Suchergebnisse

Local government is a recent phenomenon in Russia; it has only been recognized in the constitution for the last ten years. The weak consolidation of democracy & a very low income from local taxation have in practice restricted the autonomy of local government. The practice of shifting federal competences onto the municipalities without providing them with the necessary resources has made things even more difficult. The reform of the federal system & a reform of local government were intended to provide a remedy, but the draft law reflects the spirit of the times. In addition to a recentralization of political power, the draft involves a return to the Soviet understanding of local politics as the last link in a chain of administrative commands, & to a system of financing via subsidies paid from the center. There is therefore more at stake than the fate of local government. Adapted from the source document.

Sovyetler Birliği'nin dağılmasının ardından Rus ekonomisi ve politikasının hem bölgesel hem de uluslararası ilişkilerde bir gerileme yaşadığı bir gerçektir. Büyük bütçe açıkları bir taraftan, yakın coğrafyası üzerinde kaybettiği siyasi etkisi diğer taraftan, Rusya'yı zor bir durumda bırakmıştır. Rusya'nın sahip olduğu enerji kaynaklarının jeopolitiği bu zor durumun üstesinden gelmesi için bir fırsat oluşturmuştur. Sahip olduğu muazzam ham petrol ve doğal gaz rezervleri ile nakliye güzergahları üzerindeki baskınlığı ve kontrolü, Rus ekonomisi ve politikasının hem bölgesel hem de küresel ölçekte yeniden doğmasına yol açmıştır. Buna ilaveten, Rusya sahip olduğu eneji kaynaklarını ve nakliye güzergahlarını dış politikasında bir araç olarak kullanmaya istekli ve muktedir olduğunu kanıtlamıştır. Rusya, enerji geopolitiğini başarılı bir şekilde kullanarak, ilgili ülkeler üzerindeki gücü ve etkisini arttırmak için bir fırsat bulmuştur. ; That Russian economy and policy have experienced a form of a decline in both regional and international affairs after the demise of the Soviet Union is a fact. Huge budget deficit in one hand and the loss of political influence in particularly the near abroad have put Russia in a difficult position. It is the geopolitics of energy resources that Russia posses that has provided the opportunity for Russia to come over this difficult situation. Ownership of immense crude oil and natural gas reserves and the dominance over the control of the transportation routes have been very influential in the revival of Russian economy and politics in both regional and global scale. Moreover, Russia has proven to be willing and active in making use of her energy sources and transportation routes as a tool in her foreign policy. Russia has found an opportunity to assert her strength and influence upon the relevant states by the successful use of energy geopolitics.

Сложившаяся в современной России правовая и политическая системы способствуют развитию инновационной экономики в России. В то же время постоянное совершенствование и модернизация данных систем выступает в качестве непременного условия дальнейшего развития нашего государства.The developed in modern Russia legal and political systems promote development of innovative economy in Russia. At the same time continuous improvement and modernization of data of systems acts as an indispensable condition of further development of our state.

The artcle assesses the situaton on the world agricultural market in the context of the Russian‑ Ukrainian confict. Since Russia and Ukraine are the leading exporters of agricultural products on the world market, Russia's special operaton on the territory of Ukraine will afect most structures of the agro‑industrial complex in these countries. The artcle deals with the following issues: price dynamics in the world agricultural market; the place and role of Russia in the world market of crops; the place of Ukraine in the world market of crops; the impact of the special operaton on the producton of crops in Ukraine; potental restrictons on the producton and export of crops in Russia; the role and place of Russia in the world market of mineral fertlizers and raw materials for their producton.

Relations between Sweden and Russia have historically been characterized by continuity and stability, despite occasional periods of friction. On the one hand, Sweden and Russia have a more active bilateral agenda than what is usually recognized, primarily in the areas of trade, investments and cultural and educational exchanges. On the other hand, there are several issues – like the Ukraine conflict, the EU Eastern Partnership, Swedish NATO cooperation and the security situation in the Baltic Sea area – involving competing claims and interests between Sweden and Russia. Further, Swedish foreign policy since the 1990s has been framed within a multilateral context, and that has a bearing on Swedish–Russian relations as well. This situation is likely to continue, unless dramatic changes occur in the political relations between Russia and the Western powers.

В данной статье выделены особенности и тенденции современного развития обязательного медицинского страхования в России. Определены сущность и содержание правового обеспечения медицинского страхования как основы социальной защиты в условиях социально ориентированной рыночной экономики России. На примере анализа обязательного медицинского страхования, существующего в России и в странах Европейского союза, предложены конкретные меры по совершенствованию правового обеспечения обязательного медицинского страхования в Российской Федерации. ; This article highlights the features and trends of the modern development of compulsory health insurance in Russia. The essence and content of the legal provision of health insurance, as the basis of social protection in the socially oriented market economy in Russia. An analysis of compulsory health insurance, existing in Russia and countries of the European Union, proposed concrete measures to improve the legal provision of mandatory health insurance in Russia.

В статье показаны помощь и покровительство со стороны России народам Дагестана в борьбе против иранских завоевателей в начале XVII в., что привело к усилению внешнеполитической ориентации дагестанских правителей на Россию. Раскрываются причины поддержки Россией народов Дагестана, противостояния царского правительства планам иранских шахов покорить дагестанцев, обращения дагестанских правителей за помощью и покровительством к России. ; The author shows help and auspices on Russia part to Dagestan peoples in their struggle against Iranian invaders at the beginning of the XVIIth century that led to the intensification of Dagestan rulers' foreign-policy orientation to Russia, and reveals the reasons of Russia support of Dagestan peoples, the tsarist government opposition to Iranian shahs' plans to conquer the Dagestanis, and Dagestan rulers appeal to Russia for help and auspices.

Россия в сложной экономической и политической ситуации. Есть ли пути выхода? Россия Держава или империя? Державный путь для России путь к сохранению или обрушению ее государственности в условиях многополярного глобального мира? Какова потенциальная роль России как Мировой Державы в системе мировых политических, социальных, экономических отношений? На эти вопросы автор пытается ответить в статье. ; Russia is in difficult economical and political situation. Are the any escape ways? Is Russia a world power or empire? Is a national way for Russia a way to the preservation or collapse of its national identity in conditions of multi-polar global world? What is the potential role of Russia as world power in system of world political, social, economical relations? The author tries to answer these questions in the article.

When the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991, its constituent republics suddenly found themselves to be independent states. However, Russia continues to exert influence on these states through interdependent economies and revanchist policies. Some states see their sovereignty being threatened by this, and resist. Others see the possibility for gain and encourage increased cooperation with Russia. This paper explores the causes for this difference in behavior. Two of these states that are moving in opposite directions in regard to Russia—Ukraine and Belarus—are examined. It is found that in light of the high level of asymmetrical interdependence found between these states and Russia, national identity can be used to explain why Ukraine and Belarus either associate or dissociate in regard to the Commonwealth of Independent States, the energy trade, and nuclear weapons.

The article discusses the security relations among the United States, the EU and Russia in the context of Donald Trump's populism, the change of Western political elites and the erosion of arms treaty regimes. The purpose of the article is to analyze the current state and identify the probable scenarios of relations in the triangle of the USA – the EU – Russia. The article explores the features of the Euro-Atlantic security system from 1990's till the mid-2000's; the concept of Euro-Atlantic security in 2008-2009; the US, the EU and Russia relations under Barak Obama and Donald Trump. As a result of a comprehensive analysis, the author comes to the following conclusions: 1) the concept of Euro-Atlantic security is still relevant. Since the NATO based security arrangements are not stabile, security interaction among the USA, the EU and Russia is growing in importance. 2) European leaders seem to be moving towards building a new security architecture and a more balanced dialogue with Russia. The EU remains the main economic partner of the Russian Federation. 3) Trump's "transactional" approach has prompted Europeans to strengthen its defense identity and seek a compromise with Russia. 4) In a multipolar world, the Euro-Atlantic regional security is no longer closed to transatlantic ties. It is important to rethink the concept towards cooperation with non-regional countries. 5) The complex game of engagement and deterrence is likely to continue in relations between Russia and the West. The more uncertain the transatlantic relations become, the more the EU and the US need Russia.The author declares absence of conflict of interests.

Democratic opposition in Russia: an alternative to Yeltsin? by Julia Wishnevsky; The integrationist temptation, by Sherman W. Garnett.

p. 35-70 ; In 1919–20, a war took place between two states that had emerged at the end of the Great War: Soviet Russia and the reborn Republic of Poland. It was a clash of widely different legal, political, and ideological systems. The conflict took place not only on the military and diplomatic planes but also within propaganda. Upon taking power in Russia, the Bolsheviks, in their official speeches, presented themselves to the world as the defenders of peace and the sovereignty of all nations; the imperial aspirations of Soviet Russia were hidden under the slogans of a world revolution that would liberate oppressed peoples. The military and ideological conquest began with a concentrated focus on neighbouring countries, including Poland. At the same time, a suggestive propaganda message was sent to the West, setting out the course of events from Moscow's point of view. ; s. 35-70 ; In 1919–20, a war took place between two states that had emerged at the end of the Great War: Soviet Russia and the reborn Republic of Poland. It was a clash of widely different legal, political, and ideological systems. The conflict took place not only on the military and diplomatic planes but also within propaganda. Upon taking power in Russia, the Bolsheviks, in their official speeches, presented themselves to the world as the defenders of peace and the sovereignty of all nations; the imperial aspirations of Soviet Russia were hidden under the slogans of a world revolution that would liberate oppressed peoples. The military and ideological conquest began with a concentrated focus on neighbouring countries, including Poland. At the same time, a suggestive propaganda message was sent to the West, setting out the course of events from Moscow's point of view.

The overarching goal of this survey was to identify the challenges of ecosystem services assessment and mapping in Russian and Bulgarian mountain protected areas in the context of post-socialist transformations, new conservation paradigms and climate change. The Altai Mountains in Russia and the Rhodope Mountains in Bulgaria were selected as key mountain territories for comparison due to their similar characteristics: agriculture, forest exploitation, tourism activities, etc. Both in Bulgaria and in Russia, perceptions of the protected areas functioning have been changing, facilitated by global shifts. Thus, the concept of ecosystem services has now been actively introduced in nature and biodiversity conservation policies. Based on WDPA data the emergence of different types of protected areas in Russia and Bulgaria was determined. Key problems of assessment and mapping of ecosystem services in Russian and Bulgarian mountain protected areas were recognised, mainly related to the shortage and quality of baseline data. At the same time, there were also some specifics for the two countries due to their size and national legislation. Like many other mountainous regions in the world, the Rhodopes in Bulgaria and the Altai Mountains in Russia are flagships in the improvement of nature conservation strategies. These regions often participate in a variety of international conservation programmes and are constantly expanding the range of protected areas. It is generally accepted that the Altai Mountains and the Rhodopes are not only centres of biodiversity richness in their countries, but also hotspots of a variety of ecosystem services.