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Based on and synthesizing recent advances in both psychometric procedures and communicatively oriented linguistic analysis, a theoretical framework for describing factors affecting performance on foreign/second language tests is presented. Included within this framework are both test method factors—such as the testing environment, the nature of the instructions to the examinee, and the stimulus and response modalities represented in the test—and linguistic factors, including the examinee's organizational and pragmatic competence, strategic competence, and psychophysiological skills involved in the proper reception or production of the test language. Implications of the framework for the development and validation of communicative language proficiency tests are discussed and an action plan is suggested, including further refinement of the theoretical framework; development of large-scale, highly authentic criterion measures operationalizing each of the framework factors; and subsequent validation of both existing and to-be-developed practically oriented communicative proficiency tests against the criterion measures. Establishment of a working group of interested individuals from several institutions and disciplinary areas is proposed as an appropriate administrative vehicle for these activities.

This research aims to determine specific models of wordplay at the level of syntagma in the language of the satirical journal "Molla Nasreddin"; the research applies a structural-semantic analysis of occasional syntagma constructed on paradox; the research reveals that the main model of wordplay is the contamination of famous, common syntagma with a paradoxical continuation; The game encompasses almost all levels of the language system from the scale to the syntactic models. In fact, modern mass media embody the element of speech, since all its features are clearly represented here. Outplaying the usual paremias, creating new syntagms based on the paradox of deception or unjustified expectations, occupies a special place in the modern Azerbaijani speech element. The paradox here is that the recipient is offered the familiar paremia which does not correspond to the existing standard in the rheumatic part of the statement. Such outplaying has a serious communicative function, since the shock experienced by the addressee when breaking the stereotype helps focus attention on the essence of the information. This model appeared consistently in the language of the journal and determined the special characteristics of the national literary language for many decades to come. Today the models of "Molla Nasreddin" are typical of the journalistic style of the Azerbaijani literary language

Intro -- Contents -- Contributors -- Abbreviations -- Chapter 1: Is There a French Philosophy of Technology? General Introduction -- 1.1 We Have Never Been Philosophers of Technology -- 1.2 Technique and Technology -- 1.3 An Emerging Community -- References -- Part I: Negotiating a Cultural Heritage -- Chapter 2: Philosophy and Technology in the French Tradition. The Legacy of François Dagognet -- 2.1 Practices and Objects -- 2.2 A Historical Turn -- 2.3 Humans As Technicians -- 2.4 From Technologies to Fine Arts and Social Risks -- 2.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3: On the Current Uses of Simondon's Philosophy of Technology -- 3.1 Techno-Sciences -- 3.2 Techno-Aesthetics -- 3.3 Techno-Politics -- 3.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4: Christianity and the Philosophy of Technology in France -- 4.1 Jacques Ellul's Theory of the Autonomy of "la Technique" -- 4.1.1 Ellul's Aspirations -- 4.1.2 Technique and Disincarnation -- 4.2 Technique and Spiritualization: Marie-Dominique Chenu and Emmanuel Mounier -- 4.2.1 You Said Incarnation? -- 4.2.2 The Spiritualizing Potential of Techniques -- 4.3 Technique and Desire in the Writings of Jean Brun -- 4.3.1 The Technological Spirit -- 4.3.2 From Fascination to Demythification -- 4.4 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 5: Rise of the Machines: Challenging Comte's Legacy with Mechanology, Cybernetics, and the Heuristic Values of Technology -- 5.1 Non-Comtean Insights at the IHST -- 5.2 The Inductive Value of Cybernetics in Postwar France -- 5.3 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6: We Have Never Been Wild: Towards an Ecology of the Technical Milieu -- 6.1 Ecology of Nature, Ecology of Technology -- 6.1.1 Two Traditions? -- 6.1.2 Centrality of the Milieu -- 6.1.3 Ecology Against Nature? -- 6.2 From Technical Milieu to Political Ecology (1945-1970) -- 6.2.1 Milieu vs. Environment.

This three page document titled "Philosophy of Physical Education" was written by Dr. Peter V. Karpovich in 1937. The document talks about the necessity of Physical Education. He outlines how if one is to prepare for life, to become a "perfect man", one needs both physical and mental growth, and the physical educator can help achieve this. He also talks about how physical activity can stimulate growth, happiness, and circulation. ; Peter V. Karpovich (1896-1975) was born in Russia and trained as a medical doctor at the State Military Academy of Medicine in Petrograd (St. Petersburg), Russia in 1919. Under increasing political and professional turmoil, he fled to Latvia in 1922. In Latvia, Karpovich worked at the Riga YMCA. In 1925, he traveled to the United States to research at Springfield College. While there, he enrolled as a special advanced student and earned a master's degree in physical education. In 1927, while completing his studies, he became a professor of physiology at the college. In the late 1940s, he met and married his second wife, Josephine Rathbone, an acclaimed scholar of physical education and relaxation. From 1961 to 1969, he served as the director of the physiology research laboratory at Springfield College, where he published several seminal books. Karpovich was a founding member of the American College of Sports Medicine and a consultant to many government, private and educational organizations. He remains an internationally recognized pioneer in physical education.

This paper synthesizes research on linguistic practice and critically examines the legacy of Pierre Bourdieu from the perspective of linguistic anthropology. Bourdieu wrote widely about language and linguistics, but his most far reaching engagement with the topic is in his use of linguistic reasoning to elaborate broader sociological concepts including habitus, field, standardization, legitimacy, censorship, and symbolic power. The paper examines and relates habitus and field in detail, tracing the former to the work of Erwin Panofsky and the latter to structuralist discourse semantics. The principles of relative autonomy, boundedness, homology, and embedding apply to fields and their linkage to habitus. Authority, censorship, and euphemism are traced to the field, and symbolic power is related to misrecognition. And last, this chapter relates recent work in linguistic anthropology to practice and indicates lines for future research.

This handbook is the first volume to offer a sustained theoretical exploration of all aspects of language and race from a linguistic anthropological perspective. A growing number of scholars hold that rather than fixed and pre-determined, race is created out of continuous and repeated discourses emerging from individuals and institutions within specific histories, political economic systems, and everyday interactions. This handbook demonstrates how linguistic analysis brings a crucial perspective to this project by revealing the ways in which language and race are mutually constituted as social realities. Not only do we position issues of race, racism, and racialization as central to language-based scholarship, but we also examine these processes from an explicitly critical and anti-racist perspective. The process of racialization—an enduring yet evolving social process steeped in centuries of colonialism and capitalism—is central to linguistic anthropological approaches. This volume captures state-of-the-art research in this important and necessary yet often overlooked area of inquiry and points the way forward in establishing future directions of research in this rapidly expanding field, including the need for more studies of language and race in non-U.S. contexts. Covering a range of sites from Angola, Brazil, Canada, Cuba, Italy, Liberia, the Philippines, South Africa, the United Kingdom, the United States, and unceded Indigenous territories, the handbook offers theoretical, reflexive takes on the field of language and race, the larger histories and systems that influence these concepts, the bodies that enact and experience them, and finally, the expressions and outcomes that emerge as a result.

This book explores research on linguistic prescriptivism and social identities, in contemporary and historical contexts of cross-cultural contact and awareness. Providing multilingual and multidisciplinary perspectives on both institutional and informal mechanisms of prescriptivism, our contributors relate language norms to frameworks of identity

Although the linguistic theory of Ferdinand de Saussure is widely recognised as the forerunner of structuralism, it is often treated in the humanities and social sciences today as a stepping stone toward more sophisticated, generalised semiotics and theories of discourse. As a result, social and political implications of Saussure's original conception of language have frequently been underestimated. Drawing from the classic lecture Course in General Linguistics and the fragmented notes collected in Writings in General Linguistics, this article offers a reconstruction of the social and political dimensions that were present, albeit in an inchoate form, within Saussure's own theorisation. To act as a foil to the reconstructed Saussurean position, this article calls upon an essay that charts the historical development of the concept of discourse authored by Ernesto Laclau, who is perhaps the most politically oriented thinker among the many inheritors of the Saussurean legacy.

History and philosophy in the classical culture -- Hebrew and Christian historical understanding -- The Patristic understanding of history -- The modern view of history -- The emergence of postmodern thinking -- The philosophy of history in Christian philosophy -- Modernity as apostasy from God -- Intellectual victory over modernism -- The lord of history and his Parousia -- The centenary of Aeterni Patris

Becoming a Teacher of Language and Literacy explores what it means to be a literacy educator in the 21st century. It promotes a reflective and inquiry-based approach to literacy teaching and examines three central questions: 1. How do teachers approach the teaching of reading and writing, speaking and listening within a digital age? 2. How do teachers approach the standardisation of literacy, including high-stakes testing? 3. How do teachers work within the framework of the Australian curriculum: English? The book covers a range of contemporary topics in language and literacy education, including reading and creating digital texts, supporting intercultural engagement in literacy education and developing community partnerships. Each chapter features teacher narratives, current theoretical perspectives, examples of practice and reflective questions. The narratives are designed to prompt reflection about teachers' professional practice within local school settings. They convey the voices of teachers as they grapple with the challenges of their professional practice.

Abstract
In this paper, the authors discuss specific methods and innovative trends in education. They analyse the conditions for effective teaching and focus on modern teaching practices. The primary method of foreign language education consists mainly of a communicative approach with a dominant orientation on cultural aspects. The authors are not only concerned with linguistic competences but also point out how they can be achieved. In the research part, they set as their primary goal the observation of the use of illustrative means in German language teaching in terms of the changes that can be brought about by teachers themselves through the simplest possible intervention - in our case, by pictures, under which one can imagine materials ranging from the most concrete to the more abstract representations of reality.