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In carrying out the tasks of government carried out by the government apparatus is essentially an emphasis on the function of government that is carried out. Based on the nature of the function of government (governmental power) as an active function in the sense of driving or controlling the life of the people and the state to realize the welfare of the people (welfare staat), and directed to the function of fostering and protecting the community, is the real reason for the role of government intervention in each sector social life, or in other words if it involves public interests, then there is also the implementation of government affairs which become the affairs and responsibilities of the government.

• Al-Diwan: an institution from transmission to social reproduction. This article focuses on al-Diwan as social institution in the social life of Palestinians while showing the family, clan heritage historically, and how such institution ran the political and the social aspects of the Palestinian community, and how it was a form of governance or an alternative one and a support to the contemporary government. The article pays attention to the family as a measuring unit to the socio-economic and political aspects in the Palestinian society and its institutions and the shapes it has in the modern reincarnation of the social and political institutions and its usage.

section 1. Introduction and basic issues -- section 2. Cognitive and affective influences on conflict and aggression -- section 3. Conflict and aggression in relationships -- section 4. Social, cultural, and evolutionary factors in social conflict and aggression.

Based on a rich documentary material, the article examines various aspects of emigration from Romania to North and South America during the interwar period. The causes of emigration, which were especially of a social-economic nature, were presented, and the problems faced by emigrants at departure, during travel, but also at destination were analysed. Disappointed, many of the emigrants returned to Romania, being helped in this regard by the Romanian authorities, because they no longer had the necessary financial means. The study is a comparative look at emigration from Transylvania and Bessarabia to America, with all the similarities and differences found.

The intensive group experience is a setting for the development of the individual through a medium of open and candid exchange made possible by a cohesive group and a nondirective leader. In such a humanistic endeavor it is easy to exaggerate the free dom of expression and to underestimate the forces of social control and the authority of the unprepossessing leader. But open interaction is exquisitely controlled social behav ior, and groups employing it possess an impressive potential for social influence. In fact, these misrepresentations of the power of the activity and the group leader consti tute a kind of mystification by the practitioner of him- or herself and his or her clientele.

We investigate the potential for double or even multiple dividends arising from a climate and energy tax reform (CETR), using a regional computable general equilibrium model. Such dividends indicate if government revenues raised from energy-related environmental taxes and recycled back to households or industries through (regional) social security contributions will yield welfare gains larger than gross cost. Building on existing double dividend theory, we broaden the scope by considering both social and regional aspects of a CETR.We explore the use of household transfers and regional payroll taxes as recycling instruments and investigate to what extent wage formation on the labor market has an effect. For Norway, our results indicate that a CETR may conflict with sub-national policy goals under all assessed scenarios. In particular, this holds for income inequality. Although our analysis concerns the social, economic and environmental aims of a Norwegian policy, the approach can be generalized to, e.g., a European context. ; publishedVersion

Abstract
While the importance of religious and magical healing practices in the Late Middle Ages is well established, the ritual aspects of veterinary medicine have so far not been thoroughly explored. This article addresses this lacuna through analysis of a corpus of charms, prayers, and other rituals that were used to cure a group of devastating contagious diseases that afflicted horses: animals that were often afforded complex, professional medical care in this period. It considers the semantic aspects and common features of this group of disease rituals alongside discussions of contagious illness in veterinary treatises, identifying a distinctive set of healing rituals and explaining why they were such a common response to enzootic disease. It argues that magical and religious healing were significant elements of medieval horse-care and that veterinary medicine has been overlooked as one of the key manifestations of ritual healing.

Am 24. März 2021 hat der "Sachverständigenrat zur Begutachtung der Entwicklung im Gesundheitswesen" sein Gutachten "Digitalisierung für Gesundheit - Ziele und Rahmenbedingungen eines dynamisch lernenden Gesundheitssystems" der Bundesregierung überreicht. Wesentliche Aspekte des Gutachtens werden präsentiert, wobei ökonomische Gesichtspunkte und Bezüge zur Corona-Pandemie besonders hervorgehoben werden. ; When it comes to digitalising healthcare, Germany lags way behind other countries. In its 2021 report, the Health System Advisory Council discusses a strategy to overcome this shortcoming, i. e. the digitalisation of the German healthcare system. The idea is to shape digitalisation in a way that healthcare provision is improved with patients' well-being in mind. Therefore, market failures in digital health markets have to be addressed as well as the chances and challenges that come with the usage of large amounts of data. Furthermore, this article highlights the potential of the electronic health record (EHR) and of the digital health app market and discusses requirements for reaching environmental and social sustainability within the context of the digitalisation of health.