Suchergebnisse

Legislation is important to recordkeeping strategies and requirements, since it determines which records are needed for legally legitimate actions. Yet the concepts of a document, a record, a case, a transaction, etc., are frequently defined differently in various laws even within national boundaries and are urgently in need of harmonization to minimize complications and barriers to e-business transactions. Every country has its own legislation system which has been adjusted over time in correlation to national context and its surrounding society (Duranti, 1989-1990, p. 5). Duranti and Goh (2012) provided sound arguments as to why it is important to ensure national archival legislation keeps pace with our digitally networked society with its increasingly blurred borders. In addition to their own national law, members of the European Union (EU) are obliged to follow EU-legislation requirements. There are three types of EU legislation: regulations, directives and decisions. A regulation is applicable in all EU countries. Directives are general rules. A decision is a stipulation of issues of concern for specifically mentioned persons or organizations (European Commission, 2013). Recommendations and statements are not binding, but may, for example, be used by the EU as support in interpretation of EU-legislation (Sveriges Riksdag, 2013). Hence, within public organizations, there is a close relation between records, recordkeeping processes, legislation and accountability. Yet research in Sweden has shown that 24/7 e-service web-interfaces serving e-government strategies and ambitions are sometimes developed without consulting recordkeeping professionals, in ignorance of legal requirements for capture of records and that preservation issues are rarely considered when acquiring new digital systems (Kallberg, Svärd and Sundberg, 2010). Several other European studies also identify a lack of recordkeeping awareness within public organizations (Barata, 2004; Valtonen, 2007; Shepherd, Stevenson, & Flinn, 2009; Riksarkivet, 2010). However, there is currently a strong European political ambition to implement eGovernment services, which aims to promote cross-border business development. On the other hand, this challenges archival thinking to meet business, technological and legal requirements stipulated for each country. Varying legal definitions used can cause major problems for transactions both within a country and across national borders, even in something as seemingly simple as exchanging e-invoices. This paper will discuss an approach to identifying a way forward for harmonizing legislation that contains recordkeeping requirements across the EU. Identifying the range of / types of laws within countries and EU that define a record Using the ICA multilingual terminology database, to check and add to definitions already found there Checking against definitions found in international standards. Research towards harmonizing these crucial definitions will be very challenging, given linguistic and cultural differences but the ICA multilingual terminology database is a potential vehicle for checking existing usage, adding to the definitions and quotations from legalislation and the literature already found there and adding new terms. The foundation version of the ICA-funded Terminology Database, developed as an ICA Section for Archival Educators' project led and hosted by the University of British Columbia, contains definitions with examples of usage for an initial 300 archival terms across 16 languages. It is planned for public release in the first half of 2013. References Barata, K. (2004). Archives in the Digital Age. Journal of the Society of Archivists, 25(1), 63-70. Duranti, L. (1989-1990). Diplomatics: New Uses for an Old Science (Part II). Archivaria, 29, 4-17. European Commission (2013). Legislation Retrieved 5 February, 2013, from http://ec.europa.eu/legislation/index_en.htm Goh, E., Duranti, L. and Chu, S. (2012). Archival legislation for engendering trust in an increasingly networked digital environment. Paper presented at A climate of change: International Council on Archives Congress, Brisbane, 20-24 August, 2012. Retrieved 3 March 2013 from: http://www.ica2012.com/files/data/Full%20papers%20upload/ica12Final00287.pdf Kallberg, M. , Svärd, P. & Sundberg, H. (2010). Improving Local Government - A Survey of Problems. Proceedings of the IADIS International Conference e-Society 2010. pp. 76-84. Riksarkivet (2010). Rapport rörande enkätundersökning - myndigheters hantering av elektroniska handlingar. Stockholm: Riksarkivet. Shepherd, E., Stevenson, A., & Flinn, A. (2009). The Impact of Freedom of Information on Records Management and Record Use in Local Government: A Literature Review. Journal of the Society of Archivists, 30(2, October ), 227-248. Sveriges Riksdag (2013). EU-upplysningen Retrieved 6 February, 2013, from http://www.eu-upplysningen.se/Om-EU/Om-EUs-lagar-och-beslutsfattande/EU-rattsliga-principer/ Valtonen, M. R. (2007). Documentation in pre-trial investigation, A study of using the records continuum model as a records management tool. Records Management Journal, 17(3), 179-185.

Background: Neurobiologic studies have suggested that dysregulation of central noradrenergic systems may be involved in the pathophysiology of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and it has been hypothesized that genetic changes in the norepinephrine pathways might contribute to dysfunction of the prefrontal cortex circuits in ADHD. We previously reported decreased cerebral blood flow in the right lateral prefrontal cortex and both orbitofrontal cortices in children with ADHD. Genetic investigations have shown that the alpha-2A-adrenergic receptor gene (ADRA2A) is associated with ADHD. Our aim was to examine whether the presence of a risk allele of the ADRA2A MspI polymorphism is associated with differences in regional cerebral blood flow in boys with ADHD. Methods: We recruited 21 Korean boys with ADHD (mean age 9.9, standard deviation [SD] 2.7 yr) and 11 age-and sex-matched controls (mean age 10.6 [SD 2.1] yr). Each participant underwent technetium-99m-hexamethylpropylene amine oxime ((99m)Tc-HMPAO) single-photon emission computed tomography. We performed image analyses with voxel-wise t statistics using SPM2. Results: We found regional hypoperfusion in the prefrontal regions, including the right orbitofrontal and right medial gyri, and the bilateral putamen and cerebellum in boys with ADHD relative to controls (p < 0.0005, uncorrected for multiple comparisons). Boys with ADHD who carried the C allele (n = 13) at the ADRA2A MspI polymorphism had reduced perfusion in the bilateral orbitofrontal regions compared with those without the C allele (n = 8) (p < 0.0005, uncorrected for multiple comparisons). Limitations: This study was limited by the small sample size, and we did not obtain genetic data from the controls. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that regional differences in cerebral perfusion in the orbitofrontal cortex represent an intermediate neuroimaging phenotype associated with the ADRA2A MspI polymorphism; these data support the validity of the noradrenergic hypothesis regarding the pathophysiology of ADHD. ; This work was supported by the Korea Research Foundation Grant funded by the Korean Government (KRF- 2006–003-E00192). ; Varghese GI, 2009, BRAIN, V132, P2102, DOI 10.1093/brain/awp027 ; May A, 2009, NAT REV NEUROL, V5, P199, DOI 10.1038/nrneurol.2009.28 ; Makris N, 2009, DEV NEUROSCI-BASEL, V31, P36, DOI 10.1159/000207492 ; Cho SC, 2008, AM J MED GENET B, V147B, P957, DOI 10.1002/ajmg.b.30725 ; Durston S, 2008, DEV PSYCHOPATHOL, V20, P1133, DOI 10.1017/S0954579408000539 ; Prince J, 2008, J CLIN PSYCHOPHARM, V28, pS39, DOI 10.1097/JCP.0b013e318174f92a ; Brennan AR, 2008, ANN NY ACAD SCI, V1129, P236, DOI 10.1196/annals.1417.007 ; Wang M, 2007, CELL, V129, P397, DOI 10.1016/j.cell.2007.03.015 ; Arnsten AFT, 2006, NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOL, V31, P2376, DOI 10.1038/sj.npp.1301164 ; Dickstein SG, 2006, J CHILD PSYCHOL PSYC, V47, P1051, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01671.x ; Krain AL, 2006, CLIN PSYCHOL REV, V26, P433, DOI 10.1016/j.cpr.2006.01.005 ; Wang B, 2006, AM J MED GENET B, V141B, P130, DOI 10.1002/ajmg.b.30258 ; Waldman ID, 2006, COGN AFFECT BEHAV NE, V6, P18 ; Biederman J, 2005, LANCET, V366, P237 ; Bush G, 2005, BIOL PSYCHIAT, V57, P1273, DOI 10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.01.034 ; Madras BK, 2005, BIOL PSYCHIAT, V57, P1397, DOI 10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.10.011 ; Park L, 2005, MOL PSYCHIATR, V10, P572, DOI 10.1038/sj.mp.4001605 ; Sawyer SL, 2005, EUR J HUM GENET, V13, P677, DOI 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201368 ; Lee JS, 2005, HUM BRAIN MAPP, V24, P157, DOI 10.1002/hbm.20067 ; Bobb AJ, 2005, AM J MED GENET B, V132B, P109, DOI 10.1002/ajmg.b.30086 ; Szobot C, 2005, AM J MED GENET B, V132B, P53, DOI 10.1002/ajmg.b.30096 ; Belfer I, 2005, J HUM GENET, V50, P12, DOI 10.1007/s10038-004-0211-y ; Kim YS, 2004, YONSEI MED J, V45, P81 ; Kim BN, 2002, EUR ARCH PSY CLIN N, V252, P219, DOI 10.1007/s00406-002-0384-3 ; PARK KS, 2002, KOREAN ED DEV I WECH ; Peyron R, 2000, NEUROPHYSIOL CLIN, V30, P263 ; Avery RA, 2000, NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOL, V23, P240 ; Mao ZM, 1999, BIOL PSYCHIAT, V46, P1259 ; Jakala P, 1999, NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOL, V20, P460 ; Berquin PC, 1998, NEUROLOGY, V50, P1087 ; May A, 1998, PAIN, V74, P61 ; Kaufman J, 1997, J AM ACAD CHILD PSY, V36, P980 ; Smalley SL, 1997, AM J HUM GENET, V60, P1276 ; Allen G, 1997, SCIENCE, V275, P1940 ; Lario S, 1997, CLIN GENET, V51, P129 ; AMEN DG, 1997, ANN CLIN PSYCHIAT, V9, P81 ; Arnsten AFT, 1996, ARCH GEN PSYCHIAT, V53, P448 ; HARVEY AS, 1993, EPILEPSIA, V34, P869 ; ZAMETKIN AJ, 1993, ARCH GEN PSYCHIAT, V50, P333 ; ARNSTEN AFT, 1988, J NEUROSCI, V8, P4287 ; HOEHE MR, 1988, NUCLEIC ACIDS RES, V16, P9070 ; TALAIRACH J, 1988, COPLANAR STEREOTAXIC ; CHANG LT, 1978, IEEE T NUCL SCI, V25, P638 ; 1

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo definir, analisar e identificar por meio de um estudo de caso, as dimensões de comprometimento organizacional: afetivas, instrumental e normativa dos gestores do campus do Limoeiro do Norte, que estão em fase de estágio probatório e dos gestores do campus Fortaleza que já passaram desse estágio, traçar um comparativo e relacionar ambos os casos. Norteado por um modelo teórico de comprometimento organizacional abordado por Meyer e Allen (1991; 1997). Comprometimento no setor público neste estudo tem-se como unidade de análise duas instituições federais de educação, ciência e tecnologia. Como os gestores são, na maioria das vezes, responsáveis pelo desenvolvimento de uma força de trabalho capaz e comprometida, sua atuação torna-se de fundamental importância no âmbito da educação, aliado a competência técnica e a vontade polí­tica de ações planejadas. De acordo com a pesquisa descritiva e quantitativa, foram aplicados questionários já testados e validados, contendo aspectos semi-estruturados, onde foi dividido em duas partes: a primeira, com seis itens, abordando as caracterí­sticas pessoais e funcionais dos gestores do IFCE de cada campus estudado, e segunda, que possui dezoito itens divididos nas três dimensões do comprometimento organizacional: afetivo, instrumental e normativo, tudo baseado na escala de mensuração do comprometimento de Meyer e Allen (1997) modelo internacionalmente aceito e validado. Os resultados obtidos na pesquisa apontaram que dos 35 gestores do campus Limoeiro do Norte o comprometimento organizacional que obteve maior média foi o afetivo. Os gestores estáveis do campus Fortaleza, também apontaram a dimensão afetiva com a maior média de comprometimento. Com isso os estudos balizam que não há uma possível relação com o fator tempo na instituição, uma vez que a maioria dos gestores do campus Fortaleza possui mais de uma década de atuação, enquanto os do campus Limoeiro do Norte, possuem menos de três anos na instituição. A maior parte dos pesquisados nos campi defendem uma forte relação na instituição, já se sentem de casa, o vínculo se estabelece pela presença de sentimentos, afeição e identificação, até mesmo pelo fato dos gestores permanecerem mais tempo no trabalho que na sua prápria casa, ele faz da organização um esteio do seu próprio lar. Conclui-se que os resultados não permitem afirmar que as dimensões do comprometimento estão relacionadas ao tempo de atuação dos gestores na instituição. / This paper aims to define, analyze and identify through a case study, the dimensions of organizational commitment: affective, continuance and normative managers campus of Castle Hayne, who are in their probationary period and the managers of Fortaleza campus who have passed this stage, draw a comparison and to relate both cases. Guided by a theoretical model of organizational commitment by Meyer and Allen (1991; 1997) approached. Commitment in the public sector in this study has as unit of analysis two federal institutions of science and technology education. As managers are, in most cases, responsible for developing a workforce capable and committed, its performance becomes very important in education, combined with technical competence and political will of planned actions. According to the descriptive and quantitative research, questionnaires were applied, tested and validated, containing aspects of semi-structured, which was divided into two parts: the first, with six items, addressing the personal and functional characteristics of the managers of each campus IFCE studied, and second, which has eighteen items divided into the three dimensions of organizational commitment: affective, continuance and normative, all based on a scale to measure the commitment of Meyer and Allen (1997) model is internationally accepted and validated. The results obtained in this research showed that the 35 managers of the Castle Hayne campus organizational commitment that was obtained more affective. Managers stable campus Fortaleza, also pointed to the affective dimension with the highest average commitment. With this guiding studies that there is a possible relationship with the time factor in the institution, since most managers campus Fortaleza has over a decade of operation, while the Castle Hayne campus, have less than three years in institution. Most of the campuses surveyed favor a strong relationship with the institution, already feel at home, the link is established by the presence of feelings, affection and identification, even by the fact that managers stay longer at work than at home, he is a mainstay of the organization of your own home. We conclude that the results do not allow us to state that the dimensions of commitment are related to time of performance of managers in the institution.

Books reviewed: Great Britain and Ireland Old age in English history: past experiences, present times, Virginia Berridge Women in medieval English society, P.J.P Goldberg Trade, urban hinterlands and market integration, Phillipp Schofield Historical accounting records: a guide for archivists and researchers, Marianne Pitts The development of agrarian capitalism: land and labour in Norfolk, 1440‐1580, Christorpher Dyer Figures in the landscape: rural society in England, 1500‐1700, Adam Fox Migration and society in Britain, 1550‐1830, Peter Clark British clubs and societies, 1580‐1800: the origins of an associational world, Craig Muldrew Nature contested: environmental history in Scotland and northern England since 1600, Ian Whyte The development of London as a financial centre, Forrest Capie The country housewife's family companion (1750), Joan Thirsk Nature's governement: science imperial Britain, and the 'improvement' of the world, John Gascoigne Gales: a study in brewing, business and family history, Terry Gourvish Fighting words: working‐class formation, collective action, and discourse in early nineteenth‐century England, Owen Jackson Striking a bargain: work and industrial relations in England, 1815‐1865, Julian Davies Patterns of philanthropy, charity and society in nineteenth‐century Bristol, Alan Kidd Merchants to multinationals: British trading companies in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, Peter Cain The global cigarette, origins and evolution of British American Tabacco, 1880‐1945, B.W.E. Alford Poor women's lives: gender, work, and poverty in late‐Victorian London, Sheila Blackburn More than munitions: women, work and the engineering industries, 1900‐1950:, Gail Braybon Austerity in Britain: rationing, controls, and consumption, 1939‐1955, Peter Howlett March of the matrons: military influence on the British civilian nursing profession, 1939‐1969, Peter Mohr The British economy since 1945: engaging with the debate, Scott Newton Crises revolutions: and self‐sustained growth: essays in European fiscal history, 1130‐1830, Henry Roseveare The rise of cites in north‐west Europe, Gervase Rosser Privilege and the politics of taxation in eighteenth‐century France; liberté, fiscalité, Morag Martin Histoire agraire de la France au XVIIIe siècle: inerties et changments dans les capagnes françaises entre 1715 et 1815, Hugh Clout French anti‐slavery: the movement for the abolition of slavery in France, 1802‐1848, Pamela Pilbeam The modernist enterprise: French elites and the threat of modernity, 1900‐1940, Jackie Clarke Industrial culture and bourgeois sociey: business, labour, and bureaucracy in modern Germay, Joseph Melling The chameleon state: hlobal culture and policy shifts in Britain and Germany, 1914‐1933, Theo Balderston An economic history of Sweden, Ollie Krantz Silver, trade and war: Spain and America in the making of early modern Europe, Henry Kamen Imagining consumers: design and innovation from Wedgewood to Corning, Cheryl Buckley Reinventing free labor: padrones and immigrant workers in the Norh American West, 1880‐1930,Karen Jones Boodless victories: the rise and fall of the open shop in the Philadelphia metal trades, 1890‐1940, Neil A. Wynn Essays on the great depression, Peter Fearon Airline excutives and federal regulation: case studies in American enterprise from the airmail era to the dawn of the jet age, Michael French Modern forests: statemaking and environmental change in colonial eastern India, John M. Mackenzie The Japanese economy, John F. Wilson Australia in the global economy: coninunity and change, Bernard Attard The great divergence: Europe, China and the making of modern world economy, Philip Richardson Terms of labor: slavery, serdom, and free labor,Kenneth Morgan The legacy of Frederich von Hayek, vols I: Politics; II: Philosophy; III, Economics, Roger Middleton The challenge of global captalism: the world economy int 21st century, Clive H. Lee General Mark Ormrod, Margaret Bonney, & Richard Bonney, eds. Crises, revolutions and self‐sustained growthAdriaan Verhulst. The rise of cities in north‐west EuropeMichael Kwass. Privilege and the politics of taxation in eighteenth‐century FranceGérard Béaur. Histoire agraire de la France au XVIIIe siècleLawrence C. Jennings. French anti‐slaveryMarjorie A. Beale. The modernist enterpriseJürgen Kocka. Industrial culture and bourgeois societyTien‐lung Liu. The chameleon stateLars Magnusson. An economic history of SwedenStanley J. Stein & Barbara H. Stein. Silver, trade and warRegina Lee Blaszczyk. Imagining consumersGunther Peck. Reinventing free laborHowell John Harris. Bloodless victoriesBen S. Bernanke. Essays on the great depressionW. David Lewis, ed. Airline executives and federal regulationK. Sivaramakrishnan. Modern forestsDavid Flath. The Japanese economyDavid Meredith & Barrie Dyster. Australia in the global economyKenneth Pomeranz. The great divergenceStanley L. Engerman, ed. Terms of laborPeter J. Boettke, ed. The legacy of Frederich von HayekRobert Gilpin with Jean Millis Gilpin. The challenge of global capitalism

European Tropical Forest Research Network (ETFRN) Newsletter (Number 13, May 1995) Code Number: NL95011 Size of Files: Text: 100K No associated graphics files ETFRN-News is a quarterly publication of the European Tropical Forest Research Network; free copies can be obtained from: European Tropical Forest Research Network (ETFRN) c/o ATSAF e.V. Ellerstr. 50 D-53119 Bonn, Germany Tel.:+49-228-98 46-16 Fax:+49-228-98 46-99 ORGANISTIONS, INSTITUTIONS, PROGRAMMES National Forestry Research in Japan (from Maria Nunez, FFPRI Japan) The Faculty of Forestry at Sokoine University of Agriculture Morogoro, Tanzania The Canopy research Network The Forest research Station "Estacao Florestal Nacional" The Foundation for Ethnobiology (FEb) and the "Greenheart Project" in Guyana RESEARCH COOPERATIONS KFRI The Kerala Forest Research Institute (KFRI) was established in 1975 as an autonomous Institution under the umbrella of the State Committee on Science, Technology and Environment Government of Kerala, India, to undertake research related to the forestry sector in the state. NEWS Graduate PRogrammes 'Socio-Economy of Forest Use in the Tropics and Subtropics' coordinated by the University of Freiburg Biodiversity Forest Monitoring Plots: The Reality Check (from Dr. Francisco Dallmeier, SI/MAB) The symposium "Measuring and Monitoring Biodiversity in Tropical and Temperate Forests" which took place from 28 August to 3 September 1994 in Chang Mai, Thailand, brought together scientists and researchers from around the world to present their findings and discuss approaches on the topic. Testing Criteria and Indicators for Sustainable Management of Forests - Phase II of the CIFOR-coordinated project completed The second phase of the CIFOR-coordinated international project "Testing Criteria and Indicators for Sustainable Management of Forests" (see Newsletter 11/94 pp 24) was closed by the workshop held in Samarinda, East Kalimantan (30 March - 2 April 1995). Minimum data requirements for sustainable forest management - a report on an IUFRO Working Group Meeting A meeting of the IUFRO working group S4.02.03 took place in Stellenbosch from 7 - 9 November 1994. This working group addresses the topic of forest inventory on successive occasions, and the theme of the meeting was minimum data requirements for sustainable forest management. PUBLICATIONS FAO (ed.). 1994. The State of Food and Agriculture. FAO Agriculture Series No 27. FAO, Rome, Italy. 357 p. + diskette. ISBN: 92-5-103550-4. ISSN: 0081-4539. Forestry in Irrigated Agriculture Schemes Stig Johansson. 1995. Forestry in Irrigated Agricultural Schemes, with special reference to the Bura Irrigation and Settlement Project, Kenya. Tropical Forestry Reports, No. 10. 173 p. University of Helsinki, Department of Forest Ecology, Helsinki University Printing House, ISBN: 951-45-6901-6, ISSN: 0786-8170. Sustainable Management of Tropical Rainforests B.R. Prabhu, H.-J. Weidelt, S. Leinert. 1993. Sustainable Management of Tropical Rainforests: Experiences, Risks, and Opportunities, An Investigation Based on Four Case Studies. Research Reports of the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development of the Federal Republic (BMZ) of Germany, Vol. 109. 276 p., Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 114-116, D- 53113 Bonn. ISBN. State of the World's Forests Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). 1995. State of the World's Forests. Forestry Department, FAO, Via delle Terme di Caracalla, I-00100 Rome, Italy. Fax: (+39-6) 5225 5137 The role of alternative conflict management in community forestry Christine Pendzich, Garry Thomas, Tim Wohlgenant. 1994. The Role of Alternative Conflict Management in Community Forestry: Resolve. 152 p. The Senior Community Forestry Officer, Forestry Policy and Planning Division, Forestry Department, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Viale delle Terme de Caracalla, Rome 00100, Italy, Fax: (+39-6) 522-55514 Bamboo Dransfield, S. & Widjaja, E.A. (Editors), 1995. Plant Resources of South-East Asia No. 7. Bamboos. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden. 189 pp. ISBM 90-73348-35-8. ETFRN - Annuaire des Chercheurs - France Francois Grison, Catherine Gueguen, 1995. Annuaire des Chercheurs, 341 pp. Reseau Europeen de Recherche Forstiere Tropical, Point Focal National France, CIRAD-Foret, Dpartement Forestier du CIFAD, Centre de Cooperation Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Developpement, 45 bis, avenue de la Belle-Gabrielle 94736, Nogent- sur-Marne, France. ISBN: 2-87614-191-4. ETFRN NATIONAL NODES ETFRN INTERNATIONAL AGENDA CONFERENCES WORKSHOPS TRAINING COURSES

Dinka Marinović Jerolimov and Nikolina Hazdovac Bajić examine the case of Croatia in this chapter, a postcommunist country with a dominant Roman Catholic religious society. The official social welfare system in Croatia started to function in the communist period (1945–1990), more precisely during the 1960s, with the implementation of the first legislation that sought to comprehensively regulate that area and the establishment of independent institutions that deal with social issues. The authors seek to provide insight into the role and function of church-based organizations in the welfare system in Croatia, considering both the communist and postcommunist social and legal context.

Since 1949, Tibetans and Uyghurs generally have been perceived as the two most problematic members of the PRC s great family of peoples and been the targets of carrot and stick measures designed to facilitate their integration into the PRC. In recent years, a solution to the problem of Xinjiang and the Tibet has been sought in accelerated economic development, yet this is perceived by both groups with great suspicion. Addressing this situation, the volume explores the arenas of socio-economic development and market liberalization, popular culture, urban planning and relocation, environment and ecological migration, civil society, education and language, ethno-nationalism, as well as religious policies and practices. It is especially topical at a time when fieldwork in the regions where these two minorities live remains extremely difficult and politically sensitive.

Purpose – Our paper aims at analyzing how different European countries cope with the European Energy Policy, which proposes a set of measures (free energy market, smart meters, energy certificates) to improve energy utilization and management in Europe. Design/methodology/approach – The paper first reports the general vision, regulations and goals set up by Europe to implement the European Energy Policy. Later on, it performs an analysis of how some European countries are coping with the goals, with legal, economical and regulatory measures. Finally, the paper draws a comparison between the countries to present a view on how Europe is responding to the emerging energy emergency of the modern world. Findings – Our analysis on different use cases (countries) showed that European countries are converging to a common energy policy, even though some countries appear to be later than others. In particular, Southern European countries were slowed down by the world financial and economical crisis. Still, it appears that contingency plans were put into action, and Europe as a whole is proceeding steadily towards the common vision. Research limitations/implications – European countries are applying yet more cuts to financing green technologies, and it is not possible to predict clearly how each country will evolve its support to the European energy policy. Moreover, we only analyzed a small number of countries. On the other hand, we selected countries belonging to different areas of Europe, and we consider that the countries that we selected as placeholders for the groups cover the whole normative spectrum that can be found in Europe. Practical implications – Different countries applied different measures to attain the targets set by the European Union. The implementation of the European energy policy has to cope with the resulting plethora of regulations, and a company proposing enhancement regarding energy management still has to possess robust knowledge of the single country, before being able to export experience and know-how between European countries. Originality/Value – Even though a few surveys on energy measures in Europe are already part of the state-of-the-art, organic analysis diagonal to the different topics of the European Energy Policy is missing. Moreover, this paper highlights how European countries are converging on a common view, and provides some details on the differences between the countries, thus facilitating parties interesting into cross-country export of experience and technology for energy management.

Forty-five years of existence of "Cuadernos de Administración" is and will always be a reason for celebration for the academy: The School of Administration and its Editors confirm their enthusiasm and conviction, by continuing to edit and successfully fulfilling the purpose for which they were created. The "Cuadernos" have been a means of information on scientific academic developments in the field of business administration and related areas of knowledge. For the authors and editors of this publication, the greatest satisfaction is knowing that their writings, periodic content, messages, findings and opinions have been understood, studied and applied. As readers, the motivation is to find great innovations in each edition, which will allow them to understand how to overcome the current challenges that they are currently experiencing in the fields of economics, business, management, as well as a guide on how to adapt to the new onus's realities. And even more, to help you to plan the immediate future that serves as a guide to modern management and mainly in the different areas: public, industrial, commercial, health, justice and education. In short, we are always waiting for new information and guidance services to make the necessary decisions in the orientation and administration of organizations with leaders awarded to contribute the improvements of future societies. For the Founders of the magazine "Cuadernos" is an honor and pride, to celebrate forty-five years, from the first publication to see our dreams materialized and turned into such an impressive publication, reaching 45 years is the evidence of the great achievement, " Having done it well", that we celebrate today. In 1976 in the Department of Administration, with the collaboration of our Master Andrés Sevilla and the professor Leonel Monroy, we created: a means of communication and information of knowledge and academic developments. "Cuadernos" was part of the strategy and information medium of the innovations of our teachers, when we began to conceptualize and direct the New School of Administration in the 1970s. Andres Sevilla, Hugo Restrepo, Hernando Arellano, Jaime Lopez, Leonel Monroy, Leon Blank, Alberto Merlano, Alberto Guitis, Miguel Bernal, Octavio Garcia, Fabio Villegas, Jose Manuel Arenas, Hernan Alvarez, Harold Edgar Perea, Bernardo Barona, Ricardo Pabon, come to mind in these moments of celebration. To all of them, an immense gratitude for their support, collaboration - and for their contributions - in the realization of this academic strategic component. The results of "Cuadernos" in its forty-five years of existence have been reflected in the editions and articles of researchers, our university's professors and business leaders, with national and international recognition, for the innovations presented, in the scientific field of business management. To all of them, our deepest gratitude for their work in the realization of our dreams, they have all played the role of managers and actors of this great academic educational development. Finally, like forty-five years ago, let me remember the projection of those dreams. we said at that time:"This is the first issue of the Cuadernos de Administración, a newsletter for teaching purposes, which we hope will become the magazine of the School of Management of the Universidad del Valle.""The Department of Business Administration, which gave a decisive impetus to the administration of organizations in the region more than ten years ago, has since been constantly evolving; its task of producing knowledge to teach and to share it with other sectors of the university and the city through this means of information.""Individuals inclined for the profession of business management have been helped by us to improve their knowledge in the field of the organization and its dynamic agent the administrator. We desire, in the years to come, to maintain the service of those whom we have served (our graduates) and will serve; similarly, to new sectors that have not had a link with the University; we want to be an authoritative voice in a society that must and needs to be well managed.""One way to do this is by guiding, through qualified information, all those who run and manage organizations (public and private), with the desire to be used for their daily work, today and tomorrow. We want this to be your newsletter, for you to understand that it is, to feel it and to want it to be." We hope in this way, through you, transcend the community." Milton J. Mora Lema Cali, 1976.Let us now share some reflections that could contribute to the future of "Cuadernos" and its information mission in the field of Management, for the academic training of current and future generations. Clearly, in the last years of the 20th and 21st centuries, a transformative revolution has occurred in all fields and levels, from the individual to the organizational globalization of human talent. We, as actors and managers of new developments, must then reflect on how our present actions can impact the future, our environment and the quality of life of our children, relatives and living beings. And this means accepting responsibility for our decisions and actions in the face of these potential problems. It is necessary to become aware of the need to avoid the undesirable future and to choose other alternatives to obtain sustainable development. And from this vision, participate with reliable information that guides management training. Undoubtedly, the development and growth of contemporary societies are a consequence of the level of education, strategies and institutional educational models. In the field of management and business, educational models have contributed to the formation of leaders with levels of knowledge of contemporary organizations, aware of these realities and with the ability to analyze management decisions. In our case, "Cuadernos", faithful to its development mission, will continue to maintain its leading role, providing information on research, knowledge innovations in Management and Management training and the like of the modern world. In this context, what should be its orientation to contribute to the solution of the main problems that we are experiencing, in Western societies, for example, in the management of ecosystems, in the quality of life of the surrounding societies, in modern management for companies and businesses in the industrial, commercial, public institutions, health, justice and other fields. What competencies, concepts and distinctive values are necessary to guide the formation of the leaders of the organizations, their ethical and human formation, that they contribute to consolidating justice and equity for their societies? The training of modern management must be aimed at contributing to the construction of a better world with quality of life for the benefit of all human beings and their ecosystems. What then will be the role of the "Cuadernos" of the future "? The knowledge, science and technology, in the world's leading countries, have become strategies to generate new processes of political, educational and institutional development. Scientific and technological innovations, new knowledge and information have generated cultural changes, new technological developments applied to the innovation of new processes, new ways of working and major changes in contemporary organization, which have required the development of qualified human talent in these cutting-edge technologies. A society stronger in scientific and technological knowledge requires greater investments in education, research and development. There must be policies and strategies where the citizen can value the importance of knowledge and its application, based on the scientific and technological results generated in the country for the solution of real problems in Colombia today aggravated by the post-pandemic Covid 19. The use of technology is allowing us to solve the main challenges of the planet: feeding the entire population, to guarantee access to drinking water, education for all, sustainable energy and caring for the environment, among others. Within this trend, what should be the orientation of Cuadernos, to detect the new trends and innovations that have transformed, the economies, the management and administration of contemporary organizations? Of course, these challenges would imply being open to transform in the field of education, in the habitual mentalities, the strategies of the businesses and the styles of management. With educational innovations, online content is growing, and will continue in this trend improving, as well as, the obsolescence of knowledge every five years and the content of teaching changing every year. These challenges imply a revolution in the content and the media of Cuadernos?"Each edition of the journal Cuadernos would be full of: Timely research, relevant business and management advice, interesting case studies The participation of teachers and researchers will be the backbone of the Journal, with their contributions from the new findings, obtained in the doctorate and teaching research. This academic technological contribution, when applying science to practice, would lead to development, growth and would raise the levels of knowledge and training to the postgraduate and professional levels, as well as the quality of life. The content of our magazine would be designed to inform and inspire its readers to grow and achieve their individual goals. "The above reflections would be a great challenge for the Faculty of Administration Sciences and therefore, for Cuadernos de Administración to continue and maintain its informative academic leadership. Playing the role of Alma Mater, spreading knowledge to sensitize and train its leaders and citizens, with training for modern management, administration and leadership solutions and developments. In this way, the "Cuadernos" magazine will continue to contribute to the economic, technological and cultural growth of its readers, fulfilling the mission for which they were created and also contributing to the development of the New Colombia that all Colombians yearn for. Let us keep making our dreams come true. Thanks. ; Forty-five years of existence of "Cuadernos de Administración" is and will always be a reason for celebration for the academy: The School of Administration and its Editors confirm their enthusiasm and conviction, by continuing to edit and successfully fulfilling the purpose for which they were created. The "Cuadernos" have been a means of information on scientific academic developments in the field of business administration and related areas of knowledge. For the authors and editors of this publication, the greatest satisfaction is knowing that their writings, periodic content, messages, findings and opinions have been understood, studied and applied. As readers, the motivation is to find great innovations in each edition, which will allow them to understand how to overcome the current challenges that they are currently experiencing in the fields of economics, business, management, as well as a guide on how to adapt to the new onus's realities. And even more, to help you to plan the immediate future that serves as a guide to modern management and mainly in the different areas: public, industrial, commercial, health, justice and education. In short, we are always waiting for new information and guidance services to make the necessary decisions in the orientation and administration of organizations with leaders awarded to contribute the improvements of future societies. For the Founders of the magazine "Cuadernos" is an honor and pride, to celebrate forty-five years, from the first publication to see our dreams materialized and turned into such an impressive publication, reaching 45 years is the evidence of the great achievement, " Having done it well", that we celebrate today. In 1976 in the Department of Administration, with the collaboration of our Master Andrés Sevilla and the professor Leonel Monroy, we created: a means of communication and information of knowledge and academic developments. "Cuadernos" was part of the strategy and information medium of the innovations of our teachers, when we began to conceptualize and direct the New School of Administration in the 1970s. Andres Sevilla, Hugo Restrepo, Hernando Arellano, Jaime Lopez, Leonel Monroy, Leon Blank, Alberto Merlano, Alberto Guitis, Miguel Bernal, Octavio Garcia, Fabio Villegas, Jose Manuel Arenas, Hernan Alvarez, Harold Edgar Perea, Bernardo Barona, Ricardo Pabon, come to mind in these moments of celebration. To all of them, an immense gratitude for their support, collaboration - and for their contributions - in the realization of this academic strategic component. The results of "Cuadernos" in its forty-five years of existence have been reflected in the editions and articles of researchers, our university's professors and business leaders, with national and international recognition, for the innovations presented, in the scientific field of business management. To all of them, our deepest gratitude for their work in the realization of our dreams, they have all played the role of managers and actors of this great academic educational development. Finally, like forty-five years ago, let me remember the projection of those dreams. we said at that time:"This is the first issue of the Cuadernos de Administración, a newsletter for teaching purposes, which we hope will become the magazine of the School of Management of the Universidad del Valle.""The Department of Business Administration, which gave a decisive impetus to the administration of organizations in the region more than ten years ago, has since been constantly evolving; its task of producing knowledge to teach and to share it with other sectors of the university and the city through this means of information.""Individuals inclined for the profession of business management have been helped by us to improve their knowledge in the field of the organization and its dynamic agent the administrator. We desire, in the years to come, to maintain the service of those whom we have served (our graduates) and will serve; similarly, to new sectors that have not had a link with the University; we want to be an authoritative voice in a society that must and needs to be well managed.""One way to do this is by guiding, through qualified information, all those who run and manage organizations (public and private), with the desire to be used for their daily work, today and tomorrow. We want this to be your newsletter, for you to understand that it is, to feel it and to want it to be." We hope in this way, through you, transcend the community." Milton J. Mora Lema Cali, 1976.Let us now share some reflections that could contribute to the future of "Cuadernos" and its information mission in the field of Management, for the academic training of current and future generations. Clearly, in the last years of the 20th and 21st centuries, a transformative revolution has occurred in all fields and levels, from the individual to the organizational globalization of human talent. We, as actors and managers of new developments, must then reflect on how our present actions can impact the future, our environment and the quality of life of our children, relatives and living beings. And this means accepting responsibility for our decisions and actions in the face of these potential problems. It is necessary to become aware of the need to avoid the undesirable future and to choose other alternatives to obtain sustainable development. And from this vision, participate with reliable information that guides management training. Undoubtedly, the development and growth of contemporary societies are a consequence of the level of education, strategies and institutional educational models. In the field of management and business, educational models have contributed to the formation of leaders with levels of knowledge of contemporary organizations, aware of these realities and with the ability to analyze management decisions. In our case, "Cuadernos", faithful to its development mission, will continue to maintain its leading role, providing information on research, knowledge innovations in Management and Management training and the like of the modern world. In this context, what should be its orientation to contribute to the solution of the main problems that we are experiencing, in Western societies, for example, in the management of ecosystems, in the quality of life of the surrounding societies, in modern management for companies and businesses in the industrial, commercial, public institutions, health, justice and other fields. What competencies, concepts and distinctive values are necessary to guide the formation of the leaders of the organizations, their ethical and human formation, that they contribute to consolidating justice and equity for their societies? The training of modern management must be aimed at contributing to the construction of a better world with quality of life for the benefit of all human beings and their ecosystems. What then will be the role of the "Cuadernos" of the future "? The knowledge, science and technology, in the world's leading countries, have become strategies to generate new processes of political, educational and institutional development. Scientific and technological innovations, new knowledge and information have generated cultural changes, new technological developments applied to the innovation of new processes, new ways of working and major changes in contemporary organization, which have required the development of qualified human talent in these cutting-edge technologies. A society stronger in scientific and technological knowledge requires greater investments in education, research and development. There must be policies and strategies where the citizen can value the importance of knowledge and its application, based on the scientific and technological results generated in the country for the solution of real problems in Colombia today aggravated by the post-pandemic Covid 19. The use of technology is allowing us to solve the main challenges of the planet: feeding the entire population, to guarantee access to drinking water, education for all, sustainable energy and caring for the environment, among others. Within this trend, what should be the orientation of Cuadernos, to detect the new trends and innovations that have transformed, the economies, the management and administration of contemporary organizations? Of course, these challenges would imply being open to transform in the field of education, in the habitual mentalities, the strategies of the businesses and the styles of management. With educational innovations, online content is growing, and will continue in this trend improving, as well as, the obsolescence of knowledge every five years and the content of teaching changing every year. These challenges imply a revolution in the content and the media of Cuadernos?"Each edition of the journal Cuadernos would be full of: Timely research, relevant business and management advice, interesting case studies The participation of teachers and researchers will be the backbone of the Journal, with their contributions from the new findings, obtained in the doctorate and teaching research. This academic technological contribution, when applying science to practice, would lead to development, growth and would raise the levels of knowledge and training to the postgraduate and professional levels, as well as the quality of life. The content of our magazine would be designed to inform and inspire its readers to grow and achieve their individual goals. "The above reflections would be a great challenge for the Faculty of Administration Sciences and therefore, for Cuadernos de Administración to continue and maintain its informative academic leadership. Playing the role of Alma Mater, spreading knowledge to sensitize and train its leaders and citizens, with training for modern management, administration and leadership solutions and developments. In this way, the "Cuadernos" magazine will continue to contribute to the economic, technological and cultural growth of its readers, fulfilling the mission for which they were created and also contributing to the development of the New Colombia that all Colombians yearn for. Let us keep making our dreams come true. Thanks.

Forty-five years of existence of "Cuadernos de Administración" is and will always be a reason for celebration for the academy: The School of Administration and its Editors confirm their enthusiasm and conviction, by continuing to edit and successfully fulfilling the purpose for which they were created. The "Cuadernos" have been a means of information on scientific academic developments in the field of business administration and related areas of knowledge. For the authors and editors of this publication, the greatest satisfaction is knowing that their writings, periodic content, messages, findings and opinions have been understood, studied and applied. As readers, the motivation is to find great innovations in each edition, which will allow them to understand how to overcome the current challenges that they are currently experiencing in the fields of economics, business, management, as well as a guide on how to adapt to the new onus's realities. And even more, to help you to plan the immediate future that serves as a guide to modern management and mainly in the different areas: public, industrial, commercial, health, justice and education. In short, we are always waiting for new information and guidance services to make the necessary decisions in the orientation and administration of organizations with leaders awarded to contribute the improvements of future societies. For the Founders of the magazine "Cuadernos" is an honor and pride, to celebrate forty-five years, from the first publication to see our dreams materialized and turned into such an impressive publication, reaching 45 years is the evidence of the great achievement, " Having done it well", that we celebrate today. In 1976 in the Department of Administration, with the collaboration of our Master Andrés Sevilla and the professor Leonel Monroy, we created: a means of communication and information of knowledge and academic developments. "Cuadernos" was part of the strategy and information medium of the innovations of our teachers, when we began to conceptualize and direct the New School of Administration in the 1970s. Andres Sevilla, Hugo Restrepo, Hernando Arellano, Jaime Lopez, Leonel Monroy, Leon Blank, Alberto Merlano, Alberto Guitis, Miguel Bernal, Octavio Garcia, Fabio Villegas, Jose Manuel Arenas, Hernan Alvarez, Harold Edgar Perea, Bernardo Barona, Ricardo Pabon, come to mind in these moments of celebration. To all of them, an immense gratitude for their support, collaboration - and for their contributions - in the realization of this academic strategic component. The results of "Cuadernos" in its forty-five years of existence have been reflected in the editions and articles of researchers, our university's professors and business leaders, with national and international recognition, for the innovations presented, in the scientific field of business management. To all of them, our deepest gratitude for their work in the realization of our dreams, they have all played the role of managers and actors of this great academic educational development. Finally, like forty-five years ago, let me remember the projection of those dreams. we said at that time:"This is the first issue of the Cuadernos de Administración, a newsletter for teaching purposes, which we hope will become the magazine of the School of Management of the Universidad del Valle.""The Department of Business Administration, which gave a decisive impetus to the administration of organizations in the region more than ten years ago, has since been constantly evolving; its task of producing knowledge to teach and to share it with other sectors of the university and the city through this means of information.""Individuals inclined for the profession of business management have been helped by us to improve their knowledge in the field of the organization and its dynamic agent the administrator. We desire, in the years to come, to maintain the service of those whom we have served (our graduates) and will serve; similarly, to new sectors that have not had a link with the University; we want to be an authoritative voice in a society that must and needs to be well managed.""One way to do this is by guiding, through qualified information, all those who run and manage organizations (public and private), with the desire to be used for their daily work, today and tomorrow. We want this to be your newsletter, for you to understand that it is, to feel it and to want it to be." We hope in this way, through you, transcend the community." Milton J. Mora Lema Cali, 1976.Let us now share some reflections that could contribute to the future of "Cuadernos" and its information mission in the field of Management, for the academic training of current and future generations. Clearly, in the last years of the 20th and 21st centuries, a transformative revolution has occurred in all fields and levels, from the individual to the organizational globalization of human talent. We, as actors and managers of new developments, must then reflect on how our present actions can impact the future, our environment and the quality of life of our children, relatives and living beings. And this means accepting responsibility for our decisions and actions in the face of these potential problems. It is necessary to become aware of the need to avoid the undesirable future and to choose other alternatives to obtain sustainable development. And from this vision, participate with reliable information that guides management training. Undoubtedly, the development and growth of contemporary societies are a consequence of the level of education, strategies and institutional educational models. In the field of management and business, educational models have contributed to the formation of leaders with levels of knowledge of contemporary organizations, aware of these realities and with the ability to analyze management decisions. In our case, "Cuadernos", faithful to its development mission, will continue to maintain its leading role, providing information on research, knowledge innovations in Management and Management training and the like of the modern world. In this context, what should be its orientation to contribute to the solution of the main problems that we are experiencing, in Western societies, for example, in the management of ecosystems, in the quality of life of the surrounding societies, in modern management for companies and businesses in the industrial, commercial, public institutions, health, justice and other fields. What competencies, concepts and distinctive values are necessary to guide the formation of the leaders of the organizations, their ethical and human formation, that they contribute to consolidating justice and equity for their societies? The training of modern management must be aimed at contributing to the construction of a better world with quality of life for the benefit of all human beings and their ecosystems. What then will be the role of the "Cuadernos" of the future "? The knowledge, science and technology, in the world's leading countries, have become strategies to generate new processes of political, educational and institutional development. Scientific and technological innovations, new knowledge and information have generated cultural changes, new technological developments applied to the innovation of new processes, new ways of working and major changes in contemporary organization, which have required the development of qualified human talent in these cutting-edge technologies. A society stronger in scientific and technological knowledge requires greater investments in education, research and development. There must be policies and strategies where the citizen can value the importance of knowledge and its application, based on the scientific and technological results generated in the country for the solution of real problems in Colombia today aggravated by the post-pandemic Covid 19. The use of technology is allowing us to solve the main challenges of the planet: feeding the entire population, to guarantee access to drinking water, education for all, sustainable energy and caring for the environment, among others. Within this trend, what should be the orientation of Cuadernos, to detect the new trends and innovations that have transformed, the economies, the management and administration of contemporary organizations? Of course, these challenges would imply being open to transform in the field of education, in the habitual mentalities, the strategies of the businesses and the styles of management. With educational innovations, online content is growing, and will continue in this trend improving, as well as, the obsolescence of knowledge every five years and the content of teaching changing every year. These challenges imply a revolution in the content and the media of Cuadernos?"Each edition of the journal Cuadernos would be full of: Timely research, relevant business and management advice, interesting case studies The participation of teachers and researchers will be the backbone of the Journal, with their contributions from the new findings, obtained in the doctorate and teaching research. This academic technological contribution, when applying science to practice, would lead to development, growth and would raise the levels of knowledge and training to the postgraduate and professional levels, as well as the quality of life. The content of our magazine would be designed to inform and inspire its readers to grow and achieve their individual goals. "The above reflections would be a great challenge for the Faculty of Administration Sciences and therefore, for Cuadernos de Administración to continue and maintain its informative academic leadership. Playing the role of Alma Mater, spreading knowledge to sensitize and train its leaders and citizens, with training for modern management, administration and leadership solutions and developments. In this way, the "Cuadernos" magazine will continue to contribute to the economic, technological and cultural growth of its readers, fulfilling the mission for which they were created and also contributing to the development of the New Colombia that all Colombians yearn for. Let us keep making our dreams come true. Thanks. ; Forty-five years of existence of "Cuadernos de Administración" is and will always be a reason for celebration for the academy: The School of Administration and its Editors confirm their enthusiasm and conviction, by continuing to edit and successfully fulfilling the purpose for which they were created. The "Cuadernos" have been a means of information on scientific academic developments in the field of business administration and related areas of knowledge. For the authors and editors of this publication, the greatest satisfaction is knowing that their writings, periodic content, messages, findings and opinions have been understood, studied and applied. As readers, the motivation is to find great innovations in each edition, which will allow them to understand how to overcome the current challenges that they are currently experiencing in the fields of economics, business, management, as well as a guide on how to adapt to the new onus's realities. And even more, to help you to plan the immediate future that serves as a guide to modern management and mainly in the different areas: public, industrial, commercial, health, justice and education. In short, we are always waiting for new information and guidance services to make the necessary decisions in the orientation and administration of organizations with leaders awarded to contribute the improvements of future societies. For the Founders of the magazine "Cuadernos" is an honor and pride, to celebrate forty-five years, from the first publication to see our dreams materialized and turned into such an impressive publication, reaching 45 years is the evidence of the great achievement, " Having done it well", that we celebrate today. In 1976 in the Department of Administration, with the collaboration of our Master Andrés Sevilla and the professor Leonel Monroy, we created: a means of communication and information of knowledge and academic developments. "Cuadernos" was part of the strategy and information medium of the innovations of our teachers, when we began to conceptualize and direct the New School of Administration in the 1970s. Andres Sevilla, Hugo Restrepo, Hernando Arellano, Jaime Lopez, Leonel Monroy, Leon Blank, Alberto Merlano, Alberto Guitis, Miguel Bernal, Octavio Garcia, Fabio Villegas, Jose Manuel Arenas, Hernan Alvarez, Harold Edgar Perea, Bernardo Barona, Ricardo Pabon, come to mind in these moments of celebration. To all of them, an immense gratitude for their support, collaboration - and for their contributions - in the realization of this academic strategic component. The results of "Cuadernos" in its forty-five years of existence have been reflected in the editions and articles of researchers, our university's professors and business leaders, with national and international recognition, for the innovations presented, in the scientific field of business management. To all of them, our deepest gratitude for their work in the realization of our dreams, they have all played the role of managers and actors of this great academic educational development. Finally, like forty-five years ago, let me remember the projection of those dreams. we said at that time:"This is the first issue of the Cuadernos de Administración, a newsletter for teaching purposes, which we hope will become the magazine of the School of Management of the Universidad del Valle.""The Department of Business Administration, which gave a decisive impetus to the administration of organizations in the region more than ten years ago, has since been constantly evolving; its task of producing knowledge to teach and to share it with other sectors of the university and the city through this means of information.""Individuals inclined for the profession of business management have been helped by us to improve their knowledge in the field of the organization and its dynamic agent the administrator. We desire, in the years to come, to maintain the service of those whom we have served (our graduates) and will serve; similarly, to new sectors that have not had a link with the University; we want to be an authoritative voice in a society that must and needs to be well managed.""One way to do this is by guiding, through qualified information, all those who run and manage organizations (public and private), with the desire to be used for their daily work, today and tomorrow. We want this to be your newsletter, for you to understand that it is, to feel it and to want it to be." We hope in this way, through you, transcend the community." Milton J. Mora Lema Cali, 1976.Let us now share some reflections that could contribute to the future of "Cuadernos" and its information mission in the field of Management, for the academic training of current and future generations. Clearly, in the last years of the 20th and 21st centuries, a transformative revolution has occurred in all fields and levels, from the individual to the organizational globalization of human talent. We, as actors and managers of new developments, must then reflect on how our present actions can impact the future, our environment and the quality of life of our children, relatives and living beings. And this means accepting responsibility for our decisions and actions in the face of these potential problems. It is necessary to become aware of the need to avoid the undesirable future and to choose other alternatives to obtain sustainable development. And from this vision, participate with reliable information that guides management training. Undoubtedly, the development and growth of contemporary societies are a consequence of the level of education, strategies and institutional educational models. In the field of management and business, educational models have contributed to the formation of leaders with levels of knowledge of contemporary organizations, aware of these realities and with the ability to analyze management decisions. In our case, "Cuadernos", faithful to its development mission, will continue to maintain its leading role, providing information on research, knowledge innovations in Management and Management training and the like of the modern world. In this context, what should be its orientation to contribute to the solution of the main problems that we are experiencing, in Western societies, for example, in the management of ecosystems, in the quality of life of the surrounding societies, in modern management for companies and businesses in the industrial, commercial, public institutions, health, justice and other fields. What competencies, concepts and distinctive values are necessary to guide the formation of the leaders of the organizations, their ethical and human formation, that they contribute to consolidating justice and equity for their societies? The training of modern management must be aimed at contributing to the construction of a better world with quality of life for the benefit of all human beings and their ecosystems. What then will be the role of the "Cuadernos" of the future "? The knowledge, science and technology, in the world's leading countries, have become strategies to generate new processes of political, educational and institutional development. Scientific and technological innovations, new knowledge and information have generated cultural changes, new technological developments applied to the innovation of new processes, new ways of working and major changes in contemporary organization, which have required the development of qualified human talent in these cutting-edge technologies. A society stronger in scientific and technological knowledge requires greater investments in education, research and development. There must be policies and strategies where the citizen can value the importance of knowledge and its application, based on the scientific and technological results generated in the country for the solution of real problems in Colombia today aggravated by the post-pandemic Covid 19. The use of technology is allowing us to solve the main challenges of the planet: feeding the entire population, to guarantee access to drinking water, education for all, sustainable energy and caring for the environment, among others. Within this trend, what should be the orientation of Cuadernos, to detect the new trends and innovations that have transformed, the economies, the management and administration of contemporary organizations? Of course, these challenges would imply being open to transform in the field of education, in the habitual mentalities, the strategies of the businesses and the styles of management. With educational innovations, online content is growing, and will continue in this trend improving, as well as, the obsolescence of knowledge every five years and the content of teaching changing every year. These challenges imply a revolution in the content and the media of Cuadernos?"Each edition of the journal Cuadernos would be full of: Timely research, relevant business and management advice, interesting case studies The participation of teachers and researchers will be the backbone of the Journal, with their contributions from the new findings, obtained in the doctorate and teaching research. This academic technological contribution, when applying science to practice, would lead to development, growth and would raise the levels of knowledge and training to the postgraduate and professional levels, as well as the quality of life. The content of our magazine would be designed to inform and inspire its readers to grow and achieve their individual goals. "The above reflections would be a great challenge for the Faculty of Administration Sciences and therefore, for Cuadernos de Administración to continue and maintain its informative academic leadership. Playing the role of Alma Mater, spreading knowledge to sensitize and train its leaders and citizens, with training for modern management, administration and leadership solutions and developments. In this way, the "Cuadernos" magazine will continue to contribute to the economic, technological and cultural growth of its readers, fulfilling the mission for which they were created and also contributing to the development of the New Colombia that all Colombians yearn for. Let us keep making our dreams come true. Thanks.

Among the main directions of the state youth policy in Ukraine, a special place is occupied by the legal protection of young people, which is carried out taking into account the economic interests of the state, professional and social opportunities of society. On the basis of the Law of Ukraine «On Higher Education», the rights of student's youth are considered by the authors. Among all the rights granted to student's youth, the attention has been given to the right of students to receive scholarships and other kinds of material assistance. New rules for receiving scholarships in higher education institutions and their consequences for the material situation of modern Ukrainian youth are analyzed. It is given the characteristic of the main kinds of scholarships: both academic and social. The analysis of legislative acts, statistical and sociological data give the possibility for the authors to make the conclusion that the introduction of the rating system of scholarships accrual will lead to a significant reduction in the number of scholarships recipients. Passing of the exam session for excellent marks does not guarantee the student's scholarship receiving. The scholarship now depends on the activity of the student in science, sports, and social activities. Thus, the conclusion is made by the authors, it is rules of the law that limit the right of students to material support and support from the side of the state. Students have to work in order to support themselves financially or rely on the help of parents. This situation affects the quality of education. Sociological data indicate a reduction in the number of young people in Ukraine. In the country, the process of leaving young people abroad to study at western universities is gaining momentum. The authors analyze the experience of the countries of the European Union and the United States, the role played by charitable foundations and universities in the material support of both their own and Ukrainian students. Based on these facts, the authors make the conclusion that in determining the amount of students' scholarships in Ukraine it is necessary to take into account the economic crisis that is of persistent character. In such circumstances, the current minimum scholarship does not provide sufficient material situation of student's youth. As to material aid of the student's youth, the charitable foundations, political parties, public organizations, enterprises and higher educational institutions themselves have to be involved. ; Среди главных направлений государственной молодежной политики в Украине особое место занимает правовая защита молодежи, которая осуществляется с учетом экономических интересов государства, профессиональных и социальных возможностей общества. На основе Закона Украины «О высшем образовании» авторы рассматривают права студенческой молодежи. Среди всех прав, предоставленных студенческой молодежи, обращается внимание на право студентов на получение стипендий и других видов материальной помощи. Анализируются новые правила получения стипендий в высших учебных заведениях и их последствия для материального положения современной украинской молодежи. Дается характеристика основных видов стипендий: академической и социальной. Анализ законодательных актов, статистических и социологических данных позволяет авторам сделать вывод, что введение рейтинговой системы начисления стипендий приведет к значительному сокращению количества получателей стипендий. Сдача экзаменационной сессии на отличные оценки не гарантирует студенту стипендии. Стипендия теперь зависит еще от активности студента в науке, спорте, общественной деятельности. Таким образом, делают вывод авторы, нормы закона ограничивают право студентов на материальное обеспечение и поддержку со стороны государства. Студенты должны работать, чтобы материально себя содержать или рассчитывать на помощь родителей. Такое положение отражается на качестве образования. Социологические данные свидетельствуют о сокращении численности молодежи в Украине. В стране набирает оборотов процесс отъезда молодежи за границу для обучения в западных высших учебных заведениях. Авторы анализируют опыт стран Европейского Союзу и США, роль, которую играют благотворительные фонды и университеты в материальной поддержке как собственных, так и украинских студентов. На основе приведенных фактов авторы делают вывод, что при определении размеров студенческих стипендий в Украине необходимо учитывать экономический кризис, который носит стойкий характер. В таких условиях существующая минимальная студенческая стипендия не обеспечивает достаточного материального положения студенческой молодежи. К материальной помощи студенческой молодежи должны подключаться благотворительные фонды, политические партии, общественные организации, предприятия и сами высшие учебные заведения. ; Серед головних напрямів державної молодіжної політики в Україні особливе місце займає правовий захист молоді, що здійснюється з урахуванням економічних інтересів держави, професійних і соціальних можливостей суспільства. На підставі Закону України «Про вищу освіту» автори розглядають права студентської молоді. Серед усіх прав, що надані студентської молоді, звертається увага на право студентів на отримування стипендій та інших видів матеріальної допомоги. Аналізуються нові правила отримання стипендій у вищих навчальних закладах та їх наслідки для матеріального становища сучасної української молоді. Надається характеристика основних видів стипендій: академічної та соціальної. Аналіз законодавчих актів, статистичних та соціологічних даних дозволяє авторам зробити висновок, що введення рейтингової системи нарахування стипендій призведе до суттєвого скорочення кількості одержувачів стипендій. Складання екзаменаційної сесії на відмінні оцінки не гарантує студенту стипендію. Стипендія тепер залежить ще від активності студента у науці, спорті, громадській діяльності. Таким чином, доходять до висновку автори, норми закону обмежують право студентів на матеріальне забезпечення і підтримку з боку держави. Студенти повинні працювати, щоб матеріально себе утримувати або розраховувати на допомогу батьків. Такий стан відображається на якості навчання. Соціологічні данні свідчать про скорочення чисельності молоді в Україні. В країні набирає оборотів процес від'їзду молоді за кордон для навчання у західних вищих навчальних закладах. Автори аналізують досвід країн Європейського Союзу та США, роль, яку відіграють благодійні фонди та університети у матеріальній підтримці як власних, так і українських студентів. На підставі наведених фактів автори роблять висновок, що при встановленні розмірів студентських стипендій в Україні необхідно враховувати економічну кризу, яка носить стійкий характер. В таких умовах існуюча мінімальна стипендія не забезпечує достатнього матеріального становища студентської молоді. До матеріальної допомоги студентської молоді повинні залучатися благодійні фонди, політичні партії, громадські організації, підприємства і самі вищи навчальні заклади.

Among the main directions of the state youth policy in Ukraine, a special place is occupied by the legal protection of young people, which is carried out taking into account the economic interests of the state, professional and social opportunities of society. On the basis of the Law of Ukraine «On Higher Education», the rights of student's youth are considered by the authors. Among all the rights granted to student's youth, the attention has been given to the right of students to receive scholarships and other kinds of material assistance. New rules for receiving scholarships in higher education institutions and their consequences for the material situation of modern Ukrainian youth are analyzed. It is given the characteristic of the main kinds of scholarships: both academic and social. The analysis of legislative acts, statistical and sociological data give the possibility for the authors to make the conclusion that the introduction of the rating system of scholarships accrual will lead to a significant reduction in the number of scholarships recipients. Passing of the exam session for excellent marks does not guarantee the student's scholarship receiving. The scholarship now depends on the activity of the student in science, sports, and social activities. Thus, the conclusion is made by the authors, it is rules of the law that limit the right of students to material support and support from the side of the state. Students have to work in order to support themselves financially or rely on the help of parents. This situation affects the quality of education. Sociological data indicate a reduction in the number of young people in Ukraine. In the country, the process of leaving young people abroad to study at western universities is gaining momentum. The authors analyze the experience of the countries of the European Union and the United States, the role played by charitable foundations and universities in the material support of both their own and Ukrainian students. Based on these facts, the authors make the conclusion that in determining the amount of students' scholarships in Ukraine it is necessary to take into account the economic crisis that is of persistent character. In such circumstances, the current minimum scholarship does not provide sufficient material situation of student's youth. As to material aid of the student's youth, the charitable foundations, political parties, public organizations, enterprises and higher educational institutions themselves have to be involved. ; Среди главных направлений государственной молодежной политики в Украине особое место занимает правовая защита молодежи, которая осуществляется с учетом экономических интересов государства, профессиональных и социальных возможностей общества. На основе Закона Украины «О высшем образовании» авторы рассматривают права студенческой молодежи. Среди всех прав, предоставленных студенческой молодежи, обращается внимание на право студентов на получение стипендий и других видов материальной помощи. Анализируются новые правила получения стипендий в высших учебных заведениях и их последствия для материального положения современной украинской молодежи. Дается характеристика основных видов стипендий: академической и социальной. Анализ законодательных актов, статистических и социологических данных позволяет авторам сделать вывод, что введение рейтинговой системы начисления стипендий приведет к значительному сокращению количества получателей стипендий. Сдача экзаменационной сессии на отличные оценки не гарантирует студенту стипендии. Стипендия теперь зависит еще от активности студента в науке, спорте, общественной деятельности. Таким образом, делают вывод авторы, нормы закона ограничивают право студентов на материальное обеспечение и поддержку со стороны государства. Студенты должны работать, чтобы материально себя содержать или рассчитывать на помощь родителей. Такое положение отражается на качестве образования. Социологические данные свидетельствуют о сокращении численности молодежи в Украине. В стране набирает оборотов процесс отъезда молодежи за границу для обучения в западных высших учебных заведениях. Авторы анализируют опыт стран Европейского Союзу и США, роль, которую играют благотворительные фонды и университеты в материальной поддержке как собственных, так и украинских студентов. На основе приведенных фактов авторы делают вывод, что при определении размеров студенческих стипендий в Украине необходимо учитывать экономический кризис, который носит стойкий характер. В таких условиях существующая минимальная студенческая стипендия не обеспечивает достаточного материального положения студенческой молодежи. К материальной помощи студенческой молодежи должны подключаться благотворительные фонды, политические партии, общественные организации, предприятия и сами высшие учебные заведения. ; Серед головних напрямів державної молодіжної політики в Україні особливе місце займає правовий захист молоді, що здійснюється з урахуванням економічних інтересів держави, професійних і соціальних можливостей суспільства. На підставі Закону України «Про вищу освіту» автори розглядають права студентської молоді. Серед усіх прав, що надані студентської молоді, звертається увага на право студентів на отримування стипендій та інших видів матеріальної допомоги. Аналізуються нові правила отримання стипендій у вищих навчальних закладах та їх наслідки для матеріального становища сучасної української молоді. Надається характеристика основних видів стипендій: академічної та соціальної. Аналіз законодавчих актів, статистичних та соціологічних даних дозволяє авторам зробити висновок, що введення рейтингової системи нарахування стипендій призведе до суттєвого скорочення кількості одержувачів стипендій. Складання екзаменаційної сесії на відмінні оцінки не гарантує студенту стипендію. Стипендія тепер залежить ще від активності студента у науці, спорті, громадській діяльності. Таким чином, доходять до висновку автори, норми закону обмежують право студентів на матеріальне забезпечення і підтримку з боку держави. Студенти повинні працювати, щоб матеріально себе утримувати або розраховувати на допомогу батьків. Такий стан відображається на якості навчання. Соціологічні данні свідчать про скорочення чисельності молоді в Україні. В країні набирає оборотів процес від'їзду молоді за кордон для навчання у західних вищих навчальних закладах. Автори аналізують досвід країн Європейського Союзу та США, роль, яку відіграють благодійні фонди та університети у матеріальній підтримці як власних, так і українських студентів. На підставі наведених фактів автори роблять висновок, що при встановленні розмірів студентських стипендій в Україні необхідно враховувати економічну кризу, яка носить стійкий характер. В таких умовах існуюча мінімальна стипендія не забезпечує достатнього матеріального становища студентської молоді. До матеріальної допомоги студентської молоді повинні залучатися благодійні фонди, політичні партії, громадські організації, підприємства і самі вищи навчальні заклади.

In the article the author analyzes the directions of studying the phenomenon of counterculture in Western science. An attempt is also made to typologize these scientific approaches. The term is first encountered in the work of Talcott Parsons «Social System» in 1951. The term is used in the context of a discussion on the ideology of subculture movements and deviant groups. His term sounds like «counter-culture». In a somewhat modified writing, with an expanded description of the term, it is used by American sociologist J. Milton Jinger in 1960. His term «contraculture» in English first encountered in 1960. The term gained its scientific and public popularity in 1969 after Theodore Roszak`s publication "The Making of a Counter Culture". He used this term to describe countercultural, subcultural movements in the United States of the 1960s, including the hippies, the «New Left». The term also was related to their critical program, as well as to characterizing an alternative society, whose creation was propagated, and partly carried out by the representatives of the movements of the sixties. This approach characterizes counterculture in a narrow sense. In the broad sense, it does not connected to a concrete time period and defines a set of ideas, values, world outlook, which oppose the official basic culture. After investigating the views of scholars on counterculture, since the 1970s the author identifies three different directions, divided by the criterion of relation to counterculture. Among them are apologetic, critical and balanced approaches. To the apologetic approach belongs the work of researchers, which is characterized by a clearly positive attitude to counterculture, social and political aspects of its activities. Often there are some critical remarks but they do not change the general picture of the author's commitment to the phenomenon. Critical approach include researchers who consider counterculture as a negative social phenomenon and practice. The most radical representatives include Daniel Bell, Joseph Heath and Andrew Potter and others. Balanced approach combines the work of many researchers, which combines efforts to investigate counterculture as an objective phenomenon, while taking into account its weaknesses and strengths. At the same time, the authors recognize the importance of existence of the phenomenon, its influence on socio-cultural and political processes. Criticism relates to radical cultural practices, political extremism and excessive interest in psychedelics among representatives of counterculture. The approaches of researchers to this direction vary, from the «pioneer» of research of the phenomenon J. Milton Jinger, and to the researchers who tried to conduct research directly inside of the countercultural movement, in particular Kenneth Keniston, and others. ; В статье охарактеризованы основные научные подходы к пониманию феномена контркультуры в западной социальной и политической науке, в частности исследовано происхождение термина, а также предпринята попытка типологизации научных подходов к изучению контркультуры. Определено, что термин «контркультура» был впервые употреблен в 1951 году, в работе Т. Парсонса «Социальная система». В дальнейшем с несколько измененным значением был описан американским социологом Дж. Милтоном Ингером в 1960 году и популяризированный в 1969 году в известной работе Ч. Рошака «Создание контркультуры». В общем научные подходы к пониманию сущности феномена контркультуры можно структурировать на две группы. К первой относятся те определения, которые рассматривают термин в узком смысле, как совокупность социально-политических, культурных критических установок в среде американского и европейского общества в 50-70 годах ХХ века. Другая группа научных подходов рассматривает контркультуру в широком смысле, как некую совокупность ценностей, идей, которые противостоят базовой культуре. В рамках такого подхода контркультура рассматривается как явление, которое неоднократно возникало в истории общества. Исследовав взгляды западных ученых, определены три направления, которые разделены по критерию отношения к контркультуре. Среди них: апологетический, критический и сбалансированный подходы. К апологетическому подходу относятся работы исследователей, для которых характерно однозначно положительное отношение к контркультуре, к ее социальным и политическим аспектам. В данном подходе содержатся и некоторые критические замечания, но они не меняют общей картины расположения автора к явлению. К критическому подходу относятся исследователи, рассматривающие контркультуру как негативное социальное явление и практику. Сбалансированный подход сочетает в себе работы исследователей, которых объединяет стремление рассмотреть контркультуру как объективное явление, учитывая при этом ее слабые и сильные стороны. При этом общим для авторов является признание важности существования явления, его влияние на социокультурный и политический процессы. Критицизм относится в значительной мере к радикальным культурным практикам, политическому экстремизму и чрезмерному увлечению психоделическими веществами в среде представителей контркультуры. ; В статті охарактеризовані основні напрямки до розуміння феномену контркультури в західній соціальній та політичній науці, зокрема досліджено безпосередню генезу терміну, а також здійснена спроба типологізації наукових підходів щодо контркультури. Визначено, що термін «контркультура» був уперше вжитий у 1951 році в роботі Т. Парсонса «Соціальна система». Надалі з дещо зміненим значенням був описаний американським соціологом Дж. Мілтоном Їнгером у 1960 році та популяризований у 1969 році у відомій роботі Ч. Рошака «Створення контркультури». Загалом наукові підходи до розуміння сутності феномену контркультури можна структурувати на дві групи. До першої належать ті визначення, які розглядають термін у вузькому значенні, як сукупність соціально-політичних, культурних критичних установок, в середовищі американського та європейського суспільства у 50-70 роках ХХ століття. Інша група наукових підходів розглядає контркультуру в широкому сенсі, як певну сукупність цінностей, ідей, які протистоять базовій культурі. В рамках такого підходу контркультура розглядається як явище, яке неодноразово виникало в історії суспільства. Дослідивши погляди західних науковців щодо контркультури, визначені три напрямки, поділені за критерієм відношення до контркультури. Серед них апологетичний, критичний та збалансований підходи. До апологетичного підходу відносяться роботи дослідників, для яких характерне однозначно позитивне відношення до контркультури, соціальних, політичних аспектів її діяльності. Часто містяться й певні критичні зауваження, але вони не міняють загальної картини прихильності автора до явища. До критичного підходу відносимо дослідників, які розглядають контркультуру як негативне соціальне явище і практику. Збалансований підхід поєднує в собі роботи багатьох дослідників, яких об'єднує намагання розглянути контркультуру як об'єктивне явище, при цьому спільним для авторів є визнання важливості існування явища, його вплив на соціокультурний та політичний процеси. Критицизм відноситься значною мірою до радикальних культурних практик, політичного екстремізму та надмірного захоплення психоделічними речовинами в середовищі представників контркультури.

I take humans to basically strive toward a condition of peace enabling human flourishing. Yet human groups and individuals alike have an extraordinary wide range of understandings of such a condition. If hope for lasting peace and joint cooperation is to emerge from rule of law or otherwise underpin global harmony, first these very concepts need to be unpacked in proper detail. Given the remarkable diversity of legal practices across societies, simply looking at our own will prove insufficient. I suggest building on both Eastern and Western traditions of thought, as well as looking at contemporary practices across the globe in an attempt to enquire into the nature and historical background of the two key notions: rule of law (section 1) and harmony (section 2). Some concluding remarks are then drawn (section 3).First, we focus on "rule of law" (ROL): Is it a likely candidate to set the foundations of global harmony? Looking at the meaning that "rule of law" has acquired within a broad range of fields (legal theory, law and jurisprudence, political philosophy, political science, international relations, sociology and social theory), the first striking aspect is that it does not seem to be the monopoly of technical definitions (principles of legality and impartiality). Historically, the appeal of ROL derived from the distinction between "empire of laws" (rule by law) and "empire of men" (rule under men). Today, both practitioners and scholars refer to ROL as an aggregate of legal rules and institutions, but also as a variety of informal discursive practices aimed at legitimising those rules and institutions.One-size-fits-all definitions can obviously be found, but they suffer from tremendously high levels of generality. Once we acknowledge the need for distinctions, however, we find too many. The long-standing distinction between thin (or procedural) and thick (or substantive) conceptions of ROL has been debated at great length, as has the difference between rule of law, rule by law etc. At this point there is little to be gained by further restatements of these basic distinctions. However, abandoning this debate will not reduce the number of competing conceptions: Rechtsstaat, État de droit, Estado de derecho. Moreover, the continental civil law tradition also developed other concepts that are smeared into the Anglo-Saxon formula, including certezza del diritto, sécurité juridique, etc. We should also ask whether Chinese fazhi is or might be a Far Eastern equivalent to rule of law.A promising start is then to go beyond the consensus omnia of international declarations and shed light on the arguments of those who do not estimate that rule of law enhances concord. ROL appears to be equivocal and often (covertly) value-laden both in ordinary language and scholarly literature. Three criticisms of rule of law are taken into consideration. One criticism holds it to be a case of law-fare: Not a mere technical device, ROL is rather an instrument for hegemony. Another criticism holds ROL to be a Western invention (legal Occidentalism): What is being questioned is not a specific set of institutions that may, rightly or wrongly, be identified as "Western (rule of) law." The challenge goes deeper and concerns the epistemological status of law itself. A third criticism comes from "global constitutionalism." The ideal of ROL is not questioned as much as the way it is currently practiced: Since it lacks effectiveness, it is unsatisfactory. Given that constitutionalism, at state level, implied that constitutions made legislative power respect the constitution, advocates of international constitutionalism calls for such a paradigmatic change in the international arena.These arguments show that ROL is no "magic bullet" : Its banner was used as a synonym for an independent judiciary, but came to include democracy, rights, civil society and many more. This conceptual overstretch explains why rule of law is not likely to promote global concord.In section two, it seems prima facie that "harmony" has much higher odds for being a stepping stone for lasting peace: The concept has figured prominently in both Eastern and Western philosophical traditions where it indicates concord, equilibrium between forces resulting in peace, in opposition to disorder (chaos in the Greek tradition and luan in the Chinese tradition). The order emerging from harmony is a composition of differences and not merely a sum of unities. On a social level, harmony is a relational concept and hints to concert or absence of contradiction in relationships between individuals and/or groups. Contrarily to rule of law, we do not deal with an essentially contested concept: its structure is not seriously questioned. Moreover, contrarily to ROL, we have a clear referent: The CCP's commitment to "building a harmonious society" was officially announced in 2002 and has since been added to the basic line in its constitution.Here, the arguments of those who disbelieve the emancipating strength of harmony have to be addressed. First, there is the legal positivist's objection: Harmony amounts to natural law-talk that suffers, ultimately, from abusing Hume's principle. Secondly, there is the criticism of the liberal democrat: Let aside the epistemological and theoretical nature of the concept, in the realm of practical reason harmony implies an essential (and fix) hierarchy of people that will inevitably lead to autocratic political regimes. The overall idea is that the harmonious order does not take controversy seriously: contradictions have to be eradicated or hidden in order to promote (apparent) stability. Harmony would then only amount to a cover-up status quo, based on manufactured consensus.In conclusion, I suggest that there are two lessons to be learnt if we want to overcome the cultural divides of the West-östlicher Diwan: From the rule of law, we must hence learn again the fundamental lesson of impartiality as an indispensable element in applying the principle of justice. From harmony, we must refine our understanding of the complex ways in which social cohesion is enhanced and without which no order is sustainable.

ABSTRACT - The authors' main purpose is to present ideas on defining Health Law by highlighting the particularities of the field of Health Law as well as of the teaching of this legal branch, hoping to contribute to the maturity and academic recognition of Health Law, not only as a very rich legal field but also as a powerful social instrument in the fulfillment of fundamental human rights. The authors defend that Health Law has several characteristics that distinguish it from traditional branches of law such as its complexity and multidisciplinary nature. The study of Health Law normally covers issues such as access to care, health systems organization, patients' rights, health professionals' rights and duties, strict liability, healthcare contracts between institutions and professionals, medical data protection and confidentiality, informed consent and professional secrecy, crossing different legal fields including administrative, antitrust, constitutional, contract, corporate, criminal, environmental, food and drug, intellectual property, insurance, international and supranational, labor/employment, property, taxation, and tort law. This is one of the reasons why teaching Health Law presents a challenge to the teacher, which will have to find the programs, content and methods appropriate to the profile of recipients which are normally non jurists and the needs of a multidisciplinary curricula. By describing academic definitions of Health Law as analogous to Edgewood, a fiction house which has a different architectural style in each of its walls, the authors try to describe which elements should compose a more comprehensive definition. In this article Biolaw, Bioethics and Human Rights are defined as complements to a definition of Health Law: Biolaw because it is the legal field that treats the social consequences that arise from technological advances in health and life sciences; Bioethics which evolutions normally influence the shape of the legal framework of Health; and, finally Human Rights theory and declarations are outlined as having always been historically linked to medicine and health, being the umbrella that must cover all the issues raised in the area of Health Law. To complete this brief incursion on the definition on Health Law the authors end by giving note of the complex relations between this field of Law and Public Health. Dealing more specifically on laws adopted by governments to provide important health services and regulate industries and individual conduct that affect the health of the populations, this aspect of Health Law requires special attention to avoid an imbalance between public powers and individual freedoms. The authors conclude that public trust in any health system is essentially sustained by developing health structures which are consistent with essential fundamental rights, such as the universal right to access health care, and that the study of Health Law can contribute with important insights into both health structures and fundamental rights in order to foster a health system that respects the Rule of Law. --- RESUMO – O objectivo principal dos autores é apresentar ideias sobre a definição de Direito da Saúde, destacando as particularidades desta área do direito, bem como do ensino deste ramo jurídico, na esperança de contribuir para a maturidade e para o reconhecimento académico do mesmo, não só como um campo juridicamente muito rico, mas, também, como um poderoso instrumento social no cumprimento dos direitos humanos fundamentais. Os autores defendem que o Direito da Saúde tem diversas características que o distinguem dos ramos tradicionais do direito, como a sua complexidade e natureza multidisciplinar. O estudo do Direito da Saúde abrangendo normalmente questões como o acesso aos cuidados, a organização dos sistemas de saúde, os direitos e deveres dos doentes e dos profissionais de saúde, a responsabilidade civil, os contratos entre instituições de saúde e profissionais, a protecção e a confidencialidade de dados clínicos, o consentimento informado e o sigilo profissional, implica uma abordagem transversal de diferentes áreas legais, incluindo os Direitos contratual, administrativo, antitrust, constitucional, empresarial, penal, ambiental, alimentar, farmacêutico, da propriedade intelectual, dos seguros, internacional e supranacional, trabalho, fiscal e penal. Esta é uma das razões pelas quais o ensino do Direito da Saúde representa um desafio para o professor, que terá de encontrar os programas, conteúdos e métodos adequados ao perfil dos destinatários, que são normalmente não juristas e às necessidades de um currículo multidisciplinar. Ao descrever as várias definições académicas de Direito da Saúde como análogas a Edgewood, uma casa de ficção que apresenta um estilo arquitectónico diferente em cada uma de suas paredes, os autores tentam encontrar os elementos que deveriam compor uma definição mais abrangente. No artigo, Biodireito, Bioética e Direitos Humanos são descritos como complementos de uma definição de Direito da Saúde: o Biodireito, dado que é o campo jurídico que trata as consequências sociais que surgem dos avanços tecnológicos na área da saúde e das ciências da vida; a Bioética cujas evoluções influenciam normalmente o quadro jurídico da Saúde; e, por fim, a teoria dos Direitos Humanos e as suas declarações as quais têm estado sempre historicamente ligadas à medicina e à saúde, devendo funcionar como pano de fundo de todas as questões levantadas na área do Direito da Saúde. Para finalizar a sua breve incursão sobre a definição de Direito da Saúde, os autores dão ainda nota das complexas relações entre este último e a Saúde Pública, onde se tratam mais especificamente as leis aprovadas pelos governos para regular os serviços de saúde, as indústrias e as condutas individuais que afectam a saúde das populações, aspecto do Direito da Saúde que requer uma atenção especial para evitar um desequilíbrio entre os poderes públicos e as liberdades individuais. Os autores concluem afirmando que a confiança do público em qualquer sistema de saúde é, essencialmente, sustentada pelo desenvolvimento de estruturas de saúde que sejam consistentes com o direito constitucional da saúde, tais como o direito universal ao acesso a cuidados de saúde, e que o estudo do Direito da Saúde pode contribuir com elementos importantes para a realização de um sistema de saúde que respeite o Estado de Direito e os Direitos Fundamentais. ; publishersversion ; published