständischen Ordnung eine Alternative entgegenzusetzen. Die Versuche ständischen "Aufbaus" gingen indes ins Leere, weil der Stand seinem Wesen nach etwas natürlich Gewachsenes, einer Institutionalisierung nicht Zugängliches ist. In Wirklichkeit war der Berufsstand nur der Rahmen, konservativem Denken in einem viel umfassenderen Sinn, und nicht ohne Reminiszenzen traditionaler Herrschaft, eine Möglichkeit zu schaffen, die Politik zu beeinflussen. ; The Constitution of 1 May 1934 saw an attempt made in Austria to create an alternative to parliamentary democracy in the form of an order based on the professional "Stand" (corporation). The failure of this attempt was due to the nature of the "Stand" itself which, as something organically grown, is not accessible to institutionalisation. In reality, the corporation was just a means of enabling conservative thinking, in a much wider sense, to influence politics, a hangover of traditional forms of rule.
International audience ; M ême si le président Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz parvient à insuffler une respiration démocratique au pays, le caractère très centralisé et vertical de sa gouvernance en solo demeure alors que les échéances, tant attendues, des élections municipales et législatives, répétition générale avant l'élection présidentielle de 2014, s'approchent. Devant initialement se tenir en 2011, ces scrutins électoraux ont été différés, officiellement en raison du retard pris dans le processus d'établissement d'un fichier électoral fiable. Depuis son coup d'État de 2008 et jusqu'aux nouvelles échéances des urnes, Ould Abdel Aziz maintient sans s'essouffler son hyper contrôle et n'a de cesse de consolider son micro-réseau d'hommes de confiance dans les services de sécurité, dans l'économie et dans le champ politique. Les modalités apparentes d'exercice du pouvoir (dosages ethniques, régionaux, tribaux…) au regard des compositions de ses différents gouvernements, qui respectent une forme de représentation de toutes les sensibilités-tout en préservant une hégémonie bidân-, s'inscrivent a priori dans la continuité de ses prédé-cesseurs. Mais le faible turnover des ministres et leur faible poids décisionnel reflètent en revanche des variantes dans le mode de gouverner et des ruptures d'équilibre du pouvoir. Cette transformation politique s'accompagne, dans le champ économique, d'un recul, parfois très important, de groupes affairistes ayant connu leur ascension pendant l'ère Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya. En somme, déblayer le terrain des concurrences affairistes pour déblayer, le champ des concurrences politiques… Un holdup que les résultats des élections ne viennent dès lors qu'entériner et qui rappellent, indubitablement, que le Président ne peut compter que sur lui-même : en effet, même si, en amont, le dispositif implacable mis en place pour remporter la victoire s'annonçait imparable, l'amateurisme complet d'un des éléments de la machine, la Commission Électorale Nationale Indépendante, a toutefois réussi à ...
The body is the heart of street arts. Here, body sensations are explored, exploited, controlled, shared or discarded. For this reason, this text would like to mention how street artists put the sense of viewers without going below. By proposing a linear illustration of how three of the main meanings of odorate, hearing and viewing of the public are mobilised, we would like to reflect the importance of the body in street arts, not in a desire to analyse the work of artists, but rather by recalling how these forms of arts seek to "touch" the spectator's body. ; The body is the court of the arts of the street. Here, the bodily sensations are explored, exploited, controlled, shared or rejected. That is why this present desired text modestly mention how the street artists shall bring the meaning of spectators without above-below. ; The body is the heart of street arts. Here, body sensations are explored, exploited, controlled, shared or discarded. For this reason, this text would like to mention how street artists put the sense of viewers without going below. By proposing a linear illustration of how three of the main meanings of odorate, hearing and viewing of the public are mobilised, we would like to reflect the importance of the body in street arts, not in a desire to analyse the work of artists, but rather by recalling how these forms of arts seek to "touch" the spectator's body. ; Le corps est le cœur des arts de la rue. Ici, les sensations corporelles sont explorées, exploitées, maîtrisées, partagées ou rejetées. C'est pourquoi ce présent texte souhaite modestement évoquer comment les artistes de rue mettent les sens des spectateurs sans dessus-dessous. En proposant d'illustrer linéairement comment trois des principaux sens que sont l'odorat, l'ouïe et la vue du public sont mobilisés, on souhaite rendre compte de l'importance du corps dans les arts de la rue, non pas dans une volonté d'analyser le travail des artistes mais en rappelant plutôt en quoi ces formes d'arts cherchent à " toucher " le corps des ...
In the context of decentralisation, local and regional authorities must respond to the need to better control their wage bill by means of a more efficient human resources management policy. To this end, they put in place forward management of jobs and skills. The local civil service is becoming more professional. Gradually, competency frameworks and job directories replace job structures and managers, demonstrating a shift from an administrative logic to a forward-looking job management logic. Ultimately, our intention is to show that the local and regional civil service is undergoing unprecedented managerial change. This development clearly shows its capacity to address the challenges of decentralisation. ; International audience ; In the context of decentralisation, local and regional authorities must respond to the need to better control their wage bill by means of a more efficient human resources management policy. To this end, they put in place forward management of jobs and skills. The local civil service is becoming more professional. Gradually, competency frameworks and job directories replace job structures and managers, demonstrating a shift from an administrative logic to a forward-looking job management logic. Ultimately, our intention is to show that the local and regional civil service is undergoing unprecedented managerial change. This development clearly shows its capacity to address the challenges of decentralisation. ; Sous fond de décentralisation, les collectivités territoriales doivent répondre à la nécessité de mieux contrôler leur masse salariale par une politique de gestion des ressources humaines plus performante. Pour cela, elles mettent en place une gestion prévisionnelle des emplois et des compétences. La fonction publique territoriale se professionnalise. Progressivement, les référentiels de compétences et les répertoires des métiers se substituent aux corps et cadres d'emplois, attestant du passage d'une logique d'administration à une logique de gestion prévisionnelle des métiers. ...
