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This book analyzes shifting international taxation strategies in pursuit of tax nomads, individuals and companies who minimize their tax obligations among multiple countries. Focusing on the efforts of the United States, the collective endeavours of the European Union and the global initiative of the OECD under G20 guidance, it investigates their attempts to understand and control the mechanisms employed by such nomads. The author directs particular attention to intellectual property, used by multinational corporations to move income from high-tax to low-tax locations. Contrary to claims that globalization hinders tax collection, Vlcek argues that state sovereignty and state power remain the defining characteristic of international taxation. The EU and OECD in turn, he concludes, are leveraging cooperation with the US to force other countries to share taxpayer information with them. This significant work will interest economists, political scientists and tax experts.

Human Rights and African Airwaves focuses on Nkhani Zam'maboma, a popular Chichewa news bulletin broadcast on Malawi's public radio. The program often takes authorities to task and questions much of the human rights rhetoric that comes from international organizations. Highlighting obligation and mutual dependence, the program expresses, in popular idioms and local narrative forms, grievances and injustices that are closest to Malawi's impoverished public. Harri Englund reveals broadcasters' everyday stru

Intro -- Contents -- Foreword -- Preface -- Abbreviations -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. The social protection system and social security schemes -- 1.2. International labour standards on the social protection and social security -- 1.3. Compliance and the role of labour inspectors -- 2. Social Security: labour inspection intervention -- 2.1. Organization of the social security inspectionfunction -- 2.2. Administrative collaboration and data sharing -- 2.3. Enforcement of the employers' legal obligations -- 2.4. Collection of social security contributions

Russian and local authorities have severely curtailed human rights protection in Crimea since Russia began its occupation of the peninsula in February 2014. This article describes the human rights consequences of the extension of Russian law and policy to Crimea since the occupation. Russia has violated multiple obligations which it has as an occupying power under international humanitarian law – in particular in relation to the protection of people's rights.

The protection of economic, social and cultural rights is vital for everyone, no matter where they live. This volume sets out some of the important legal issues about these rights, including who has obligations, when they apply and how they are relevant to contemporary concerns, such as trade and democracy

The European Union (EU) has been advocating climate policy ambitions from the very beginning of the international climate regime. Climate action to support the implementation of the Paris Agreement (2015) involves nearly all fields of national and international policy-making. In this research paper, we look into the role of trade policy in this respect. There are several legal and institutional options for how policy-makers in the EU and elsewhere could promote a productive relationship between the UN climate regime and the international trade regime, comprising the World Trade Organization (WTO) and regional trade agreements (RTAs). The increasing number of WTO disputes over national renewable energy policy regulations points to a systemic conflict between national climate policies and WTO obligations, whereas a number of RTAs including environmental standards demonstrate positive ways forward, in particular on how to avoid a race to the bottom. As a longer-term vision, we identify the legal options under the WTO regime, and for the medium term we suggest synergies that the EU can achieve through RTA negotiations and reviews. In the short term, the EU and its Member States should push for more transparency on trade-related climate measures, for example through notifications, between the bodies of the WTO and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, as well as follow up with climate policy allies on trade initiatives that support the climate agenda. (author's abstract)

Informal care is recognised as a significant resource in the care of older adults living with a chronic life-limiting illness. This review aims to assess the existing literature on how informal care can support older people living with chronic life-limiting illness in Africa. An integrative review framework was used. Three themes emerged to focus on chronic illness management as a social and clinical matter; cultural obligations contingent on the availability of people and resources; and burden of care relieved by connection with the church. Social policies should be structured to support caregivers and older adults to strengthen the ties between community social organisations and their families.

The 'standard of civilisation' has its roots in the culturally widespread trope of 'civilised' versus 'barbarian'. It took its specific modern form in the 19th century, primarily as a European legal term. No specific set of criteria for the 'standard of civilisation' was ever codified, but the general practice was to define the standard by the contemporary forms of government prevailing in Europe. Its political role was to gate-keep membership of international society, and to justify colonialism. The term collapsed after 1945 when the right of self-determination opened membership to nearly all peoples. In the English School literature, the 'standard of civilisation' has been used to tell a variety of historical encounter stories, and to critique the School's neglect of colonialism. Its contemporary relevance in the literature concerns debates about whether human rights, democracy, capitalism and possibly environmentalism are being used to construct a new 'standard of civilisation' operationalised through conditionality and other discriminatory practices. Another important link is between the colonial obligation to raise 'less advanced' peoples to the standard and the post-1945 obligation to provide aid and development to the 'less developed'. The English School concept of the 'standard of civilisation' is thus both refreshingly frank politically and of durable relevance for thinking about international relations.

656Treaties — Interpretation — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950 — Scope of United Kingdom's obligations under Convention — Nature of jurisdiction in Article 1 of Convention — Whether territorial or personal — European Court of Human Rights and United Kingdom case law — Practical considerations — Analysis of right claimed by petitioner under Article 2 of Convention — Whether United Kingdom having obligations under Convention — Whether Scottish Ministers obliged under Article 2 of Convention to hold specially convened public inquiry into death of petitioner's son — Whether United Kingdom security services implicated in death — Constitutional responsibility of Scottish Ministers — Appropriate remedy under Article 34 of ConventionJurisdiction — Territorial jurisdiction — General international law principle — State having exclusive jurisdiction over events occurring within its territory — Corollary of every other State having to respect that exclusive territorial jurisdiction — Ordinary usage of "jurisdiction" in international law — Whether principle applicable to treaties — Whether applicable to European Convention on Human Rights, 1950, Article 1Human rights — Right to life — Right of next-of-kin to effective official public investigation when arguable that person killed as result of use of force — Next-of-kin having derivative right based on deceased's own right to life — European Convention on Human Rights, 1950, Article 2 — Whether Scottish Ministers including Lord Advocate contravening petitioner's rights under Article 2 of Convention — The law of Scotland

Air — Civil air transport — Liability of international air carriers — Loss of cargo — Warsaw Convention, 1929, Articles 22 and 23 — Liability limit linked to value of gold — Liability limit expressed by air carrier in United States dollars — Method of conversion — ValidityRelationship of international law and municipal law — Status of treaties in United States law — Self-executing treaties — Whether provisions of self-executing treaty can be abrogated by enactment of conflicting domestic legislation — Presumption that Congress did not intend to legislate in a manner contrary to treaty obligations — Statement by Executive that treaty obligation extant — Whether conclusiveTreaties — Effect in municipal law — Whether conferring rights upon individuals — Warsaw Convention, 1929 — Allegation by plaintiff that treaty provisions rendered inoperative by doctrine of rebus sic stantibus — Assertion by treaty parties that treaty extant — Whether plaintiff precluded from asserting doctrineEconomics, trade and finance — Gold — "Official" price of gold in the United States — Warsaw Convention, 1929, Article 22 — Liability limit of air carriers linked to value of gold — Abolition of "official" price of gold in the United States — Effect on enforceability of Convention in the United States588Treaties — Interpretation — Principles of interpretation — Application by municipal courts — Object and purpose — Reference to travaux préparatoires — Subsequent practice of the parties — Warsaw Convention, 1929, Article 22 — The law of the United States

State Succession — Succession with Regard to Contractual Obligations — Debts of Wartime Puppet State — Debts of Independent State of Croatia — Refusal by Yugoslavia to Pay.State Responsibility — For Debts — Debts of Wartime Puppet State — Debts of Independent State of Croatia.Arbitration — Appointment of Arbitrators — Appointment of Arbitrator by Third Party in Default of Appointment by Respondent — Arbitration under Universal Postal Convention of Paris, 1947.Arbitration — Procedure — Competence of Arbitral Tribunal — Competence to Determine Jurisdiction — Arbitration under Universal Postal Convention of Paris, 1947.Belligerent Occupation — Administrative Functions of Occupant-Postal Administration of Occupant — Clearing of Debts of591International Organization — Organs of International Administration — Universal Postal Convention of Brussels, 1952 — Payment between Postal Administrations — Payment for Reply Coupons Issued in Wartime Puppet State — The Independent State of Croatia — Payment of Transit Charges from Enemy Occupied Territory — German Occupation of Yugoslavia — Arbitrability of Dispute — Absence of Uncontested Relevant Rule of International Law — Arbitration — Appointment of Arbitrators — Appointment of Arbitrator by Third Party in Default of Appointment by Respondent — Arbitration under Universal Postal Convention of Paris, 1947 — Belligerent Occupation — Administrative Functions of Occupant — Postal Administration of Occupant — Clearing of Debts of — State Succession — Succession with Regard to Contractual Obligations — Debts of Wartime Puppet State — Debts of Independent State of Croatia — Refusal by Yugoslavia to Pay.

In three 2012 cases, the World Trade Organization (WTO) found a United States regulation inconsistent with Article 2.1 but consistent with Article 2.2 of the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT Agreement). Article 2.1 contains the TBT Agreement's non-discrimination obligations and Article 2.2 requires regulations to not be more trade restrictive than necessary. Despite the fact that violating Article 2.1 does not necessarily implicate Article 2.2, international trade theorists questioned whether the Appellate Body purposely avoided finding any of the regulations more trade restrictive than necessary. This Note argues that the Appellate Body showed its preference for finding violations under Article 2.1, as opposed to Article 2.2, by making it difficult for complainants to succeed with an Article 2.2 claim. Because it was more comfortable finding violations under the guise of discrimination, however, the Appellate Body added a necessity test to Article 2.1. Although this reading of Article 2.1 limits the regulatory authority of WTO Members, it successfully tests necessity and thus gives the TBT Agreement force, while also showing deference to regulatory sovereignty by functioning like an exception provision.

Three months after the debacle at Seattle, the "leadership" of the WTO seems unable to come to grips with the several elements that led to the collapse. But one thing is reasonably certain: international economic negotiations in general, & multilateral trade negotiations in particular, will never be the same again. Technically, "mandated" negotiations in agriculture & services & "reviews" under other agreements have been launched, but these will at best mark time. Meanwhile, the members are engaged in so-called "confidence-building" measures, including questions about internal transparency & decision making, to bridge differences & enable reconvening of the Ministerial Conference. But no one believes this is likely for at least a year, if not more. With the WTO's remit now extending beyond border trade measures in goods to areas & sectors of economic policy within countries' domestic jurisdiction, multilateral trade negotiations & agreements involving harmonization of laws, regulations, & standards within each country become more & more complex. What may be successful for one country or group of countries may not be so in others. Until this reality is grasped by the rich & the powerful, & attempts to frame & enforce one-size-fits-all trade rules & obligations applicable to all countries are given up, the WTO system faces an uncertain future in the longer term. J. W. Parker

El texto aborda el carácter imperativo de la prohibición en el derecho internacional de la comisión de crímenes de lesa humanidad, así como la obligación que dé juzgamiento, investigación y sanción de las conductas que constituyen estos crímenes. Asimismo, analiza cómo el concepto de justicia transicional tiene una naturaleza complementaria frente a las mencionadas obligaciones, lo que hace que todo proceso de justicia de transición tenga que construirse en torno al paradigma "no hay paz sin justicia", y no en sustitución del mismo. ; This text studies the imperative nature of the prohibition of committing crimes against humanity in international law, and the obligation to prosecute, judge, and punish these crimes. In this way, it develops the complementarity of transitional justice with the abovementioned obligations. These results in the conclusion that transitional justice processes have to be built on the paradigm of "no peace without justice" and not the other way around.

The thesis aims at appraising the role of port state in international law by analyzing the whole of rights, duties and obligations ascribed to it by relevant legal instruments adopted in various fields of the law of the sea. After considering some preliminary questions, namely the notion of "port state" in opposition to coastal and flag states, the first chapter deals with the legal regime of port state extra-territorial jurisdiction under Article 218 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and other relevant provisions of this Convention. In the second chapter, the focus is on Port State Control as provided by a number of international legal conventions and soft law instruments relating to the prevention of marine pollution, safety and security matters as a complementary tool to the flag state principle. The next two chapters further address the responsibility assumed by port states to ensure compliance and implementation of international rules and standards concerning living and working conditions of seafarers on board merchant and fishing ships as well as port state measures adopted at the international and regional level in order to curb the phenomenon of illegal, unregulated and unauthorized fishing on the high sea. Subsequent chapters explore the various regional memoranda of understanding on Port State Control and the rights and obligations of EU members acting as port states under the relevant EU legislation. Finally, the research undertaken shows that the role of port state under international law has gone through significant changes both from a quantitative and qualitative perspective. Thus, it may be argued that port state is being more and more considered as acting for the protection of common values and goods.