Suchergebnisse

Problem setting. Public administration in Ukraine is an integral part of social system, but it needs to be modernized efficiently. This implies the need for a deep understanding of the current situation and a thorough analysis of the main factors of this development, especially socio-cultural ones.Recent research and publications analysis. Laws, principles and factors of choice, which are characteristic of administrative processes, particularly public administration, have been researched in numerous works of modern Ukrainian scientists, such as V. Atamanchuk, E. Afonin, V. Bakumenko, V. Knyazev, Y. Kovbasyuk, A. Kolodiy, A. Lipentsev, P. Petrovsky, Yu. Surmin.The question of the importance, or even the priority of the influence of socio-cultural factors on all processes of development of social life, has been raised by such famous thinkers as M. Weber, P. Sorokin, M. Crozier, P. Bourdieu, M. Halbvachs, and G. Hofstede.Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem. Public administration is a new area in the humanitarian cycle of Ukrainian science. It is multidisciplinary in nature, and it is new because of the dramatic changes that are taking place in post-totalitarian society. Most of the scientific and theoretical studies during all years of independence were conducted within the framework of the scientific field, which inherited all theoretical and methodological installations of Soviet science. Its main task was to assert and strengthen the stability of the management system on the basis of Marx's theory of ideas, according to which the socio-economic factors of society were considered crucial. Therefore, the purpose of this scientific article is to substantiate the priority role of socio-cultural factors in the process of development of public administration in Ukraine.Paper main body. The article focuses on the idea that socio-cultural factors underlying social development perform the integral function in society. The author uses the concepts of "social space" and "social dynamics" by P. Sorokin, "social field" by P. Bourdieu and the ideas of Max Weber and Michel Crozier about a crucial role of raising the level of culture in society and the development of individual personality.The market economy is based on the activity of a man, an active creator of culture, and requires the development of such important qualities as initiative and responsibility. The processes of democratic development involve consideration of the problem of political activity, the formation of relevant political institutions, the legal system and an integrated system of public administration. Both economic and political processes are socio-cultural by their nature. They function effectively through a system of social interconnections or social capital, according to Pierre Bourdieu. The main driving force of both economic and political development is a human resource. The level of education and cultural development in general is a determining factor in all processes of social dynamics, including the economic and political subsystems.The author offers his own classification of the main socio-cultural factors influencing the development of public administration on the basis of all aforementioned ideas. In her opinion, the historical factor is at the heart of any process of society. Understanding the complex social system at the present stage of existence of the Ukrainian state and the system of public administration, in particular, is impossible without a deep historical excursion and analysis of the processes of formation of public consciousness.The following three factors in the classification are grouped into a subgroup called "social and psychological base of public administration". The three main components of this socio-psychological base are: 1) mentality, 2) collective memory, 3) national and cultural identity. The author defines mentality as a special way of thinking inherent in a particular community and as a system of values, according to which people live, collective memory as an active past that shapes national identity on the basis of social traditions, values and ideals of the social group with which people identify themselves. This leads to the conclusion that cultural and national identity, formed in a certain socio-cultural environment, is based on a conscious choice and depends on the rational awareness of the individual, ethnic group, nation of shared historical, political, and civic values.This group of factors directly influences the formation of the worldview of the society, which is a defining socio-cultural factor at a higher, visible level. Its core is a certain value coordinate system through which the civic culture of society is laid, the specificity of economic activity is manifested and social capital is formed. They directly influence the system of public administration in the complex of social interaction defining its quality. This means that they are the main socio-cultural factors for its development at the functional level.Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies. The main conclusion of this scientific article is that socio-cultural factors play a leading role in the overall impact on the development of society and the public administration in particular. Cultural qualities formed in the course of historical development are manifested in all achievements of human civilization, which all form a socio-cultural space, characterized by its own original mentality, collective memory and national-cultural identity. The next factor is our own public outlook with a unique value system formed on this basis. It manifests itself at the level of social interaction in society and directly influences the formation and quality of public administration through the action of socio-cultural factors such as civic culture, economic activity and social capital. ; Проаналізовано основні чинники впливу у системі соціальних детермінант. Доведено, що пріоритетними за силою впливу на розвиток публічного управління є соціокультурні чинники. Розроблено авторську модель соціокультурної матриці відповідно до синергетичної моделі розвитку суспільства як відкритої системи. Обґрунтовано вагомість таких соціокультурних чинників на розвиток публічного управління: історичний чинник, ментальність, колективна пам'ять, національно-культурна ідентичність; світогляд із ціннісною системою координат, громадянська культура, економічна активність, соціальний капітал.

Problem setting. Public administration in Ukraine is an integral part of social system, but it needs to be modernized efficiently. This implies the need for a deep understanding of the current situation and a thorough analysis of the main factors of this development, especially socio-cultural ones.Recent research and publications analysis. Laws, principles and factors of choice, which are characteristic of administrative processes, particularly public administration, have been researched in numerous works of modern Ukrainian scientists, such as V. Atamanchuk, E. Afonin, V. Bakumenko, V. Knyazev, Y. Kovbasyuk, A. Kolodiy, A. Lipentsev, P. Petrovsky, Yu. Surmin.The question of the importance, or even the priority of the influence of socio-cultural factors on all processes of development of social life, has been raised by such famous thinkers as M. Weber, P. Sorokin, M. Crozier, P. Bourdieu, M. Halbvachs, and G. Hofstede.Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem. Public administration is a new area in the humanitarian cycle of Ukrainian science. It is multidisciplinary in nature, and it is new because of the dramatic changes that are taking place in post-totalitarian society. Most of the scientific and theoretical studies during all years of independence were conducted within the framework of the scientific field, which inherited all theoretical and methodological installations of Soviet science. Its main task was to assert and strengthen the stability of the management system on the basis of Marx's theory of ideas, according to which the socio-economic factors of society were considered crucial. Therefore, the purpose of this scientific article is to substantiate the priority role of socio-cultural factors in the process of development of public administration in Ukraine.Paper main body. The article focuses on the idea that socio-cultural factors underlying social development perform the integral function in society. The author uses the concepts of "social space" and "social dynamics" by P. Sorokin, "social field" by P. Bourdieu and the ideas of Max Weber and Michel Crozier about a crucial role of raising the level of culture in society and the development of individual personality.The market economy is based on the activity of a man, an active creator of culture, and requires the development of such important qualities as initiative and responsibility. The processes of democratic development involve consideration of the problem of political activity, the formation of relevant political institutions, the legal system and an integrated system of public administration. Both economic and political processes are socio-cultural by their nature. They function effectively through a system of social interconnections or social capital, according to Pierre Bourdieu. The main driving force of both economic and political development is a human resource. The level of education and cultural development in general is a determining factor in all processes of social dynamics, including the economic and political subsystems.The author offers his own classification of the main socio-cultural factors influencing the development of public administration on the basis of all aforementioned ideas. In her opinion, the historical factor is at the heart of any process of society. Understanding the complex social system at the present stage of existence of the Ukrainian state and the system of public administration, in particular, is impossible without a deep historical excursion and analysis of the processes of formation of public consciousness.The following three factors in the classification are grouped into a subgroup called "social and psychological base of public administration". The three main components of this socio-psychological base are: 1) mentality, 2) collective memory, 3) national and cultural identity. The author defines mentality as a special way of thinking inherent in a particular community and as a system of values, according to which people live, collective memory as an active past that shapes national identity on the basis of social traditions, values and ideals of the social group with which people identify themselves. This leads to the conclusion that cultural and national identity, formed in a certain socio-cultural environment, is based on a conscious choice and depends on the rational awareness of the individual, ethnic group, nation of shared historical, political, and civic values.This group of factors directly influences the formation of the worldview of the society, which is a defining socio-cultural factor at a higher, visible level. Its core is a certain value coordinate system through which the civic culture of society is laid, the specificity of economic activity is manifested and social capital is formed. They directly influence the system of public administration in the complex of social interaction defining its quality. This means that they are the main socio-cultural factors for its development at the functional level.Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies. The main conclusion of this scientific article is that socio-cultural factors play a leading role in the overall impact on the development of society and the public administration in particular. Cultural qualities formed in the course of historical development are manifested in all achievements of human civilization, which all form a socio-cultural space, characterized by its own original mentality, collective memory and national-cultural identity. The next factor is our own public outlook with a unique value system formed on this basis. It manifests itself at the level of social interaction in society and directly influences the formation and quality of public administration through the action of socio-cultural factors such as civic culture, economic activity and social capital. ; Проаналізовано основні чинники впливу у системі соціальних детермінант. Доведено, що пріоритетними за силою впливу на розвиток публічного управління є соціокультурні чинники. Розроблено авторську модель соціокультурної матриці відповідно до синергетичної моделі розвитку суспільства як відкритої системи. Обґрунтовано вагомість таких соціокультурних чинників на розвиток публічного управління: історичний чинник, ментальність, колективна пам'ять, національно-культурна ідентичність; світогляд із ціннісною системою координат, громадянська культура, економічна активність, соціальний капітал.

In the eyes of those who had experienced it, the time of Leo X shone with a shining light.The election of Pope Lee X in 1513 was initially welcomed as the beginning of a new era for the Catholic Church. With the newly elected pope setting out to reassert Rome's role as the centre of Christianity, many contemporaries soon interpreted his pontificate as a return to the Golden Age of myths. At the beginning of the 16th century, the timeless and universal myth of the Golden Age thus became the key to a complex political programme, in which the ambitions of the Medici were combined with the strengthening of the pontiff's authority and the reforming impetus of bath the intellectuals and the most pious groups in the Catholic world. In fact, this topos-myth of Golden Age gave expression to the general atmosphere of optimism but is also intricately linked the hopes and aspirations of the Christian community to renewal and reform. Lee X, with his patronage of the arts, his support of education and the printing press, and his decision to proceed with the Fifth Lateran Council (1412-1517), seemed to confirm all the high expectations placed upon him as the long-awaited Pastor ange/icus, capable of leading and healing a Catholic Church in disarray.Durîng his pontificate, a multitude of poetic works in praise of Leo X were composed and published, with some simultaneously proposing ideas for urgently-needed improvements to the Church - aware perhaps of the imminent dangers facing the Occident : the possibility of a further fragmentation within the Christian faith and the external threat posed by the rise of the Ottoman Empire in the East.This study is focused on significant examples of this type of poetry in Latin, an often underrated, perhaps even neglected form of literature, which manages to address questions of Christian faith and religiosity in the form and style of classical antiquity.The analysis of this rich poetic production flourishing under the first Medici Pope has revealed a complex and faceted reality. These laudatory poets take up the important themes of Medici propaganda and contribute to the meticulous construction of the iconological and spectacular program, centred on the consecration of the new « Pope-King ».At the irenic image of poets grouped in cultural circlESagainst the romantic background of the ruins of Rome is superimposed another more tormented reality, in which the confrontation between opposing factions is already a burst of reform. Behind the gilding of a poetry steeped in classicism, crysta llized by a historiographie tradition now obsolete, mythological revivais alternate with monstrous apparitions and the permanent haunting of the Ottoman invasion, millenarian religious tension alternate with a sincere Christian devotion of reforming groups in searchinq desoeratelv for a reqeneration of the catholic communitv. Amonq the canters of Leo X, Zaccaria Ferreri,theologian and reformer who had been involved in the Council of Pisa (1511- 1513), has deserved special attention in our study . His poem Lugudunense Somnium, written under the pressure of events, presents to us the celestial ascent of an initiatory journey, which is intended as a political act and a divine manifesta of the pontiff's superiority over the councils.The analysis and translation of many poems (many of which are unpublished) allowed us to collect the deepest aspirations and the recurrent obsessions of an era of great transformations, to highlight a network of prominent indlviduals pushing for a Renovatio Ecc/esiae on the eve of Protestantism, shortly before the crisis of values of the Renaissance. ; Léon X est élu au trône pontifical en mars 1513 dans un moment historique caractérisé par une crise profonde des institutions ecclésiastiques et des mœurs du clergé. Au début du XVle siècle, le mythe atemporel et universel de l'âge devient ainsi la clé de lecture d'un programme politique complexe, dans lequel les ambitions des Médicis concourent au renforcement de l'autorité du pontife et à l'élan réformateur tant des laïcs que des factions les plus pieuses du monde catholique : ceux-ci considèrent l'élection de ce pape comme la source d'un nouvel espoir pour la tant souhaitée Reformatio ecclesiae. Léon X, par son origine, son soutien aux Lettres et à l'imprimerie et notamment par sa décision de poursuivre le Concile de Latran (1412-1517), semblait incarner le Pasteur angélique attendu depuis longtemps, celui qui serait capable de gouverner et de guérir une Église catholique en plein désarroi. Notre étude porte sur la production poétique en langue latine qui acclame le nouveau pontife dans l'attente d'un renouveau. Nous avons mis au jour les multiples implications du mythe au sein d'une production poétique protéiforme, avec une attention particulière pour les implications religieuses. Dès son élévation à la chaire de Saint Pierre, les poètes rivalisent de vers pour célébrer le nouveau pontife. Considérés généralement par la critique comme des panégyriques répétitifs, ces poèmes nous ont cependant permis d'apporter un nouvel éclairage sur le mythe de l'âge d'or de la décennie léonine. Ces poètes laudateurs reprennent les thèmes marquants de la propagande médicéenne et contribuent à la construction méticuleuse d'un programme iconologique et spectaculaire, axée sur la consécration du pape-roi. L'analyse de cette riche création poétique fleurissant sous le premier pape Médicis dévoile une réalité complexe et contrastée. À l'image irénique des poètes regroupés en solidarités sur le fond romantique des ruines de Rome se superpose une autre vision plus tourmentée, dans laquelle la confrontation entre factions adverses présage de la réforme à venir. Derrière la dorure d'une poésie imprégnée de classicisme, cristallisée dans une tradition historiographique désormais dépassée, les réminiscences mythologiques alternent avec des apparitions monstrueuses suggérant la hantise permanente de l'invasion ottomane. À la tension religieuse millénariste succède une sincère dévotion chrétienne de groupes réformateurs à la recherche désespérée d'une régénération de l'Église. L'examen et la traduction de nombreux poèmes, dont certains inédits, nous a permis de recueillir les aspirations les plus profondes et les obsessions récurrentes d'une époque de transition, qui allait faire bientôt face à la crise des valeurs de la Renaissance.

The objective of the evaluation was to assess the results and impacts of the activities of all ILWAC Trust Fundfinanced projects in West Africa using a selected subset, to identify key lessons learned, and to document best climatesmart practices for scaling up. The study entailed participatory evaluation of the results and impacts of various interventions geared towards integrated water resources management for climate change and variability preparedness in West Africa. In this respect, the study identified key lessons learned and documented best climate-resilient practices for scaling up and dissemination to multiple stakeholders in the West African region. 1. Agriculture remains the backbone for sustaining livelihoods in West Africa but faces numerous challenges. Agriculture is an important source of income, food and raw materials in West Africa, employing more than half of the region's population, which culminated in the adoption of the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP) in 2003. Few countries, however, have managed to mobilize their agriculture sector to deliver on development outcomes such as food and nutrition security, poverty reduction, economic growth, job creation, youth employment and industrialization. Agriculture is vulnerable to climate change, resulting from sensitivity and exposure to climate shocks and lack of capacity to cope with and adapt to such changes. ILWAC evaluation study results from household surveys, focus group discussions and key informant interviews indicate that agricultural productivity in the region remains low, lagging far behind other regions of the world. Contributors to such low productivity include incidence of climate risks (drought, floods and high temperatures), pests and diseases, low technology adoption, limited access to financial services, limited access to markets and market information and limited access to good road networks (Plate 1). All the aforementioned contributors are valid denominators for all the seven ILWAC project areas that were evaluated. 2. Farmers in West Africa are particularly vulnerable to climatic shocks because of their high dependence on rainfed agriculture for their livelihoods. There is an evident lack of access to formal safety nets as indicated by farmers in Senegal (ENRACCA-WA) and Burkina Faso (AmREACCAF and APESS) projects. Climate change has already exerted significant impacts in the region. Since the 1970s, the region has experienced the occurrence of many droughts. Temperatures have increased in the second half of the 20th Century, especially in the latter 20 years of the same period. Farmers reported drought (about 40% of treatment and control groups), as the most prevalent climatic shock experienced over the last five years, followed by erratic rainfall, floods and invasion of crop pests and locusts. We identified eleven coping strategies, out of which three strategies were categorized based on a gradient of severity of food insecurity into low, moderate, and high food insecurity. During low food insecurity, households employ food-maximizing strategies such as purchasing food and eating less food and involving a low commitment of domestic resources that all enable quick recovery of households once the crisis eases. In times of moderate food insecurity, a greater commitment of household resources is increasingly required to meet subsistence needs. Coping strategies developed by households include sale of food reserves, use of savings, sale of livestock, borrowing food, and borrowing money (from friends, relatives, private lenders and banks). During high food insecurity, strategies are a sign of failure to cope with the food crisis and may involve drastic options that may undermine their future ability to prevent, mitigate, cope, and recover from shocks. Households adopt sale of assets such as land and homes, keeping children home from school, food aid and migration. The use of irrigation and rainfall water harvesting for agriculture remain low, despite prevalent droughts and widespread rainfed agricultural practices. One of the reasons is that most farming communities are far from rivers: hence considerable investment is required to develop irrigation in many project areas. 3. Although farmers use various strategies highlighted above, they will need support to double their efforts with innovative climate- smart agricultural practices and technologies to remain food secure. Areas where ILWAC interventions were targeted showed positive results, but broader efforts to scale out the successes are needed to achieve a greater impact. Overall, the ILWAC project beneficiaries reported higher adoption rates of climate-smart practices, demonstrating a favourable impact of the project. However, low awareness of the most appropriate technologies to cope with climate shocks was reported across all study areas yet, the region is expected to experience increasing climatic shocks with total precipitation predicted to increase for the most part more notably between July and October by 2050. Increases in precipitation are predicted to cause crop damages and floods. Overall, temperatures will rise by about 2°C to 3°C over the same time period. Higher temperatures of 3°C to 6°C are projected for the end of the 21st century (Niang et al., 2014). Despite these impending changes, few farmers have adjusted their farming strategies in response to climate risks, owing to limited knowledge on appropriate adaptation options and low endowment with production resources. As a result, ILWAC interventions were targeted to reverse these challenges. Their successful implementation showed positive results, which are largely limited to specific areas of implementation. Therefore, broader scaling out ILWAC interventions provided success stories tailored to specific contexts (biophysical and socio- economic); hence offered lessons and opportunities for replicating the bright spots with a regional approach. Across the seven projects, evaluation results indicated a couple of selected successes in the region (Plate 1). Selected successes make up potential candidates for scaling up climate-smart agricultural technologies and practices, and innovative approaches notably, including: i. Innovation platforms as a pillar for change: The successful establishment of innovation platforms across all project countries was evident but have remained largely underdeveloped and not utilized to their full potential. Platforms provided a framework for sharing knowledge on adaptation innovations to climate change, providing a good entry point for technology dissemination in target areas across all project countries. The study showed that the innovation platform model can offer the potential to organize stakeholders to address the objective of improving the livelihood of their members. IPs, however, need a strong voice to demand the needed services from service providers, negotiate and advocate for collective interests with the private sector and government. The use of a participatory development communication (PDC) within IPs would greatly increase their sustainability; ii. Increased human and institutional capacity for stakeholders: The enhancement of capacity for diverse stakeholder groups, including farmers, players in all segments of priority value chains, extension agents, policymakers and researchers (All project countries) resulted in significant positive results such as increased capacity towards awareness of CSA technologies and application of appropriate adaptation measures in their communities. This highlights the need to prioritize linkages amongst farmer organizations, extension and agricultural research; iii. Integrated landscape approaches for natural resources management provided exponential benefits: The pioneering of integrated land and water management for adaptation to climate variability and change improved management of natural resources in specific target countries, for example, in Burkina Faso, the relative reduction in sedimentation by up to 70%; and that in reduced runoff by up to 30% which helped improve the farmers' agricultural practices and livelihoods (AmREACCAF-Burkina Faso). This also increased storage of water in the Boura reservoir through avoided sedimentation. Beyond water provision for household use, these reservoirs serve as key food baskets for fisheries and irrigation for households; iv. Integrated and diversified options offered opportunities to increase resilience and unlock the potential for rural smallholder livelihoods: The ILWAC project improved implementation of innovative agronomic interventions that substantially reduced the yield gap for millet for example the use of improved crop varieties (drought tolerant and early maturing) resulted in a 10 fold yield increase in grain biomass (ENRACCASenegal). Additional strategies include soil amendments in the form of organic and inorganic fertilizer sources, weed control practices as well as improved storage techniques (ISFM-Benin); Household enterprise diversification with agroforestry tree species enhanced the resilience of smallholder communities with climatesmart benefits such as windbreaks, these modified the micro-climate of the area that enhanced food security and revenue generation within target communities, increased farmer adaptive capacity and overall soil health attributes (ENRACCA- Senegal). 5. Women empowerment resulted in improved rural livelihoods: Improved gender dynamics regarding the roles, activities and representativeness within the selected projects had a positive impact on women empowerment for all project countries. There are numerous ways by which women were empowered e.g. conducting off-season vegetable cultivation allowed women to fetch increased returns (3 times than the normal price) in the off-season months. There were efforts to promote increased participation of women in the projects, offering opportunities to freely express themselves, highlight their needs and specific experiences. However, participation of women in leadership positions was generally low (less than 10%). In addition, women were able to benefit from the capacity building provided by the project, and access technologies and inputs resulting in higher production and subsequent incomes than before. Male-headed households were more likely to practice more CSA technologies by a factor of about 1 compared to female headed households. There was evidence of better access to financial services and training through village savings and loan associations, and gender empowerment. A key attribute of the assessed projects was that for the most part, women farmers were not well organized into interest groups with the capacity to promote their interests and engage in advocacy activities geared at influencing policy for their ultimate benefit. This was a missed opportunity especially in the context of existing innovation platforms that needs concerted efforts and strengthening. 6. More economic and social safety nets for smallholder livelihoods beyond ILWAC beneficiaries are needed: ILWAC enhanced farmers' access to climate-resilient and low-emission practices and technologies, including crop, livestock, soil and water management options and energy saving technologies. ILWAC increased the number of CSA practices implemented by three practices more compared to non-participation. Results further showed that education level is associated with higher income. Higher value assets such as livestock did also significantly influenced income. ILWAC increased significantly the value of assets to almost 90%; a factor attributable to additional assets that were distributed to farmer groups such as the case of Gambia, Senegal and Sierra Leone. This study therefore confirms that more assets in ILWAC supported households offered better livelihood options than those in the control group. Results further show that male-headed households have a higher value of assets than female-headed households. On the overall, although participation in ILWAC increased income by 19%, there remains room for further improvement amongst the ILWAC beneficiaries given the lower differences in the economic domain for sustainable intensification exemplified before and after the ILWAC project on Plate 2. Likewise, Plate 2 highlights that better options are needed in the social domain to ensure that ILWAC beneficiaries can significantly gain from social dividends (e.g. strengthened farmer groups, collective action, and shared labor). Given the highlighted successes among the ILWAC beneficiaries, efforts will be needed to scale these bright spots beyond the ILWAC beneficiaries to wider geographical coverages. 7. There is need for concerted efforts towards supporting technical, financial, institutional and governance needs within the target countries in order to make community livelihoods more resilient to climate change. Despite the recorded successes there remains room for improvement in several institutional and governance realms. Farmers in the project sites are faced by poor extension, with the ratio of government paid extension officers to that of farmers being low, only 33% of the households have access to extension service. This has a negative impact on the quality of extension services being offered and building adaptive capacity to deal with climate change. A significant challenge remains in all project countries to get the technologies widely used due to the lack of a suitable enabling environment among others — extension services, financial resources, infrastructure, risk management and cross-sectoral linkages. Farmers are further constrained by having limited access to climatic information. Effective research and innovation are also needed to continuously improve practices and technologies. This calls for a policy recommendation where concerted efforts are needed to mobilize financial resources and build the capacity of West African researchers, policy-makers and institutions to understand, carry out and use good quality data towards informed decision making and scenario analyses (Also see evidence revealed by Plate 2).Enabling policy and institutional environment can provide the conditions and incentives for scaling out.

Ilustraciones, tablas y fotografías a color ; Country branding is a travel and tourism prioritisation strategy that allows the management of a country's image to improve its reputation in the context of an international public. However, despite its importance in the field of tourism marketing, its influence on tourist behaviour has not been analysed. As a result, the objective of this study was to evaluate the level of impact that the country brand has on the intention of tourists to visit a place in relation to the perceptions that constitute the image of the country and the destination. Colombia was taken as a case study because, on the one hand, the performance of the Co Brand has some shortcomings in contrast to other brands in the region, and on the other hand, because there is still a not so favourable perception of the country image that can negatively affect the image of destinations. Thus, for the development of this research, first, the antecedent and consequent constructs of each of the variables (country brand, country image, destination image and intention to visit) were identified; second, the dimensions that constituted them in the Colombian context were established; and third, the existing relationships between them were measured. First, a systematic literature review was carried out. Then, the country's offer was analysed in relation to local attractions, hospitality services and costs; this data was complemented with information about the country in the areas of security, economy, technology, and politics. The performance of the country's tourism sector and the evolution of the Co. brand were also analysed. Finally, to establish the relationships, the data collection process was carried out through surveys and their respective analysis based on a SEM-PLS model. The population surveyed included citizens of the European Union who had not previously visited Colombia. A total of 465 valid responses were collected. With respect to the general objective, the results indicate that there is no direct or indirect impact of the Colombia country brand on the intention to visit; rather, local attractions and the perception of safety and security are the variables that have the greatest impact on the intention to visit. In addition, the economic and technological environment, as well as the political environment, have an indirect impact, due to their influence on local attractions. However, despite the results obtained, the originality of this study lies in the analysis of the country brand as a determining variable in tourist behaviour. Furthermore, the findings of the research allow us to reaffirm the statements of previous studies that indicate that both the image of the destination and of the country have an impact on the intention to visit. ; La marca país se constituye como una estrategia de priorización de viajes y turismo que permite gestionar la imagen de un país con el fin de mejorar su reputación frente a un público internacional. No obstante, pese a su importancia en el ámbito del marketing turístico no se ha analizado a fondo su influencia en el comportamiento del turista. A raíz de ello, el objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el nivel de incidencia que tiene la marca país en la intención de los turistas de visitar un lugar en relación con las percepciones que constituyen la imagen del país y del destino. Se tomó como caso de estudio a Colombia debido a que, por un lado, el desempeño de la Marca Co presenta algunas falencias en contraste con otras marcas de la región, y por el otro, porque aún se tiene una percepción no tan favorable acerca de la imagen del país que puede afectar de forma negativa la imagen que se tiene sobre los destinos. Así bien, para el desarrollo de esta investigación, primero, se identificaron los constructos antecedentes y consecuentes de cada una de las variables (marca país, imagen del país, imagen del destino e intención de visita); segundo, se establecieron las dimensiones que las constituían en el marco del contexto colombiano; y tercero, se midieron las relaciones existentes entre ellas. En principio, se llevó a cabo una revisión sistemática de literatura. Luego, se analizó la oferta del país en relación con las atracciones locales, los servicios de hostelería y los costos; estos datos se complementaron con la información que hay acerca del país en los ámbitos de seguridad, economía, tecnología y política. Asimismo, se analizó el desempeño que ha tenido el sector del turismo en el país y la evolución que ha tenido la marca Co. Finalmente, para establecer las relaciones se realizó el proceso de recolección de datos por medio de encuestas y su respectivo análisis con base en un modelo SEM-PLS. Se tuvieron en cuenta dentro de la población encuestada a ciudadanos de la Unión Europea que no hubiesen visitado Colombia de forma previa. En total se recolectaron 465 respuestas válidas. Respecto al objetivo general, los resultados indican que no hay incidencia directa o indirecta por parte de la marca país Colombia en la intención de visita; sino que son las atracciones locales y la percepción de seguridad y protección las variables que tienen mayor incidencia. Además, el entorno económico y tecnológico, así como el político tienen incidencia de manera indirecta, debido a su influencia sobre las atracciones locales. Ahora bien, pese a los resultados obtenidos, la originalidad de este estudio se halla en el análisis de la marca país como variable determinante en el comportamiento del turista. Igualmente, los hallazgos de la investigación permiten reafirmar las declaraciones de estudios previos que señalan que tanto la imagen del destino como del país tienen incidencia sobre la intención de visita. (Texto tomado de la fuente). ; Maestría ; Magíster en Administración ; Marketing turístico

The demand for reliable statistics has been growing over the past decades, because more and more political and economic decisions are based on statistics, e.g. regional planning, allocation of funds or business decisions. Therefore, it has become increasingly important to develop and to obtain precise regional indicators as well as disaggregated values in order to compare regions or specific groups. In general, surveys provide the information for these indicators only for larger areas like countries or administrative divisions. However, in practice, it is more interesting to obtain indicators for specific subdivisions like on NUTS 2 or NUTS 3 levels. The Nomenclature of Units for Territorial Statistics (NUTS) is a hierarchical system of the European Union used in statistics to refer to subdivisions of countries. In many cases, the sample information on such detailed levels is not available. Thus, there are projects such as the European Census, which have the goal to provide precise numbers on NUTS 3 or even community level. The European Census is conducted amongst others in Germany and Switzerland in 2011. Most of the participating countries use sample and register information in a combined form for the estimation process. The classical estimation methods of small areas or subgroups, such as the Horvitz-Thompson (HT) estimator or the generalized regression (GREG) estimator, suffer from small area-specific sample sizes which cause high variances of the estimates. The application of small area methods, for instance the empirical best linear unbiased predictor (EBLUP), reduces the variance of the estimates by including auxiliary information to increase the effective sample size. These estimation methods lead to higher accuracy of the variables of interest. Small area estimation is also used in the context of business data. For example during the estimation of the revenues of specific subgroups like on NACE 3 or NACE 4 levels, small sample sizes can occur. The Nomenclature statistique des activités économiques dans la Communauté européenne (NACE) is a system of the European Union which defines an industry standard classification. Besides small sample sizes, business data have further special characteristics. The main challenge is that business data have skewed distributions with a few large companies and many small businesses. For instance, in the automotive industry in Germany, there are many small suppliers but only few large original equipment manufacturers (OEM). Altogether, highly influential units and outliers can be observed in business statistics. These extreme values in connection with small sample sizes cause severe problems when standard small area models are applied. These models are generally based on the normality assumption, which does not hold in the case of outliers. One way to solve these peculiarities is to apply outlier robust small area methods. The availability of adequate covariates is important for the accuracy of the above described small area methods. However, in business data, the auxiliary variables are hardly available on population level. One of several reasons for that is the fact that in Germany a lot of enterprises are not reflected in business registers due to truncation limits. Furthermore, only listed enterprises or companies which trespass specific thresholds are obligated to publish their results. This limits the number of potential auxiliary variables for the estimation. Even though there are issues with available covariates, business data often include spatial dependencies which can be used to enhance small area methods. Next to spatial information based on geographic characteristics, group-specific similarities like related industries based on NACE codes can be used. For instance, enterprises from the same NACE 2 level, e.g. sector 47 retail trade, behave more similar than two companies from different NACE 2 levels, e.g. sector 05 mining of coal and sector 64 financial services. This spatial correlation can be incorporated by extending the general linear mixed model trough the integration of spatially correlated random effects. In business data, outliers as well as geographic or content-wise spatial dependencies between areas or domains are closely linked. The coincidence of these two factors and the resulting consequences have not been fully covered in the relevant literature. The only approach that combines robust small area methods with spatial dependencies is the M-quantile geographically weighted regression model. In the context of EBLUP-based small area models, the combination of robust and spatial methods has not been considered yet. Therefore, this thesis provides a theoretical approach to this scientific and practical problem and shows its relevance in an empirical study. ; In den letzten Jahren gab es einen steigenden Bedarf an disaggregierten Wirtschaftsdaten, da immer mehr Unternehmen und Institutionen ihre Entscheidungen auf Basis solcher Informationen treffen. Diese tiefgegliederten Daten können beispielsweise Umsätze von Unternehmen in einer speziellen Industrieklasse (NACE3- oder NACE4-Ebene) sein. Allerdings sind in der Realität Stichproben auf solch detailliertem Niveau selten verfügbar, was in der Regel kleine Stichprobenumfänge bewirkt. In solchen Fällen führen klassische Schätzverfahren oft zu schlechten Ergebnissen und Small Area Methoden müssen angewendet werden. Das Grundprinzip von diesen Verfahren besteht darin, dass die Schätzung durch Erweiterung der ursprünglich zu kleinen Datengruppe verbessert wird. Dies kann durch die Kombination der Erhebungsinformationen mit Hilfsvariablen, wie zum Beispiel Unternehmensdaten aus ähnlich strukturierten Industriezweigen, erreicht werden. Diese Methoden liefern unter strikten Annahmen über die Stichprobe und die Verteilung selbst bei kleinen Stichprobenumfängen deutlich bessere Schätzergebnisse als klassische Verfahren. Des Weiteren beinhalten einzelne Industrieklassen stark unterschiedlich ausgeprägte Werte. Ein Beispiel hierfür ist die Automobilindustrie, in der neben vielen kleineren Zulieferunternehmen auch einige große Hersteller in dieser Branche zu finden sind. Solche stark abweichenden Beobachtungen werden in der Statistik als Ausreißer bezeichnet. Bei Small Area Verfahren führt die Kombination von Ausreißern mit kleinen Stichprobenumfängen zu starken Problemen. Aus diesem Grund müssen Small Area Methoden gegenüber solch starken Beobachtungen robustifiziert werden. Derzeit gibt es in diesem Bereich zwei Ansätze: den robusten EBLUP und M-Quantile Modelle. Neben Ausreißern weisen aber Unternehmensdaten oft auch räumliche Muster auf, wie zum Beispiel geografische Nachbarschaftsstrukturen oder Branchenähnlichkeiten. Diese räumlichen Strukturen können ebenfalls benutzt werden, um die ursprünglich zu kleine Datengruppe zu erweitern. Die gleichzeitige Berücksichtigung von Ausreißern und räumlichen Mustern bei Schätzverfahren ist in der Wissenschaft jedoch noch nicht vollständig untersucht. Aus diesem Grund widmet sich die Arbeit dieser wissenschaftlich relevanten Problemstellung.

Im Nationalsozialismus bildeten Festplätze und Paradestraßen unmenschlichen Maßstabes den Handlungsrahmen politischer Massenfeiern. An neu verordneten und kalendarisch fest verankerten Feiertagen wurde – stets in Ausrichtung auf den autokratischen "Führer" – die Nation als Mythos beschworen. Dabei sollte an eine Opfer- und Vernichtungsbereitschaft appelliert werden, die sich teilweise sogar in inszenierten Kriegsspielen, vor allem aber in der ideologischen Umformung, Belegung und politischen Verwendung von Raum und Material artikulierte. Als Feierstätten wurden nach Möglichkeit geschichtsträchtige Orte ausgewählt oder Bezüge zu nobilitierenden Bauten hergestellt. Fehlten historische Anbindungen wurden sie hemmungslos dem propagandistischen Zweck entsprechend konstruiert. Ob zum Reichserntedankfest oder zum Heldengedenktag – alle Festplätze wurden reichsweit mit einem festgelegten und ritualisierten Schmückungsapparat "gleichgeschaltet", den man in nur kurzer Zeit etabliert hatte, und der als Zeichen völkischer Verbundenheit dienen sollte. Entsprechend war die obligatorische und aktive Beteiligung der Bevölkerung an einer reichsweiten Schmückung zu lesen. Die gleiche nationale Geste wurde materialikonographisch durch die ausschließliche Verwendung heimischer, bodenständiger Materialien wie Holz oder Eichenblätter chiffriert – dementsprechend wurden "fremdländische" Substanzen verbannt. Damit wurde jedes im Festraum verwendete Material politisiert und nationalisiert. Analog zur Darstellung und Propagierung von Hitler als messianische Lichtgestalt wurden diese Feierstätten als quasi-religiöse Kulträume inszeniert: Einerseits durch eine lithurgische Ausstattung, die den quasi-religiösen Landungen diente, und andererseits durch ihre Abgrenzung von profanen Alltagsbezügen, wie von großstädtischen Kulissen. Doch erst die Verwendung ephemerer Materialien ermöglichte die Schaffung von universellen und allmächtigen Natur- und Ewigkeitsbezügen. Genau jene Beschwörung erhabener Sphären, wie die des Himmels, war als überweltliche, herrschaftslegitimierende Maßnahme zu lesen. Ein weiteres wichtiges Ergebnis dieser Arbeit ist der konträre Umgang mit verschiedenen vorgegebenen Topografien und die Herrschaftsmerkmale, die sich daraus ergaben: Im städtischen Festraum, wie in Berlin, München oder auch Nürnberg, etablierte sich die Achse und die Abfolge und Wiederholung additiver Elemente als prägendes formales Merkmal. Im Naturraum hingegen, wurden organische Formen verwendet und eine scheinbare Unordnung inszeniert und als herrschaftslegitimierende Instanz eingesetzt. Sogar das Materialrepertoire wurde aus dem Naturraum geschöpft, in den Landschaftsraum hinein erweitert und bedeutete die Indienstnahme der gesamten scheinbar zufälligen Natursphäre. Damit wird die Vorstellung von der Geraden oder Achse als ausschließliches Mittel zur Demonstration nationalsozialistischer Herrschaft hinfällig. Die bauliche Gestaltung der städtischen Festplätze war durchaus eine denkmalhafte Inszenierung – wie die Ruinen des Reichsparteitagsgeländes noch heute zeigen – und ihre auffälligsten Gestaltungsmerkmale und Materialien sind dauerhafter Art. Der nationalsozialistische Festraum erhielt jedoch seine vollkommenste Ausformung durch ephemere Mittel – wie Licht und Feuer, Fahnenbanner und "Menschenmaterial". Denn die aus dauerhaftem Material geschaffenen Elemente, wie Pylonen oder Pflastersteine, fungierten vielfach lediglich als Platzhalter, Projektionsflächen oder gar Parameter. Denn eine einzigartige Eigenschaft ephemerer Materialien war von besonderer Bedeutung: Die der Beweglichkeit. Es konnten mittels Licht oder Feuer bewegliche Raumkonstrukte geschaffen werden, die sogar in eigenen dramaturgischen Abläufen eingesetzt wurden und dadurch selbst zu quasi-kultischen Handlungsabschnitten wurden. Darüber hinaus diente ephemeres Material auch als eigenständiges Baumaterial, wie Albert Speers Lichtdom, zur Konstituierung von neuem Raum. Damit rückt die These von der Verwendung ephemerer Gestaltungsmittel in lediglich requisitenhafter Funktion – wie es bisher in der Forschung dargestellt worden ist – noch weiter in den Hintergrund. ; Festival arenas and parade streets, which provided architecturally choreographed settings for massive political rallies, advanced to becoming the two most essential components of every city's urban redesign, serving solely to celebrate highlights of a newly, autocratically imposed political calendar. These celebrations were to provide a commonality of experience, promote unified national identity and quickly and permanently establish tradition and ritual. These political Nazi celebrations were meticulously organized, aesthetically calculated and hence, psychologically manipulative – whether they were designed in the form of mass rallies or smaller public events. Like the title suggests, their structures and meaning were determined by two criteria, the organisation of space and the employment of iconographically significant material. The opening chapter, "A New Order of Time and Space", deals with the phenomenon of festival culture, whose socio-political and psychological significance had already been articulated by the National Socialist Party as early as in the 1920s and were soon strictly regulated by specific propaganda departments of the government. After the Nazi's seizure of power in 1933, public life therefore underwent a huge transition. After all, in order to psychologically mobilize an entire nation, strategies had to be developed that weren't located on the level of logical observation and rational reflection but that triggered subconscious feelings by creating "sensuous", communal experiences. Besides establishing a cyclical political calendar, specific cultic rituals were created and permanently installed. For these specific purposes alone, cultic sites, political symbols and other highly effective aesthetical elements were designed. These political "ambiences" served in removing the masses – both geographically and psychologically – from everyday life in order to ensnare them in the totalitarian system of "leader" and "followers". The second chapter, "Urban Cult Sites", focuses on sites within cityscapes, such as in Berlin and Munich. Mono-functional areas on the other hand, like the rally grounds on the outskirts of Nuremberg, pose an exception but follow the same principles structurally and architecturally, in order to represent autocratic intentions. Until the outbreak of war, festival sites and streets were aggrandized with immeasurable dimensions following those very characteristics, in a way that has, in general, only become of such significance in totalitarian regimes. Adjoining parade streets were of equal relevance, being part of the cult site's infrastructure. Thus, cultic space was constituted not only by reconstructing and analyzing the permanent architecture, but by use of the specific utilized ephemeral materials. It was therefore of further major relevance to determine how ephemeral materials, in opposition to solid and durable materials, constituted disparate semantic levels. Especially because in most of the secondary literature the materials of ephemeral stagings are merely treated as "cultic props". Political rallies however, were not confined to architectural settings in urban areas, but were also executed in the countryside, amplifying and utilizing hereby the "natural" ambiance. This is subject in the third chapter, "Political Cult Sites in Nature", in which prominent aesthetical features illustrate which calculating propagandistic connotations were sought, by instrumentalizing these natural habitats and their regional materials. In addition, the Nazis also selectively enhanced and propagandized certain topographies, such as visible historical structures, silhouettes and skylines, which were either negated or an ennobling vicinity was sought to justify political ideologies. The fourth and final main chapter on lighting effects begins with a chapter on fire, "Lumen Naturale – Fire Spectacles". This chapter which covers different techniques of utilizing natural fire as a political medium and covers many different locations as its use was of almost pyromaniac nature and whose contrasting mythical and religious features were utilized for ideological purposes. Electric light, as the ephemeral design tool par excellence, took on a primary role in the designing and reorganization of space at political rallies, which constitutes a major part of the forth chapter, "Lumen supranaturalis – Lighting Effects". Albert Speer's "Lichtdom" was the cultic highlight of the entire, meticulously organized Reich's party rallies in Nuremberg.

A presente investigação teve por objectivo conhecer a liderança exercida pelos gestores das Escolas de Formação de Professores em Angola, compreender os tipos de liderança existentes, identificar as características que apresentam os líderes democráticos nas EFP, produzir e, a partir da análise indutiva, estruturar conhecimentos para a formação da liderança democrática nos gestores das Escolas de Formação de Professores em Angola. O estudo baseou-se na abordagem fundamentalmente qualitativa, método fenomenológico e foi realizado em 10 Escolas de Formaçãode Professores (EFP) do centro e sul de Angola. A amostra foi constituída por 210 participantes, sendo 10 diretores, 200 professores na 1ª fase, e 93 participantes na 2ª fase, dos quais, 3 diretores e 90 professores. A entrevista semiestruturada e um questionário foram os instrumentos utilizados para recolha dos dados na 1ª fase, uma entrevista em profundidade e um questionário sobre a liderança democrática na 2ª fase. Os resultados das entrevistas e dos questionários permitiram aos participantes reflectirem sobre as categorias, liderança democrática, formação académica e profissional dos diretores, o tempo de serviço dos diretores, análise da categoria sobre o tempo no cargo, liderança praticada pelos diretores, gestão participativa, relação com os alunos, professores e a comunidade. Os resultados mostraram que, a liderança democrática ainda é escassa. A liderança democrática representa menos de um terço do total. Isso significa que ainda estamos longe do que seria desejável. A existência desses três tipos de liderança está associada ao contexto histórico, social e político do país. No entanto, nos centros caracterizados pela liderança democrática, encontramos elementos para estimular seu desenvolvimento no resto do país. ; La presente investigación tiene por objetivos conocer el liderazgo ejercido por los gestores de las Escuelas de Formación de Profesores (EFP) en Angola, comprender los tipos de liderazgo existentes, identificar las características que presentan los líderes democráticos en las EFP, producir y, a partir del análisis inductivo, estructurar conocimientos para la formación del liderazgo democrático de los gestores de las EFP angoleñas. La investigación se basó en una perspectiva fundamentalmente cualitativa, realizando un estudio fenomenológico en diez Escuelas de Formación de Profesores del centro y sur de Angola. La muestra fue constituida en la primera fase de la investigación por 210 participantes, 10 directores y 200 profesores; y 93 participantes en la segunda fase, de los cuales 3 fueron directores y 90 profesores. Una entrevista semiestructurada y un cuestionario fueron los instrumentos utilizados para la recogida de los datos en la primera fase; y en la segunda fase, una entrevista en profundidad y un cuestionario específico sobre el liderazgo democrático. Los resultados de las entrevistas y de los cuestionarios permitieron a los participantes reflexionar sobre las categorías liderazgo democrático, formación académica y profesional de los directores, el tiempo de servicio de los mismos, el tiempo en el cargo, liderazgo practicado por los directores, gestión participativa, relación con los alumnos, profesores y la comunidad. Los resultados mostraron que el liderazgo democrático aún es escaso. El liderazgo democrático representa menos de un tercio del total. Eso significa que todavía estamos lejos de lo que sería deseable. La existencia de los tres tipos de liderazgo (autocrático, laissez-faire y democrático) está asociada al contexto histórico, social y político de Angola. No osbtante, en los centros caracterizados por el liderazgo democrático, encontramos elementos para estimular su desarrollo en el resto del país. ; The current research aims to know the leadership exerted by the Teachers Training Schools' Managers in Angola; understand the existing types of leadership; and identify the characteristics that the democratic leaders of Teachers Training Schools present; produce and induce knowledge for the democratic leadership training of the Teachers Training Schools' Managers in Angola. This research is mainly based on the qualitative approach, phenomenological method; it was accomplished at 10 Teachers Training Schools from both the Center and South Angola. The sample was constituted by 210 participants, being 10 School Directors, 200 Teachers at the first stage; and 93 participants at the second stage, among them, 3 School Directors and 90 Teachers. A semi structured interview and a questionnaire were the used tools in order to collect the data at the first stage; and an indepth interview and a questionnaire about democratic leadership at the second stage. The results of the interviews and the questionnaires allowed the participants to reflect on the categories; democratic leadership; the School Directors' academic and professional training; the School Directors' in-service time; length of time in position; the leadership practised by the school Directors; participating management; and the relationship among students, teachers and the community. The results show that the democratic leadership still is scarce. The democratic leadership represents less than a third of the grand total. That means that we still are far away from what would be desirable. The existence of these three types of leadership is associated to the historical, social and political contexts of the country. Meanwhile, at the centers characterized by democratic leadership, we can find elements to stimulate its development in the rest of the country.

OBJECTIVES: Designing and proposing alternative models for municipal and Departmental malaria control programmes based on evidence obtained concerning the process of malaria on the Colombian Pacific Coast and regarding key problems in the malaria control programme before and following health system reform in 1993.METHODS: An evaluative study was carried out, comparing the situation before and following the 1993 reform; model design was also compared. Control programme is understood as being the institution, the human group and administration in charge of control activities. The study was carried out in 2002 and 2003, in the Departments along the Colombian Pacific Coast; the four departmental capitals, 28 malarial and 5 control municipalities were included primary and secondary information was obtained by means of surveys and semi-structured interviews, community meetings and reviewing documentation in the secretariats of health, the Vector-borne disease control programme-VBDC, the Expanded Immunisation Programme-EIP, Health Promoting Entities-HPE, Subsidised Regime Administrators-SRA and Service-Providing Entities-SPE.RESULTS: The following results were obtained: 1. Illustrating and analysing malarial tendencies in the country and on the Pacific Coast, and the corresponding institutional transformations in the programme; 2. Characterising the control programme which existed before 1993; 3. Characterising departmental modes of decentralising the programme; 4. Identifying the effects of reforming the system and characterising control programme problems; 5. Comparing the programme with the Expanded Immunisation Programme (EIP); 6. Comparative analysis of the programme and identifying current gaps in management capability; 7. Actors' perceptions regarding the control programme; 8. Values and challenges for an innovative control programme; and 9. Designing a model for up-dating/adapting the control programme.DISCUSSION: Malaria control programmes' problems and weaknesses are frequently and inarticulately attributed to the lack of knowledge and management skill of personnel working in such programmes, the lack of an information and communication system or weaknesses in the municipalities or personnel. These factors may well have had an effect; however, a global and institutional approach leads to locating the programmes within a social, political and cultural context. This allows interpreting control programmes' current problems, amidst decentralisation and reform processes, and linking this interpretation to modelling and opening a space for innovation in such programmes. The study's main limitations spring from particularities regarding Pacific Coast control programmes and weakness in health information systems. ; OBJETIVOS: Diseñar y proponer modelos alternativos para los programas municipales y Departamentales de control de la malaria, con base en evidencias obtenidas sobre el proceso de la malaria en la Costa Pacífica de Colombia y sobre las problemáticas claves del programa de control de la malaria antes y después de la reforma del sistema de salud de 1993.MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio evaluativo, de comparación antes y después de la reforma de 1993, y de diseño de modelos. Por programa de control se entendió la institución, el grupo humano y la administración que están a cargo de las actividades de control. El estudio se llevó a cabo durante el año 2002 y 2003, en los Departamentos de la Costa Pacífica colombiana. Se incluyeron las cuatro capitales departamentales, 28 municipios maláricos y 5 de control. Se obtuvo información primaria y secundaria, por medio de encuestas y entrevistas semiestructuradas, reuniones comunitarias y revisión documental en secretarías de salud, programa de Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vectores-ETV, Programa Ampliado de Inmunizaciones-PAI, Empresas Promotoras de Salud-EPS, Administradoras del Régimen Subsidiado-ARS e Instituciones Prestadoras de Servicios-IPS.RESULTADOS: Se obtuvieron los siguientes resultados: 1. Ilustración y análisis de las tendencias de la malaria en el país y la Costa Pacífica, y las correspondientes transformaciones institucionales del programa. 2. Caracterización del programa de control antes de 1993. 3. Modalidades departamentales de la descentralización del programa. 4. Identificación de los efectos de la reforma del sistema y caracterización de las problemáticas del programa de control. 5. Comparación con el programa PAI6. Análisis comparado del programa e identificación de brechas actuales en la capacidad de manejo. 7. Percepción de los actores sobre el programa de control. 8. Valores y retos de un programa de control innovador. 9. Diseño de un modelo para adecuación del programa de control.DISCUSIÓN: Las problemáticas y debilidades de los programas de control de la malaria se atribuyen con frecuencia, y de manera desarticulada, a la falta de conocimiento y habilidades gerenciales del personal que labora en el programa, a la carencia de un sistema de información y comunicación, a la debilidad de los municipios o del personal. Si bien estos factores han incidido, una aproximación más global e institucional permite ubicar los programas en un contexto social, político y cultural. De esta manera es posible interpretar las problemáticas actuales de los programas de control, en medio de los procesos de descentralización y reforma, y enlazar esta interpretación a un ejercicio de modelamiento que abra espacio a la innovación en tales programas. Las principales limitaciones del estudio se desprenden de las particularidades de los programas de control de la Costa Pacífica y de la debilidad de los sistemas de información en salud.

We thank CERN for the very successful operation of the LHC, as well as the support staff from our institutions without whom ATLAS could not be operated efficiently. We acknowledge the support of ANPCyT, Argentina; YerPhI, Armenia; ARC, Australia; BMWFW and FWF, Austria; ANAS, Azerbaijan; SSTC, Belarus; CNPq and FAPESP, Brazil; NSERC, NRC and CFI, Canada; CERN; ANID, Chile; CAS, MOST and NSFC, China; COLCIENCIAS, Colombia; MSMT CR, MPO CR and VSC CR, Czech Republic; DNRF and DNSRC, Denmark; IN2P3-CNRS and CEA-DRF/IRFU, France; SRNSFG, Georgia; BMBF, HGF and MPG, Germany; GSRT, Greece; RGC and Hong Kong SAR, China; ISF and Benoziyo Center, Israel; INFN, Italy; MEXT and JSPS, Japan; CNRST, Morocco; NWO, Netherlands; RCN, Norway; MNiSW and NCN, Poland; FCT, Portugal; MNE/IFA, Romania; JINR; MES of Russia and NRC KI, Russian Federation; MESTD, Serbia; MSSR, Slovakia; ARRS and MIZŠ, Slovenia; DST/NRF, South Africa; MICINN, Spain; SRC and Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden; SERI, SNSF and Cantons of Bern and Geneva, Switzerland; MOST, Taiwan; TAEK, Turkey; STFC, United Kingdom; DOE and NSF, United States of America. In addition, individual groups and members have received support from BCKDF, CANARIE, Compute Canada, CRC and IVADO, Canada; Beijing Municipal Science & Technology Commission, China; COST, ERC, ERDF, Horizon 2020 and Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions, European Union; Investissements d'Avenir Labex, Investissements d'Avenir Idex and ANR, France; DFG and AvH Foundation, Germany; Herakleitos, Thales and Aristeia programmes co-financed by EU-ESF and the Greek NSRF, Greece; BSF-NSF and GIF, Israel; La Caixa Banking Foundation, CERCA Programme Generalitat de Catalunya and PROMETEO and GenT Programmes Generalitat Valenciana, Spain; Göran Gustafssons Stiftelse, Sweden; The Royal Society and Leverhulme Trust, United Kingdom. The crucial computing support from all WLCG partners is acknowledged gratefully, in particular from CERN, the ATLAS Tier-1 facilities at TRIUMF (Canada), NDGF (Denmark, Norway, Sweden), CC-IN2P3 (France), KIT/GridKA (Germany), INFN-CNAF (Italy), NL-T1 (Netherlands), PIC (Spain), ASGC (Taiwan), RAL (UK) and BNL (USA), the Tier-2 facilities worldwide and large non-WLCG resource providers. Major contributors of computing resources are listed in ref. [109]. ; Measurements of four-lepton differential and integrated fiducial cross-sections in events with two same-flavour, opposite-charge electron or muon pairs are presented. The data correspond to 139 fb(-1) of root s = 13 TeV proton-proton collisions, collected by the ATLAS detector during Run 2 of the Large Hadron Collider (2015-2018). The final state has contributions from a number of interesting Standard Model processes that dominate in different four-lepton invariant mass regions, including single Z boson production, Higgs boson production and on-shell ZZ production, with a complex mix of interference terms, and possible contributions from physics beyond the Standard Model. The differential cross-sections include the four-lepton invariant mass inclusively, in slices of other kinematic variables, and in different lepton flavour categories. Also measured are dilepton invariant masses, transverse momenta, and angular correlation variables, in four regions of four-lepton invariant mass, each dominated by different processes. The measurements are corrected for detector effects and are compared with state-of-the-art Standard Model calculations, which are found to be consistent with the data. The Z -> 4l branching fraction is extracted, giving a value of (4.41 +/- 0.30) x 10(-6). Constraints on effective field theory parameters and a model based on a spontaneously broken B - L gauge symmetry are also evaluated. Further reinterpretations can be performed with the provided information. ; ANPCyT, Argentina ; YerPhI, Armenia ; ARC, Australia ; BMWFW and FWF, Austria ; ANAS, Azerbaijan ; SSTC, Belarus ; CNPq and FAPESP, Brazil ; NSERC, NRC and CFI, Canada ; CERN ; ANID, Chile ; CAS, MOST and NSFC, China ; COLCIENCIAS, Colombia ; MSMT CR, MPO CR and VSC CR, Czech Republic ; DNRF and DNSRC, Denmark ; IN2P3-CNRS and CEA-DRF/IRFU, France; ; SRNSFG, Georgia ; BMBF, HGF and MPG, Germany ; GSRT, Greece ; RGC and Hong Kong SAR, China ; ISF and Benoziyo Center, Israel ; INFN, Italy ; MEXT and JSPS, Japan ; CNRST, Morocco ; NWO, Netherlands ; RCN, Norway ; MNiSW and NCN, Poland ; FCT, Portugal ; MNE/IFA, Romania ; JINR ; MES of Russia and NRC KI, Russian Federation ; MESTD, Serbia ; MSSR, Slovakia ; ARRS and MIZŠ, Slovenia ; DST/NRF, South Africa ; MICINN, Spain ; SRC and Wallenberg Foundation, Sweden ; SERI, SNSF and Cantons of Bern and Geneva, Switzerland ; MOST, Taiwan ; TAEK, Turkey ; STFC, United Kingdom ; DOE and NSF, United States of America ; BCKDF ; CANARIE, Compute Canada, CRC and IVADO, Canada ; Beijing Municipal Science & Technology Commission, China ; COST, ERC, ERDF, Horizon 2020 and Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions, European Union ; Investissements d'Avenir Labex, Investissements d'Avenir Idex and ANR, France ; DFG and AvH Foundation, Germany ; Herakleitos, Thales and Aristeia programmes co-financed by EU-ESF and the Greek NSRF, Greece ; BSF-NSF and GIF, Israel ; La Caixa Banking Foundation, CERCA Programme Generalitat de Catalunya and PROMETEO and GenT Programmes Generalitat Valenciana, Spain ; Göran Gustafssons Stiftelse, Sweden ; The Royal Society and Leverhulme Trust, United Kingdom.

The post-truth ideology seems to question the possibility of credibility in present-day society; however, the very idea of truth remains potent. In this paper, we adopt the notion of parrhesia, or the mode of telling the uncomfortable truth without deceit and concealment, to analyze how the discourse of truth is presented in contemporary fiction. Avoiding its political aspects, we limit our study to the interpersonal level of parrhesia that shapes individuals as moral subjects and belongs to the domain of ethos. We select Lauren Oliver's novel "Before I Fall" for analysis because it resembles a confession that involves the characters and readers in the practice of truth-telling. Drawing from Foucauldian theory, we examine how the protagonist participates in the parrhesiastic game and how the truth transforms her after she completes the stages of search for the truth, test of the character, and care for oneself and others. We argue that in the novel truth-telling is related to the problems of school bullying, social separateness, and suicide. Through the rhetorical approach to narrative we show how narration reflects psychological and moral changes of the protagonist and examine how narrative judgments reveal the ethical values of the author and the readers. We analyse how the novel describes the problem of violence demonstrating that its source lies within the family and school where abusive adolescent conduct is caused by the inability of adults to create a healthy climate for children. Individuals deprived of emotional support and guidance tend to direct their rage and frustration towards others to reduce inner strain. Lauren Oliver demonstrates the effectiveness of the parrhesiastic practice in renewing social bonds between interlocutors and reducing violent behavior. We conclude that the novel establishes truth as the highest ethical value that includes developing a true self, leading a true life according to the principles and having courage to oppose false opinions of others. ; Идеология пост-правды, кажется, ставит под сомнение возможность достоверности в современном обществе, однако, сама идея правды остается действенной. В статье мы используем понятие парезии, или способа говорить неприятную правду без обмана и утаивания, чтобы проанализировать, как дискурс правды представлен в современной литературе. Избегая политических аспектов, мы ограничиваем наше исследование межличностным уровнем парезии, который формирует индивидуумов как моральных субъектов и принадлежит к сфере этоса. Для анализа мы выбрали роман Лорен Оливер "Прежде чем я упаду", который напоминает исповедь, которая вовлекает героев и читателей в практику говорить правду. Применяя теорию Мишеля Фуко, мы изучаем, как протагонист принимает участие в парезической игре и как правда формирует ее после того, как она завершает стадии поиска правды, испытания личности и заботы о себе и других. Мы утверждаем, что в романе высказывание правды связано с проблемами буллинга в школе, социальной отделенности и суицида. Через риторический подход к нарративу мы показываем, как наррация отображает психологические и моральные изменения протагонистки, и исследуем, как нарративные суждения раскрывают этические ценности автора и читателей. Мы анализируем, как в романе изображена проблема насилия, демонстрируя, что ее источник находится в пределах семьи и школы, где жестокое поведение несовершеннолетних вызвано неспособностью взрослых создать здоровую среду для детей. Лица, лишенные эмоциональной поддержки и руководства, склонны направлять свою ярость и разочарование на других, чтобы снизить внутреннее напряжение. Лорен Оливер показывает эффективность парезической практики в возобновлении социальных связей между собеседниками и уменьшении агрессивного поведения. Мы приходим к выводу, что роман утверждает правду как самую высокую этическую ценность, которая включает развитие настоящей личности, ведение правдивой жизни в соответствии с принципами и наличие смелости, чтобы противостоять неправильным мнениям других. ; Ідеологія пост-правди, здається, ставить під сумнів можливість достовірності в сучасному суспільстві, однак, сама ідея правди залишається потужною. У статті ми використовуємо поняття парезії, або способу казання неприємної правди без обману і приховування, щоб проаналізувати, як дискурс правди представлений в сучасній літературі. Уникаючи політичних аспектів, ми обмежуємо наше дослідження міжособистісним рівнем парезії, що формує індивідуумів як моральних суб'єктів і належить до сфери етосу. Для аналізу ми обрали роман Лорен Олівер "Поки я не впала", який нагадує сповідь, що залучає героїв і читачів до практики правдо-казання. Застосовуючи теорію Мішеля Фуко, ми вивчаємо, як протагоністка бере участь у парезичній грі і як правда трансформує її після того, як вона завершує стадії пошуку правди, випробування особистості і турботи про себе й інших. Ми стверджуємо, що в романі правдо-казання пов'язане з проблемами булінгу в школі, соціальної роздільності й суїциду. Через риторичний підхід до наративу ми показуємо, як нарація відображає психологічні й моральні зміни протагоністки, і досліджуємо, як наративні судження розкривають етичні цінності автора і читачів. Ми аналізуємо, як у романі зображено проблему насилля, демонструючи, що її джерело знаходиться в межах родини і школи, де жорстока поведінка неповнолітніх викликана нездатністю дорослих створити здорове середовище для дітей. Особи, позбавлені емоційної підтримки і наставництва, схильні спрямовувати свою лють і розчарування на інших, щоб знизити внутрішнє напруження. Лорен Олівер показує дієвість парезичної практики у відновленні соціальних зв'язків між співрозмовниками і зменшенні агресивної поведінки. Ми робимо висновок, що роман утверджує правду як найвищу етичну цінність, що включає розвиток справжньої особистості, ведення правдивого життя відповідно до принципів і наявність сміливості, щоб протистояти хибним поглядам інших.

Este trabalho apresenta uma breve discussão acerca dos pressupostos educacionais e de como esses processos socializadores são utilizados como referência de um modelo de reconhecimento social que opera na lógica utilitarista. Em suma, a Educação (processo socializador/civilizador) sistematizada na ação pedagógica formal projeta, no sentido do mercado, toda matriz curricular que no desígnio atual e sob o dissimulado discurso da cidadania e do trabalho, tece uma sociedade marcadamente desigual, hierarquizada e materialista. O respectivo artigo foi produzido como comunhão entre uma fundamentação teórica mais crítica e uma breve pesquisa de campo realizada em sete escolas no município de Caucaia, com professores e alunos da rede pública de ensino. Os autores elencados para a análise dialogam no universo da relação entre Educação e Sociedade e a pesquisa de campo, por sua vez, direcionou a conclusão para a ratificação daquilo que a base teórica evidencia como controle social "velado" no descaso com o currículo formal de ensino e com as práticas pedagógicas. A descrença na construção de um sujeito verdadeiramente cidadão constata a ineficiência de uma Educação autônoma e reflexiva no âmbito das Escolas analisadas o que, a meu ver, facilita a emergência de modelos de reconhecimento social de ação social mais danosa, destrutiva e meramente reprodutivista. Por fim e ainda que pareça conspiratório, a falta de significado real e o total esvaziamento de conteúdos que, em tese promoveriam prosperidade social, apenas produzem uma Educação tendenciosa e cooptada pelo paradigma vigente o que, por sua vez, reedita a Sociedade Capitalista.Palavras Chave: Educação. Sociedade. Controle Social.Education, Society and Power: a sociological analysis of experiences and distinct perceptions of depoliticization in the educational process of Caucaia-CEABSTRACTThis paper presents a brief discussion about the educational assumptions and how these socializing processes are used as reference of a model of social recognition that operates in the utilitarian logic. In short, Education (socializing / civilizing process) and Schooling systematized in formal pedagogical action project, in the sense of the market, any curricular matrix which, in the current design and under the covert discourse of citizenship and work, weave a markedly unequal society, hierarchical and materialistic. The article was produced as a communion between a more critical theoretical foundation and a brief field research carried out in seven schools in the municipality of Caucaia, with teachers and students from the public school system. The authors listed for the analysis dialogue in the universe of the relation between Education and Society and the field research, in turn, directed the conclusion for the ratification of what the theoretical base evidences as social control through the formal curriculum of teaching and the respective projects inherent pedagogical policies. Nonetheless, the disbelief in the construction of a truly citizen subject shows the inefficiency of an autonomous and reflexive Education in the scope of the Schools analyzed which, in my view, facilitates the emergence of harmful social recognition models and conditioners of more harmful social action, destructive and merely reproductive. Finally, and even if it seems conspiratorial, the lack of real meaning and the total emptying of contents that, in theory, would promote social prosperity, only produce an Education tendentious and coopted by the current paradigm which, in turn, reissues the Capitalist Society.Keywords: Education. Society. Social ControlEducación, Sociedad y Poder: un análisis sociológico de experiencias, vivencias y distintas percepciones de despolitización en el proceso educativo de Caucaia-CERESUMENEste trabajo presenta una breve discusión acerca de los supuestos educativos y de cómo los procesos socializadores se utilizan como referencia de un modelo de reconocimiento social que opera en la lógica utilitarista. En suma, la Educación (proceso socializador / civilizador) sistematizada en la acción pedagógica formal proyecta, en el sentido del mercado, toda malla curricular que en el designio actual y bajo el disimulado discurso de la ciudadanía y del trabajo, tejen una sociedad marcadamente desigual, jerarquizada y materialista. Este artículo fue producido como comunión entre una fundamentación teórica más crítica y una breve investigación de campo realizada en siete escuelas en la municipalidad de Caucaia, con profesores y alumnos de la red pública de enseñanza. Los autores mencionados para el análisis dialogan en el universo de la relación entre Educación y Sociedad y la investigación de campo, a su vez, dirigió la conclusión para la ratificación de lo que la base teórica evidencia como control social "velado" en el descuido con el currículo formal de la enseñanza y las prácticas pedagógicas. La incredulidad en la construcción de un sujeto verdaderamente ciudadano constata la ineficiencia de una Educación autónoma y reflexiva en el ámbito de las Escuelas analizadas a mi modo de ver como facilitadora de la emergencia de modelos de reconocimiento social de acción social más dañosa, destructiva y meramente reproductiva. Por fin y aunque parezca conspiratorio, la falta de significado real y el total vaciamiento de contenidos que, en tesis promoverían prosperidad social, sólo producen una Educación tendenciosa y cooptada por el paradigma vigente lo que a su vez reedita la Sociedad Capitalista.Palabras clave: Educación. La sociedad. Control Social

The aim of this thesis is to show how Europe is constructed at the intersection between archaeology, money and politics within EU cultural actions. Ever since the 1970s, the European Community has invested money and prestige in the idea of a common cultural heritage for Europe. Alongside symbolic attributes such as the flag and anthem, archaeological sites have been used as rhetorical fuel to create a sense of European belonging, much like in national identity building. As a result, archaeologists and heritage professionals have benefitted from EU funding for restoration of sites, training schools and cooperation projects since 1976. In order to address this mutual engagement, the research in this thesis explores the ways that EU grant systems in culture have fostered specific approaches to Europeanness, and how supported projects have responded to notions about a common heritage. By considering EU officials, expert reviewers, consultants and archaeologists as co-creators of the frameworks they participate in, this study raises the idea of financial ties as a place of interaction. The study takes an ethnographic approach and uses discourse analysis and tools from Actor-Network Theory. The material consists of observations made during an internship at the European Commission, 41 interviews with different actors, as well as policy documents, budgets and collected information about 160 supported projects with archaeological themes. This research demonstrates how the expectations linked to archaeology have turned it into both a problem and a promise in the search for a 'usable past' for the EU. On the one hand, archaeology has functioned as an anchor, mooring the notion of a common heritage to something solid. On the other, because of its strong commitment to nationhood, what archaeology claims for its own has often undermined the very idea of a shared European inheritance. Projects benefitting from EU support have taken advantage of the expectations placed upon archaeology to help create a European identity, using buzzwords and 'application poetry' in their proposals. Many projects continuously used EU goals and symbols in their outputs. Sometimes a European past and present was connected by rhetorically tying archaeological periods (such as the Middle Ages and Roman Era) and phenomena (rock art or landscapes) to the EU political project. This link was more manifest in public settings than in academic ones. Taken together, the considerations brought up in this study show that funding matters. The EU strategy of vagueness, in which instructions and evaluation criteria foremost decide the frames but not the content of the projects, has inspired applicants to 'think Europe without thinking.' Once an application is written and submitted, a chain of translations by different actors works to depoliticise the act of constructing Europe. The EU, just as other funding bodies, has become entangled in the political ecology of archaeology. An entanglement which is unavoidable, but which needs to be critically addressed. Funding sources matter for the way we understand both the past and the meaning of archaeology in the present. ; Denna avhandling undersöker hur Europa skapas i gränslandet mellan arkeologi, pengar och politik inom den Europeiska Unionens kulturpolitiska finansieringsprogram. Vid sidan av symboliska attribut såsom flagga och nationalsång har företrädare för den Europeiska Gemenskapen och EU engagerat sig i idén om ett gemensamt europeiskt kulturarv, på ett metaforiskt såväl som ett materiellt plan. Politisk legitimitet har sökts med hänvisning till en mångtusenårig samhörighet. I samband med detta engagemang har arkeologer och kulturarvsarbetare sedan 1970-talet erhållit finansiellt stöd för restaureringsprojekt på platser av europeisk betydelse och transnationella samarbetsprojekt som kan skapa europeiskt mervärde. Studien undersöker banden mellan EU och arkeologi genom att lyfta finansiering som en plats för interaktion och meningsskapande. En etnografisk metod har tillämpats, där empirin består av fältobservationer från en praktikantperiod på Europeiska kommissionen, 41 intervjuer med olika aktörer, samt policydokument och arkeologiska texter. En databas med 160 arkeologiska projekt har även skapats. Diskursanalys och nätverksteoretiska begrepp såsom översättningar och svarta lådan har använts för att lokalisera och begreppsliggöra iakttagelser och meningsfulla skärningspunkter i materialet. Studien visar hur EU-tjänstemän, expertgranskare, konsulter och arkeologer alla deltar i utformandet av arkeologiska problemställningar och byggandet av professionella nätverk. EUs mjuka strategier, inom vilka instruktioner och utvärderingskriterier främst bestämmer ramarna men inte innehållet i de finansierade projekten, har inspirerat sökande att tänka Europa utan att tänka. När en ansökan skrivs och lämnas in startar en kedja av översättningar som leder till att olika aktörer avpolitiserar skapandet av Europa i samtiden. I resultaten framkom att arkeologiska projekt, genom att använda EUs målformuleringar i sina projektansökningar, ofta har utnyttjat EUs förväntningar på arkeologi om att skapa en europeisk identitet. I flera projekt knöts en europeisk samhörighet i det förflutna samman med dagens EUropa. Dessutom fortsatte många projekt att använda EUs mål och symboler i sina outputs. Här var EU-kopplingen tydligare i publika sammanhang än i akademiska. Sammantaget visar studien att val av finansieringskälla spelar stor roll. EUs finansieringsprogram har blivit en del av arkeologins politiska ekologi, en sammanflätning som är oundviklig men viktig att kritiskt uppmärksamma. Dessa band påverkar både vår syn på det förflutna och samhällets syn på arkeologi idag.

The introduction of the legal design of trust property as a way of ensuring the fulfi llment of the obligation in the civil law of Ukraine was carried out to fulfi ll the obligations assumed by Ukraine under the Association Agreement between Ukraine, on the one hand, and the European Union, the European Commonwealth for Atomic Energy and their member States, on the other, in particular – the Implementation of the Directive 2002/47/ЕU of the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union, which defi nes fi nancial security arrangements that are based on the full transfer of ownership of fi nancial security.Taking into account the European integration aspirations of Ukraine, the consolidation in Chapter 49 of the Civil Code of Ukraine, which has the name «Enforcement of the Obligation» of such a method of enforcement of the obligation as the trust property law is certainly an important event. However, in terms of civil law theory in general and compulsory law in particular, the feasibility of such an institution raises some doubts, and the fact of the institution raises questions, the answers to which are being sought within the framework of the study. The purpose of the article is to defi ne the characteristics of the trust property law as one of the ways to ensure compliance with the obligation in the Civil Law of Ukraine.In order to achieve this goal, the authors analyze the legal design of trust property from the point of view of the public teaching on real and binding rights, study the specifi cs of legal relations that arise in the case of the conclusion of a contract on the establishment of trust property (in accordance with the requirements of § 8 of Chapter 49 of the Civil Code of Ukraine), and identify problematic aspects of the legal regulation of the relevant social relations.In the article it is proved the conclusion that individual pricing of sale of an object of confi dential property will not be coordinated with the provisions of the Law of Ukraine «On the Assessment of Property, Property Rights and Professional Estimated Activity in Ukraine» (regarding instructions of rather obligatory evaluating property). It is also noted that the implementation of the provisions of article 5978 of the Civil Code of Ukraine may lead to violation of the debtor's rights in terms of non-conformity with the sale price of the actual value of the asset, as the creditor is interested in selling the asset more quickly at a price that is equal to the debt, because everything that is above that, it will have to return the debtor.In addition, the article deals with issues related to the mechanism of enforcement by the trustee of the claim on the object of trust. In particular, the content of article 5978 of the Civil Code of Ukraine is analyzed, according to which condition of acquisition by the debtor of the right of overwhelming purchase of the object of trust is payment of a monetary amount to the deposit account of the notary. The establishment of such a rule in the Civil Code of Ukraine causes an unequal position of the debtor with respect to any other buyers who can acquire property and choose any other method of calculation than the deposit amount in the deposit account of the notary.The situation is complicated by the fact that the debtor is granted only 5 days (from the date of receipt of the message on sale of the object of trust) to pay the amount to the deposit account of the notary. ; Введение юридической конструкции доверительной собственности в качестве способа обеспечения исполнения обязательства в гражданское право Украины было осуществлено во исполнение обязанностей, принятых на себя Украиной в рамках Соглашения об ассоциации между Украиной, с одной стороны, и Европейским Союзом, Европейским Сообществом по атомной энергии и их государствами-членами, с другой стороны, в частности – относительно имплементации Директивы 2002/47/ ЄС Европейского Парламента и Совета Европейского Союза, в которой определены механизмы финансового обеспечения, базирующиеся на полной передаче собственности на финансовое обеспечение.Учитывая евроинтеграционные стремления Украины, закрепление в главе 49 ГК Украины, которая называется «Обеспечение исполнения обязательств», такого способа обеспечения исполнения обязательств, как право доверительной собственности, является, безусловно, важным событием. Однако, если оценить его с позиций теории гражданского права в целом и обязательственного права в частности, целесообразность введения такого института вызывает определенные сомнения, а сам факт введения порождает вопросы, поиск ответов на которые осуществляется в рамках данного исследования.Целью статьи является определение особенностей права доверительной собственности как одного из способов обеспечения исполнения обязательства в гражданском праве Украины.Для достижения указанной цели авторы анализируют юридическую конструкцию доверительной собственности с позиций цивилистического учения о вещных и обязательственных правах, изучают специфику правоотношений, возникающих в случае заключения договора об установлении доверительной собственности (в соответствии с предписаниями § 8 Главы 49 ГК Украины), определяют проб лемные аспекты правового регулирования соответствующих общественных отношений. ; Запровадження юридичної конструкції довірчої власності як способу забезпечення виконання зобов'язання у цивільне право Украї ни було здійснено на виконання обов'язків, прийнятих на себе Украї ною в рамках Угоди про асоціацію між Украї ною, з однієї сторони, та Європейським Союзом, Європейським співтовариством з атомної енергії і їхніми державами-членами, з іншої сторони, зокрема – щодо імплементації Директиви 2002/47/ЄС Європейського Парламенту і Ради Європейського Союзу, в якій визначені механізми фінансового забезпечення, що ґрунтуються на повній передачі власності на фінансове забезпечення.Враховую чи євроінтеграційні прагнення Украї ни, закріплення у Главі 49 ЦК України, яка має назву «Забезпечення виконання зобов'язання», такого способу забезпечення виконання зобов'язання, як право довірчої власності, безумовно, є важливою подією. Проте, якщо оцінити її з позицій теорії цивільного права в цілому і зобов'язального права зокрема, доцільність запровадження такого інституту викликає певні сумніви, а сам факт запровадження породжує питання, пошук відповідей на які здійснюється в рамках даного дослідження.

The introduction of the legal design of trust property as a way of ensuring the fulfi llment of the obligation in the civil law of Ukraine was carried out to fulfi ll the obligations assumed by Ukraine under the Association Agreement between Ukraine, on the one hand, and the European Union, the European Commonwealth for Atomic Energy and their member States, on the other, in particular – the Implementation of the Directive 2002/47/ЕU of the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union, which defi nes fi nancial security arrangements that are based on the full transfer of ownership of fi nancial security.Taking into account the European integration aspirations of Ukraine, the consolidation in Chapter 49 of the Civil Code of Ukraine, which has the name «Enforcement of the Obligation» of such a method of enforcement of the obligation as the trust property law is certainly an important event. However, in terms of civil law theory in general and compulsory law in particular, the feasibility of such an institution raises some doubts, and the fact of the institution raises questions, the answers to which are being sought within the framework of the study. The purpose of the article is to defi ne the characteristics of the trust property law as one of the ways to ensure compliance with the obligation in the Civil Law of Ukraine.In order to achieve this goal, the authors analyze the legal design of trust property from the point of view of the public teaching on real and binding rights, study the specifi cs of legal relations that arise in the case of the conclusion of a contract on the establishment of trust property (in accordance with the requirements of § 8 of Chapter 49 of the Civil Code of Ukraine), and identify problematic aspects of the legal regulation of the relevant social relations.In the article it is proved the conclusion that individual pricing of sale of an object of confi dential property will not be coordinated with the provisions of the Law of Ukraine «On the Assessment of Property, Property Rights and Professional Estimated Activity in Ukraine» (regarding instructions of rather obligatory evaluating property). It is also noted that the implementation of the provisions of article 5978 of the Civil Code of Ukraine may lead to violation of the debtor's rights in terms of non-conformity with the sale price of the actual value of the asset, as the creditor is interested in selling the asset more quickly at a price that is equal to the debt, because everything that is above that, it will have to return the debtor.In addition, the article deals with issues related to the mechanism of enforcement by the trustee of the claim on the object of trust. In particular, the content of article 5978 of the Civil Code of Ukraine is analyzed, according to which condition of acquisition by the debtor of the right of overwhelming purchase of the object of trust is payment of a monetary amount to the deposit account of the notary. The establishment of such a rule in the Civil Code of Ukraine causes an unequal position of the debtor with respect to any other buyers who can acquire property and choose any other method of calculation than the deposit amount in the deposit account of the notary.The situation is complicated by the fact that the debtor is granted only 5 days (from the date of receipt of the message on sale of the object of trust) to pay the amount to the deposit account of the notary. ; Введение юридической конструкции доверительной собственности в качестве способа обеспечения исполнения обязательства в гражданское право Украины было осуществлено во исполнение обязанностей, принятых на себя Украиной в рамках Соглашения об ассоциации между Украиной, с одной стороны, и Европейским Союзом, Европейским Сообществом по атомной энергии и их государствами-членами, с другой стороны, в частности – относительно имплементации Директивы 2002/47/ ЄС Европейского Парламента и Совета Европейского Союза, в которой определены механизмы финансового обеспечения, базирующиеся на полной передаче собственности на финансовое обеспечение.Учитывая евроинтеграционные стремления Украины, закрепление в главе 49 ГК Украины, которая называется «Обеспечение исполнения обязательств», такого способа обеспечения исполнения обязательств, как право доверительной собственности, является, безусловно, важным событием. Однако, если оценить его с позиций теории гражданского права в целом и обязательственного права в частности, целесообразность введения такого института вызывает определенные сомнения, а сам факт введения порождает вопросы, поиск ответов на которые осуществляется в рамках данного исследования.Целью статьи является определение особенностей права доверительной собственности как одного из способов обеспечения исполнения обязательства в гражданском праве Украины.Для достижения указанной цели авторы анализируют юридическую конструкцию доверительной собственности с позиций цивилистического учения о вещных и обязательственных правах, изучают специфику правоотношений, возникающих в случае заключения договора об установлении доверительной собственности (в соответствии с предписаниями § 8 Главы 49 ГК Украины), определяют проб лемные аспекты правового регулирования соответствующих общественных отношений. ; Запровадження юридичної конструкції довірчої власності як способу забезпечення виконання зобов'язання у цивільне право Украї ни було здійснено на виконання обов'язків, прийнятих на себе Украї ною в рамках Угоди про асоціацію між Украї ною, з однієї сторони, та Європейським Союзом, Європейським співтовариством з атомної енергії і їхніми державами-членами, з іншої сторони, зокрема – щодо імплементації Директиви 2002/47/ЄС Європейського Парламенту і Ради Європейського Союзу, в якій визначені механізми фінансового забезпечення, що ґрунтуються на повній передачі власності на фінансове забезпечення.Враховую чи євроінтеграційні прагнення Украї ни, закріплення у Главі 49 ЦК України, яка має назву «Забезпечення виконання зобов'язання», такого способу забезпечення виконання зобов'язання, як право довірчої власності, безумовно, є важливою подією. Проте, якщо оцінити її з позицій теорії цивільного права в цілому і зобов'язального права зокрема, доцільність запровадження такого інституту викликає певні сумніви, а сам факт запровадження породжує питання, пошук відповідей на які здійснюється в рамках даного дослідження.