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International audience ; The Sharing Economy is much more than collaborative consumption (Botsman and Rogers, 2011) even if this appears as the most visible achievement of this sector. Production, consumption, finance, exchanges are disrupted by the sharing economy revolution. But what are the common points between Airbnb, Uber, Wikipedia, Ulule, Blablacar, Kickstarter, the FabLabs/hackespaces, the Local exchange trading systems (LETS), Linux, etc.?Most of these achievements rely upon digital platforms (Kenney and Zysman, 2015) enabling peer-to-peer exchanges. These digital platforms act as « weapon of mass collaboration » (Tapscott & Williams - 2007), flattening relationships between Internet users and inside organizations (Castells, 1996 ; 2002).Specifying what the sharing economy is isn't an easy task. For-profit, non-profit, reciprocity, competition can be observed at a stage or another in the sharing economy galaxy. A bright constellation in this galaxy is the think tank Ouishare created in France in 2012. It's s a « global community that connects people, organizations and ideas around fairness, openness and trust » (ouishare.net). For them collaborative economy deals with five phenomena: collaborative consumption, crowdfunding, open knowledge (open data, open education, open governance), the maker movement (open design and manufacturing, do it yourself), open and horizontal governance (participatory budgeting, open government initiatives, co-operatives, open value networks, do-ocracries, holacracies).Internet seems to enable peer-to-peer exchanges between consumers (Bauwens, 2005) who are also sometimes producers (Tapscot and William - 2007 speak about "prosumers" to stress how the lines have been blurring). Of course Uber and Airbnb's algorithms are working like digital auctioneers: tiny invisible hands enabling peer-to-peer exchanges. Could this be the return of Smith or Hayek? Why am I asking this question? Because Jimmy Wales, Wikipedia's founder, pointed out "Hayek's work on price theory is central to my own thinking about how to manage the Wikipedia project" (Mangu-Ward, 2007). In order to figure out how to understand the complexity of the sharing economy we propose to explore three paths to characterize it. In the first one we'll distinguish, with Karl Polanyi, two kinds of economy. Then we will try to figure out where to position the sharing economy (1). In the second one we'll see if all the sharing economy organizations really share everything and how (2). The last way to characterize the sharing economy is around its global political project (3).1) The economic anthropologist Karl Polanyi is known for his opposition to traditional economic thought. He distinguishes two ways to understand economy: formal and substantive (Polanyi, 1944). The formal meaning refers to an economy interested only in minimizing means and maximizing results (in neoclassical words: utility maximization under conditions of scarcity). The substantive meaning refers to how humans make a living interacting within their social and natural environments. In this case the economy is embedded in society. Karl Polanyi identifies four principles (or forms of integration) of economic behavior, three in a substantive meaning (reciprocity, redistribution, domestic administration) and the last in the formal sense (market exchange). These principles will be used to classify sharing economies.2) The sharing economy seems to offer a third way between state and market, the collaborative commons (Rifkin, 2014), which are aimed to produce, innovate, manage, all in common (Ostrom, 1990; Hess & Ostrom, 2007). Some projects or organizations of the sharing economy are managed as common pool resources (Wikipedia, Linux). These projects/organizations have been deeply influenced by the free culture movement (Lessig, 2004 ; Suber, 2012 ; Stallman, 1985) very present in Internet culture (Castells, 1996 ; Benkler 2002) and are close to a an economy in its substantive meaning. The principles of common pool resource management (Ostrom, 1990) are, according to us, useful tools to characterize sharing economy projects.3) Proponents of the sharing economy advocate action. This is to participate in the creation of a new world by being an agent of change. Acting is a way to test ideas and overcome the internal contradictions of the movement. 3D printers, laser cutters, digital milling machine found in all FabLabs provide access to a new form of bricolage, an interconnected DIY (Anderson, 2012 ; Lallement, 2015). More than a political project, a way of being: to not be a passive consumer and join the ranks of the makers (Anderson, 2012). The concept of bricolage (Levi-Strauss, 1962 ; Duymedian et Rüling, 2010 ; Gundry et al., 2003 ; Garud et Karnøe, 2003) could help us in identifying the real spirit of the sharing economy.On the one hand the culture of open access (Suber, 2012) where peers gather behind a socially useful project and produce in common; on the other huge corporations that take advantage of the opportunities opened up by the internet to establish a " netarchical capitalism" (Bauwens and Kostakis, 2014). The sharing economy concentrates contradictions. We hope to give, in this paper, some guidelines to identify sharing economies.

Composite materials are seeing increasing use in the engineering industry, in particular the aerospace sector. The move towards light weight high stiffness structures that have good durability and corrosion resistance has led to the move from metal structures to composite structures. With this brings the added concern of certifying new components as they must meet the same structural integrity, safety and durability requirements as those in metals and hence this is where the challenge now lies. When a metallic structure is damaged at some point during its life, there is a possibility it will be repaired however if the damage is significant then the component(s) will be replaced. With composite materials on the other hand, the flexibility in design and fabrication has led to larger single component pieces and thus repairing these structures is more economical than replacement. This puts further emphasis in creating new and efficient repair methods that can be certified whilst still withstanding the various stresses and loads inflicted on the aircraft during its remaining service life. In this study, a comparison is made between three fundamental joint structures - mechanically fastened joints, bonded joints and hybrid joints. The work is targeted towards the repair of aircrafts made from fibre reinforced polymer matrix composites known for their high strength, high stiffness, long fatigue life and low density. Stage 1 of the investigation focused on testing thin double lap joint repairs and Stage 2 focused on testing thick step lap joint repairs containing a total of five steps. The aim was to compare the static strength and fatigue resistance of a hybrid joint configuration consisting of both bonding and fastening, a purely fastened joint and a purely bonded joint. Rivets and countersunk bolts were selected as the fasteners for thin and thick joint repairs respectively. The effect of changing various parameters such as the mechanical fastener array, clamping pressure, bond strength, initial defects and curing conditions were also investigated. The experimental results for both Stage 1 and Stage 2 found there was no significant difference between the static strength of a bonded joint compared to a hybrid joint. However, the fatigue resistance of a hybrid joint was superior to a bonded joint configuration particularly where bondline defects such as initial cracks or a semi-cured adhesive was present. Finite element analysis (FEA) was also performed to verify the static and fatigue strength of the various configurations. Nonlinear adhesive material properties, fastener surface contacts and frictional forces were all included in the three-dimensional (3D) finite element (FE) models. The Multicontinuum Theory (MCT) is used to simulate the progressive failure process and determine the stress states in the various specimen configurations. The strain energy release rate (SERR) as a function of crack length for the bonded and hybrid specimens were also compared. Results found that it was vital to position fasteners closer towards the ends of the bondline to suppress rapid crack growth. As soon as a crack enters the fasteners' clamping zone, there is a significant drop in the SERR which reduces the crack growth rate, leading to an improvement in fatigue resistance. The key advantage in this case, is being able to detect damage before catastrophic failure. A final extension to the investigation looked into optimising the individual step length, step heights and the number of steps for the thick joint repair cases. The previous step lap joint containing five steps with a 90mm long overlap was able to achieve only a 52% load recovery at best compared to a pristine undamaged parent structure. Through the parametric studies conducted using Abaqus CAE, two new step lap joint designs were numerically analysed and experimentally tested. One of the optimised step lap joint designs contained seven steps (with thin outer step heights and thicker inner step heights) and the second contained six steps (with an outer overlap). Overall, the static and fatigue resistance was improved in both of the new step lap joint designs. A bonded step lap joint with seven steps was now able to achieve a 70% load recovery with a 95% increase in fatigue resistance. Overall the work discussed as part of this dissertation provides detailed methods in optimising composite joint repair whilst providing benchmark comparisons between thin and thick fastened, bonded and hybrid joint cases. This is an area of research which has seen limited attention in the past but is crucial for the continual growth of composite material usage in both commercial and military sectors. Achieving composite joint repair certification is a stringent and costly process, through this research various methods have been presented to not only improve repair durability but to assist damage detection and prevent final catastrophic failure, all of which will greatly assist composite repair certification.

This archaeovitreological study deals with artefacts of Miranduolo site, Tuscany region (Italy), dated 1250-1350 AD. The Miranduolo site is a medieval hill-village dated from 7th to 14th century. The information obtained reveal that Miranduolo was under control of noble families, which displayed the social, economic and political power. It is marked by controlling the farmers and metal workers on the site, as well as having control over agricultural surpluses. No in situ glass workshop has been recovered, implying that the glass artefacts were imported. One aim of this work is application of SEM-EDS to visualize textural characteristics and thickness of the pristine glass and corrosion layers. Preliminary qualification and semi-quantification of major and minor chemical elements will provide the data on the glass group present and fluxes employed. The data obtained will be integrated with the one obtained by more sensitive techniques such as PIXE/PIGE and LA-ICP-MS. Twenty cross-sections of transparent glasses (colorless, azure, and different hues of yellow and) have been analyzed by VP-SEM. All the analyzed glasses display a homogenous matrix. Only four samples (MD 24, MD 139, MD 143, MD 259) show corrosion layers of various thickness with 2.25μm, 136-500 μm, 26.8 μm and 17.01 μm. EDS linescan analyses indicate strong depletion in the corrosion layers of Na and K, while Ca depletes to a minor extent. In general, both glass composition and the burial conditions were favorable for preservation. Samples can be classified as mainly plant ash Na-Ca-Si glasses made with both unpurified and purified Levantine ash. Only sample MD 243 is made from Barilla plant ash. Sample MD 139 cannot be classified into main compositional groups as K2O is 1.33 wt% and MgO 5.92 wt%. In 8 samples MnO content is lower than 0.8 wt%, meaning that in these samples MnO is naturally present. In other 12 samples, MnO above 0.8 wt% indicates deliberate addition as a decolorant agent to intentionally obtain different hues or the amount added was not successful in making the glass transparent. The results considering fluxes are compatible with archaeovitreological study from contemporary primary glass workshops in Tuscany. For determining the provenance of silica sources, further analysis with more sensitive techniques has to be carried out; Resumo: Este estudo "arqueovitreologia" lida com artefatos do local Miranduolo, região da Toscana (Itália), datados de 1250-1350 AD. O sitio de Miranduolo é uma colina vila medieval datada do séc.VII ao séc.XIV. As informações obtidas revelam que Miranduolo estava sob o controle de famílias nobres, que exibiu o poder social, económico e político. É marcado por controlar os agricultores e trabalhadores do metal no sitio, bem como ter controlo sobre os excedentes agrícolas. Não há na oficina de vidro in situ foi recuperado, o que implica que os artefactos de vidro foram importados. Um dos objetivos deste trabalho é a aplicação de SEM-EDS para visualizar características de textura e espessura das camadas de corrosão do vidro também como da áreas originais. qualificação preliminar e semi-quantificação de maiores e menores elementos químicos irá fornecer os dados sobre o grupo presente vidro e fluxos empregado. Os dados obtidos são integrados com os dados obtidos por meio de técnicas mais sensíveis, como PIXE / PIGE e LA-ICP-MS. Vinte secções transversais de vidros transparentes (incolor, azul celeste, e diferentes tons de amarelo) foram analisados por VP-SEM. Todos os vidros analisados exibir uma matriz homogénea. Apenas quatro amostras (MD 24, MD 139, MD 143, MD 259) mostram camadas de corrosão de várias espessuras com 2.25μm, 136-500μm, 26,8μm e 17,01μm. Análises Linescan EDS indicam forte esgotamento nas camadas de corrosão de Na e K, enquanto Ca esgota, em menor grau. Em geral, tanto a composição de vidro e as condições de depósito foram favoráveis para a preservação. As amostras podem ser classificados como vidros principalmente Na-Ca-Si feitas com cinzas de plantas do tipo levantino, não purificada e purificada. Apenas a amostra MD 243 é feita a partir de cinzas vegetais tipo "Barilla". A amostra MD 139 não pode ser classificada em grupos principais de composição porque K2O é 1,33% em peso e MgO 5,92% em peso. Em 8 amostras, o teor de MnO é menor do que 0,8% em peso, o que significa que nestas amostras MnO está naturalmente presente. Em outras 12 amostras, MnO acima de 0,8% em peso indica adição intencional como um agente de colorante para obter intencionalmente diferentes matizes ou o valor acrescentado não foi bem sucedido em fazer o vidro transparente. Os resultados, considerando os fluxos são compatíveis com o estudo "arqueovitreologico" com as principais oficinas de vidro contemporâneos na Toscana. Para determinar a origem das fontes de sílica, uma análise mais aprofundada com técnicas mais sensíveis tem de ser levada a cabo.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) ; CNPq: 190707/2013-5 ; Pós-graduação em Desenvolvimento Territorial na América Latina e Caribe - IPPRI ; El objetivo de esta disertación es estudiar la economía campesina de la Zona de Reserva Campesina (ZRC) del Valle del rio Cimitarra (VRC) en Colombia. Para ello, partimos de que exponer la lógica, las características de la economía campesina en su territorio y resaltar su importancia, por su carácter alternativo al capitalismo, no es un ejercicio suficiente para comprenderla. El ejercicio que creemos pertinente, más allá de exponerla, es observar las circunstancias que las desestructuran, las condiciones que las posibilitan, en fin, comprender el contexto en el que están inmersas y los procesos de orden político, económico y social que las configuran. Partimos además de que en vez de un destino predeterminado e inexorable hacia la integración o desintegración de la economía campesina existe una correlación de fuerzas que nos muestra el carácter dominante del orden económico capitalista, pero al mismo tiempo nos muestra las formas como el "dominado" lucha y resiste –o se adapta o se integra– en esa relación con el orden económico para así también determinar su devenir. Es por eso que la comprensión del devenir de las economías campesinas debe pasar por comprender la acción de las fuerzas dominantes, pero también la acción de las fuerzas dominadas, que en conjunto explican el destino que va tomando el campesinado. De manera que nos proponemos mostrar en este trabajo que la transformación de la economía campesina del VRC está determinada por tres fuerzas en tensión: (1) la articulación de la economía campesina con el mercado capitalista, (2) la violencia ejercida contra la comunidad campesina, y (3) la organización campesina en un contexto de precariedad institucional del Estado. ; O objetivo desta dissertação é estudar a economia campesina da Zona de Reserva Campesina del Valle del rio Cimitarra (VRC) na Colômbia. Para isso, partimos de que expor a lógica, as características da economia campesina em seu território e ressaltar sua importância, por seu caráter alternativo ao capitalismo, não é um exercício suficiente para compreende-la, o exercício que acreditamos pertinente, mais além de caracteriza-la, é observar as circunstancias que as desestruturam, as condições que as possibilitam, por fim, compreender o contexto no qual estão imersas e os processos de ordem político, económico e social que as configuram. Partimos também de que em vez de um destino predeterminado e inexorável à integração ou desintegração da economia campesina existe uma correlação de forças que nos mostra o carácter dominante do ordenamento económico capitalista, mas ao mesmo tempo nos mostra as formas como o "dominado" luta e resiste –ou se adapta ou se integra– nesta relação com o ordenamento económico para assim também determinar seu destino. É por isso que a compreensão do configuracao das economias campesinas deve passar pela compreensão da ação das forças dominantes, mas também a ação das forças dominadas, que em conjunto explicam o destino do campesinato. De forma que nos propomos mostrar neste trabalho que a transformação da economia campesina do VRC está determinada por três forças em tensão: (1) a articulação da economia campesina com o mercado capitalista –os circuitos de acumulacao capitalista–, (2) a violência exercida contra a comunidade campesina, e (3) a organização campesina num contexto de precariedade institucional do Estado. ; The goal of this thesis is to study the peasant economy from the Zona de Reserva Campesina del Valle of the Cimitarra river in Colombia. In order to do this, we start from the principle that exposing the logic, features and benefits of the peasant economy in the territory is not enough to understand it. We believe what is important, beyond exposing it, is observing its conflicting development, the circumstances that destructures it, and the conditions that enables it. In summary, understand the context in which they the peasant economies are immersed and the political, economical, and social processes that influence it. We believe that instead of a predetermined destiny towards integration or disintegration of the paseant economy, there exist a correlation of forces that shows the dominant character of the capitalist economic order, but at the same time it show us the ways how the "dominated" fights and resists (or adapts and integrates) in relationship with the economic order to determine its fate. For this reason the understanding of the peasant economies' fate needs to understand the action of the dominant forces but also the action of the dominated forces, that together explain the destiny that the peasant people follows. Therefore, the goal of this work is showing that the transformation of the peasant economy of the Valle del rio Cimitarra is determined by three forces in tension: (1) the articulation of the rural economy with the capitalist market, (2) the violence against the peasant community, and (3) the peasant organization in the context of institutional weakness of the State.

Повышение уровня рождаемости, которое наблюдается в России с 2000 года, во многом обусловлено проведением активной просемейной демографической политики. В 2013 году проявились признаки снижения и стагнации рождаемости, свидетельствующие об исчерпании стимулирующего воздействия государственных демографических инициатив 2011 года. При отсутствии нового этапа наращивания демографической политики ближайшие перспективы рождаемости будут определяться моделями демографического поведения, которые сложились у малочисленных поколений 1990-х годов рождения в условиях действующей просемейной политики. Цель исследования выявление отношения современной молодежи к семейным ценностям и определение уровня ее репродуктивных установок. Исследование базируется на анализе данных демографической статистики и результатов авторских социологических обследований, проведенных на разных этапах действия современной демографической политики в области рождаемости, с применением метода реального поколения. Научная новизна выполненной работы заключается в сравнительном анализе результатов двух социологических исследований и применении когортного метода для определения уровня и динамики репродуктивных установок поколений 1989 2000 гг. рождения, позволяющего выявить влияние просемейной политики на характер формирующихся у молодежи моделей демографического поведения. На основе проведенного в конце 2015 начале 2016 гг. социологического исследования «Отношение молодежи к семье и детям» получен вывод, что в условиях активной государственной политики в области рождаемости у молодежи сложились достаточно семейно-ориентированные стандарты демографического поведения. Сравнительный анализ с результатами исследования 2013 года показывает, что у когорты 1989 1993 гг. рождения, ставшей адресатом федерального материнского капитала, в условиях пролонгации его действия произошел рост установок детности. В то же время у поколения 1994 1998 гг. в отсутствие новых мероприятий по стимулированию рождаемости наблюдается негативная динамика репродуктивных намерений. На установки детности родившихся в 1999 2000 гг. существующие меры демографической политики влияния уже не оказали. В совокупности со стагнацией общего коэффициента рождаемости и низким темпом прироста суммарного коэффициента это доказывает, что требуется новый этап серьезного усиления просемейной демографической политики. Результаты исследования расширяют представления о механизме влияния демографической политики на формирование брачно-семейных и репродуктивных установок и могут применяться органами законодательной власти при разработке новых мероприятий демографической политики. ; The increase in the birth rate observed in Russia since 2000 is largely due to the active implementation of pro-family demographic policy. 2013 showed signs of decline and stagnation in the birth rate, indicating the exhaustion of stimulating effects of the state demographic initiatives of 2011. If there is no new stage of expansion of the demographic policy, then the immediate prospects of fertility will be determined by the models of demographic behavior that have been developed among the small generations of those born in the 1990s under the current pro-family policy. The goal of the present study is to identify the attitude of today's young people toward family values and to determine their reproductive plants. The study is based on the analysis of demographic statistics data and on the results of the author's sociological surveys conducted at different stages of modern demographic policy in the sphere of fertility, using the method of real generation. Scientific novelty of the work lies in the fact that it carries out a comparative analysis of the results of two sociological studies and applies the cohort method to determine the level and dynamics of reproductive attitudes of generations born in 1989 2000, which helps identify the influence of profamily policies on the nature of demographic behavior patterns that young people develop. Based on the sociological research "The attitude of young people toward family and children" conducted at the end of 2015 early 2016, we conclude that in the conditions of active state policy in the field of fertility young people have developed sufficient family-oriented standards of demographic behavior. Comparative analysis with the results of the 2013 survey shows that in the cohort of those born in 1989 1993 who became the target of the federal maternity capital and given the prolongation of its validity, there has been an increase in the number of children that they want to have. At the same time, in the generation of those born in 1994 1998 in the absence of new measures to stimulate the birth rate there is a negative dynamics of reproductive intentions. Childbearing attitudes of those born in 1999 2000 were not influenced by existing measures of the demographic policy. Together with the stagnation of crude birth rate and a low increase in the total fertility rate, this proves that it is necessary to promote a new phase of significant increase in pro-family demographic policy. The results of the study enhance the understanding of the impact of demographic policy on the formation of marriage and family and reproductive attitudes and can be used by the legislative authorities in the development of new measures of demographic policy.

Цель. Цель предлагаемого исследования заключается в развитии представлений об интенсивности социально-экономических взаимодействий (СЭВ) в аспекте связанности социально-экономического пространства (СЭП) агломерации, а также в разработке практических рекомендаций по оценке интенсивности СЭВ на территории агломерации. Методы. Методологической основой исследования послужили теории пространственного развития, гравитационные модели, модели пространственного взаимодействия, регрессионные модели, экономико-математические модели, разработанные для изучения социально-экономических взаимосвязей между регионами, концепции отечественных и зарубежных ученых в сфере регионального развития. В качестве методов проведения оценки интенсивности СЭВ подложено использовать статистико-математических методы, а также методы экспертной оценки и социологических исследований. Результаты. Определено, что связанность СЭП агломерации представляет собой количественно и качественно измеримые атрибутивные характеристики СЭВ между различными субъектами социально-экономических отношений. В качестве атрибутивных характеристик выступают доступность осуществления, интенсивность, сбалансированность и взаимодополняемость СЭВ. Уровень связанности СЭП агломерации зависит от степени выраженности атрибутивных характеристик присущих ему СЭВ. Определено, что интенсивность СЭВ агломерации представляет собой интенсификацию (усиление) и степень выраженности СЭВ, обусловленных интеграцией интересов агентов СЭП агломерации. Интенсивность СЭВ определяется степенью заинтересованности и характером сотрудничества между поселениями агломерации, выгодностью СЭВ. Высокая интенсивность СЭВ между поселениями агломерации позволяет обеспечить целостность рынков труда, недвижимости, капитала, и обусловлена рядом объективных факторов, значение которых возрастает в условиях ориентации на агломерационный путь развития. Выявлены факторы, оказывающие влияние на интенсивность СЭВ, а именно исторические и культурные, географические, природно-климатические, экономические, социальные, инфраструктурные, институциональные, политические факторы. Определены обеспечивающие параметры интенсификации СЭВ на территории агломерации в разрезе анализа транспортных, информационных потоков, маятниковой миграции, торговых, снабженческих и производственных взаимодействий, взаимодействий в сфере оказания услуг, финансовых, инвестиционных и инновационных взаимодействий, взаимодействий в сфере межмуниципального сотрудничества. Определена система пар показателей для оценки степени выраженности СЭВ агломерации. Сделан вывод о том, что отсутствие достоверной статистической информации по многим аспектам, характеризующим СЭВ на территории агломерации, во многом затрудняет проведение исследований подобного рода и требует применения специальных приемов, в т. ч. социологических опросов и экспертных оценок. Научная новизна. Научно-теоретическая новизна исследования заключается в развитии теоретических положений исследования интенсивности СЭВ в условиях агломерационного развития. Научно-практическая новизна исследования состоит в разработке практических рекомендаций по оценке интенсивности СЭВ агломерации.Purpose. The purpose of the research is to develop perceptions on the intensity of socio-economic interactions (SEI) in the aspect of coherence of socio-economic space (SES) of agglomeration, and also in the development of practical recommendations for the SEI intensity assessment in the territory of agglomeration. Methods. As the methodological basis of the research the spatial development theories, gravity models, spatial interaction, regression models, economicmathematical models developed for studying the socio-economic interrelations in the regions, the concepts by domestic and foreign scientists in the field of regional development have been applied. As the SEI intensity assessment methods statistical-mathematical methods as well as expert assessment methods and sociological research have been used. Results. It was identified that SES of agglomeration coherence is quantitatively and qualitatively measurable attribute SEI characteristics between different actors of socio-economic relations. The attributive characteristics are feasibility, intensity, balance and SEI complementarity. The coherence level of SES agglomeration depends on manifestation degree of the attributive characteristics of the inherent SEI. It was stated that the intensity of the SEI of agglomeration is the intensification (increase) and the SEI manifestation degree through integration of the interests of the agglomeration SES agents. SEI intensity is determined by the degree of interest and the nature of cooperation between settlements of agglomeration and SEI profitability. High intensity of SEI between agglomeration settlements allows ensuring the integrity of labor markets, real estate, capital, and depends on a number of objective factors, the importance of which is increasing in conditions of focusing on the agglomeration development path. Factors are identified which affect SEI intensity, and namely historical and cultural, geographical, natural-climatic, economic, social, infrastructural, institutional and political ones. The SEI intensification ensuring parameters in the agglomeration territory are identified in the context of the analysis of transport, information flows, commutation, trade, supply and manufacturing interactions, interactions in services sector, financial, investment and innovative interactions, interaction in the field of inter-municipal cooperation. The system of pairs of indicators to assess the degree of the agglomeration SEI manifestation is provided. It is concluded that the lack of reliable statistical information on many aspects characterizing SEI in the territory of agglomeration, in many ways impedes the research of the kind and requires the use of special techniques including sociological surveys and expert assessments. Scientific novelty. The scientific-theoretical novelty of the research is in development of theoretical ideas to research SEI intensity agglomeration development. The scientific-practical novelty of the research is in development of practical recommendations for the agglomeration SEI intensity assessment.

Цель работы: провести сравнительный анализ европейского законодательства с украинским по пищевым добавкам, ароматизаторам, энзимам. Сформулировать основные риски для здоровья населения в контексте изменений в законодательстве Украины, связанные с регламентацией пищевых добавок, ароматизаторов, энзимов. Материалы и методы. Анализ научной литературы, а также международных и украинских нормативных актов, касающихся безопасности и регламентации пищевых добавок, ароматизаторов, энзимов. Результаты. Основные изменения, которые были внесены в законодательство Украины относительно регламентации пищевых добавок, ароматизаторов и энзимов и которые вступили в силу 20.09.2015 г., это: Закон Украины «Об основных принципах и требования к безопасности и качеству пищевых продуктов» и изменения к Закону Украины «Об обеспечении санитарного и эпидемического благополучия населения». Законом предусмотрена регистрация этих объектов санитарных мер центральным органом исполнительной власти, который формирует и обеспечивает реализацию государственной политики в сфере здравоохранения. Предусмотрено автоматическое включение разрешенных в ЕС пищевых добавок в отечественный реестр. Указанная выше норма лишает Украину части суверенного права определять требования безопасности к объектам среды жизнедеятельности человека. Согласно Регламенту ЕС 1333/2008 в перечень разрешенных включено 325 пищевых добавок. В Украине в «Перечень пищевых добавок, разрешенных к использованию в пищевых продуктах» были включены 264 пищевые добавки. Таким образом, 115 пищевых добавок вносятся в Государственный реестр Украины без научного обоснования и даже без токсикологического досье. Следует заметить, что для некоторых пищевых добавок в Украине были установлены более жесткие нормативы. Что касается ароматизаторов, то выполнение нормы Закона влечет за собой принятие списка ароматических веществ численностью около 3000 наименований без научного обоснования и оценки. А что касается энзимов, то на сегодняшний день европейский реестр пищевых энзимов еще не сформирован. Необходимо отметить, что невозможно просто использовать международную нормативно-правовую базу в указанной области без адекватной процедуры ее гармонизации и адаптации к отечественным условиям. Проводя гармонизацию украинского законодательства с международным, недопустимо снижать принятый в стране уровень защиты здоровья граждан. Выводы. Основные риски для здоровья населения в контексте изменений в законодательстве Украины относительно регламентации пищевых добавок, ароматизаторов, энзимов это гармонизация без научного обоснования, неполная адаптация европейского законодательства и новый регулятор (компетентный орган), который пока не может в полном объеме выполнять все возложенные на него полномочия по реализации государственной политики в сфере безопасности и отдельных показателей качества пищевых продуктов.Objective. We compared the European legislation on food additives, flavorings and enzymes with the Ukrainian one and formulated the main risks for human health in the context of the changes in the Ukrainian legislation connected with the regulation of food additives, flavorings, enzymes. Materials and methods. The analysis of the scientific literature and the Ukrainian and international normative acts as well, concerning the safety and regulation of food additives, flavorings, enzymes. Results. The main changes, implemented in the legislation of Ukraine, concerning the regulation of food additives, flavorings and enzymes, and entered into force on 20.09.2015, are the Law of Ukraine "On Basic Principles and Requirements for Safety and Quality of Food Products" and amendments to the Law of Ukraine "On Ensuring of Sanitary and Epidemiological Well-Being of the Population". The law provides for the registration of sanitary measure objects by the central body of the executive power which creates and ensures the implementation of state policy in the sphere of public health. Automatic including of the permitted food additives, permitted in the EU, is provided in the domestic registry. The above norm deprives Ukraine of the sovereign right to determine the security requirements to the objects of the environment of human vital activity. According to the EU Regulation 1333/2008, 325 food additives were included in the list of the permitted. In Ukraine 264 food additives were included in "The List of Food Additives Approved for Use in Foods". Thus, 115 food additives are introduced in the State Register of Ukraine without scientific justification and even without toxicological dossier for them. It should be noted that more stringent standards were set for certain food additives in Ukraine. In case of flavorings, the implementation of the Law entails the adoption of the list of the aromatic substances of about 3000 denominations without scientific justification and evaluation. As for enzymes, at present the European register of food enzymes has not been formed yet. It should be noted that it is simply impossible to use the international normative-legal basis in mentioned sphere without adequate procedure for its harmonization and adaptation to the domestic conditions. Performing the harmonization of the Ukrainian legislation with the international one, it is inadmissible to reduce a level of the protection of public health adopted in the country. Conclusions/ The main risks for the health of the population in the context of changes in the legislation of Ukraine concerning the regulation of food additives, flavorings, enzymes are: harmonization without scientific justification, incomplete adaptation of the European legislation and new regulator (the competent authority) which is not able yet to implement all its powers for the implementation of state policy in the sphere of security and separate indicators of food quality in full.

Рассмотрена эволюция теории и практики государственного регулирования рынков аддиктивных товаров и услуг в контексте с периодизацией представлений о роли государства в экономике в целом, историко-экономической эпохой, формированием видовых рынков. В эпоху меркантилизма сфера регулирования рынков аддиктивных благ не являлась предметом внимания экономистов, но на практике сформировано представление о необходимости государственного протекционизма. В период его критики в рамках теории физиократов и начала классической школы алкогольная продукция становится предметом исследования экономистов, как важнейший источник бюджетных средств. Отмена крепостного права, развитие частной промышленной деятельности, замена откупной системы акцизным налогообложением свидетельствуют о проникновении традиционных либеральных принципов в отечественную экономику и в сферу аддиктивных благ. Немецкие исторические школы, ориентированные на активную роль государства с учетом национальных особенностей экономики, нашли поддержку и развитие в работах российских ученых, поддерживающих винную и табачную монополию. В советский период в основу тотальной национализации производства и сбыта разрешенных аддиктивных благ положены принципы марксистской политической экономии. Для маржинальной школы характерно психологическое толкование экономических процессов в сфере аддиктивных благ в условиях совершенной конкуренции, в частности роли потребителей в ценообразовании. В период теоретической борьбы монетаризма и кейнсианства, совпавшего с наркотическим бумом, возникли направления экономики преступлений и наказаний, наркотиков. Во время неолиберализма в сфере аддиктивных благ сформировалось антипрогибиционистское движение. Смена неоинституциональной экономической теорией ряда постулатов неоклассической экономики способствовала развитию эмпирических и теоретических исследований аддиктивного потребительского поведения, новой интерпретации роли государственных структур на основных рынках аддиктивных благ. Обоснована целесообразность привлечения неоинституциональной теории в качестве концептуальной базы их регулирования, основанной на расчете и сравнении социально-экономического результата реализации существующих альтернатив политики. Предложено исследование экономики наркотиков, алкогольной и спиртосодержащей продукции, табачных изделий, азартных игр и других товаров и услуг с аналогичными стереотипами потребления объединить в экономику аддиктивных благ. Установлено, что проведенные исследования эволюции экономических концепций государственного регулирования рынков аддиктивных благ и мер их практической реализации в XV-XXI вв. обладают большим креативным потенциалом для осмысления сути и особенностей их государственного регулирования в современной России в институциональном и эволюционном смысле. ; The article discusses the evolution of state regulation of the market of addictive goods and services in the context of the periodization of ideas about the role of the state in the economy in general, in historical and economic era, in the formation of the species of addictive goods markets. In the age of mercantilism the sphere of regulation of addictive goods markets was not the subject of attention of economists, but in practice there is an idea of the need for state protectionism. During its criticism in the framework of the theory of physiocrats and in the beginning of the classical school, alcohol products become a subject of research of economists, as the major source of budgetary funds. The abolition of serfdom, the development of private industrial activity, changing the farming tax system to the excise tax, indicate the penetration of traditional liberal principles in domestic economy in the field of addictive goods. The German historical schools focused on the active role of the state with respect to national peculiarities of the economy, found support and development in the works of Russian scientists that support the alcohol and tobacco monopoly. In the Soviet period the principles of Marxist political economy were formed on the basis of total nationalization of production and distribution of allowed addictive goods. The margin school is characterized by psychological interpretation of economic processes in the field of addictive goods under the conditions of perfect competition, in particular the role of consumers in the pricing. In the period of theoretical struggle of monetarism against keynesianism, which coincided with the drug boom, there were areas of economics of crime and punishment, drugs. In the neoliberalism period the antiprohibitionist movement was formed in the field of addictive goods. Changing some postulates of neoclassical economics by neo-institutional economic theory contributed to the development of empirical and theoretical studies of addictive consumer behavior, a new interpretation of the role of state structures in the main markets of addictive goods. The author justified the feasibility of attracting neo-institutional theory as a framework for their regulation, based on the calculation and comparison of the socio-economic result of implementation of the existing policy alternatives. It is proposed to combine the study on economics of drugs, alcohol products, tobacco products, gambling and other goods and services with similar consumption patterns into the economy of addictive goods. It is established that studies of evolution of the economic concepts of government regulation of addictive goods markets, and measures for their practical implementation in the 15th-21st centuries have great creative potential for understanding the essence and peculiarities of state regulation in modern Russia in institutional and evolutionary sense.

Актуальность и цели. Незаконное обналичивание и вывод денежных средств в теневой сектор, в том числе за рубеж, относятся к числу наиболее опасных вызовов и угроз финансовой безопасности Российской Федерации. Основной проблемой правоприменительной практики по данному направлению является несовершенство законодательной базы. Уголовный кодекс Российской Федерации не содержит специальной нормы, направленной на борьбу с незаконным обналичиванием и транзитом денежных средств. Отсутствует комплексное представление о процессах незаконного обналичивания и транзита денег, а также единство подходов по их квалификации в теории уголовного права. Неоднозначен и подход при квалификации деяний, связанных с созданием «фирм-однодневок». В редакции Федерального закона от 30.03.2015 № 67-ФЗ ч. 1 ст. 173.1. конкурирует с диспозицией ч. 1 ст. 170.1. В сложившихся условиях правоприменительные органы поставлены перед необходимостью осуществлять поиск альтернативных подходов к уголовно-правовой оценке соответствующих криминальных явлений, вследствие чего правоприменительная практика по уголовным делам данной категории складывается довольно противоречиво. Материалы и методы. В статье проведен анализ судебно-следственной практики по квалификации незаконного обналичивания и транзита денежных средств как незаконного предпринимательства по ст. 171 УК РФ в Пензенской области, а также рассмотрена судебная практика других регионов, квалифицирующих подобные деяния по ст. 172 УК РФ как незаконную банковскую деятельность. Результаты. Практика, сложившаяся в Пензенской области, является оспоримой и не обеспечивает принципа справедливости и неотвратимости наказания за совершенное преступление. Субъект преступления, предусмотренный ст. 172 УК РФ, может быть не только специальным при совершении банковских операций кредитной организацией без лицензии, но и общим при совершении банковских операций без регистрации и лицензии. Гражданин, не являющийся руководителем либо сотрудником кредитной организации при наличии иных предусмотренных ст. 172 УК РФ условий, подлежит ответственности за незаконную банковскую деятельность. Рассмотренные противоречия в судебно-следственной практике, а также отсутствие единой правовой позиции правоохранительных органов региона ставят под сомнение перспективу реализации оперативной информации, получаемой и находящейся в производстве правоохранительных органов. Выводы. В целях разрешения указанных проблем необходимо совершенствование российского законодательства об оперативно-разыскной деятельности, в частности, требуется официальное разъяснение проблемных вопросов квалификации деяний, которые совершены общим субъектом и в которых усматриваются признаки преступлений, связанных с незаконным обналичиванием денежных средств и созданием «фирм-однодневок».Background. Illegal cashing and withdrawal of funds into the shadow sector, including abroad, are among the most dangerous challenges and threats to financial security of the Russian Federation. The main problem of law enforcement in this area is the imperfection of the legislation. The Russian Federation's Criminal Code does not contain special rules aimed at combating illegal cashing and funds transit. There is no comprehensive understanding of the processes of illegal cashing and money transit, as well as the unity of their qualification approaches in the theory of criminal law. Quite ambiguous is also an approach to qualifying the acts of establishment of phony companies. In the edition of the Federal Law from 03.30.2015 № 67-FZ, part 1, article 173.1 competes with the disposition of part 1 article 170.1. Under these circumstances, law enforcement agencies face a need to search for alternative approaches to criminal and legal assessment of the relevant criminal phenomena, resulting in legal practice in criminal cases of this category being rather contradictory. Materials and methods. The article analyzes the judicial inquiry on qualifying unlawful cashing and cash transit as an illegal business under art. 171 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation in Penza region, as well as reviews the jurisprudence of other regions, qualifying such offenses under art. 172 of the Criminal Code as an illegal banking activity. Results. The practice, developed in the Penza region, is voidable and does not provide equity and inevitability of punishment for the crime. The subject of the crime under art. 172 of the Criminal Code, may not only be special for a banking credit organization without a license, but overall for banking transactions with no registration and licenses. A citizen who is not a supervisor or employee of a credit institution in the presence of other conditions, provided by art. 172 of the Criminal Code, shall be liable for illegal banking activity. The above-mentioned contradictions in judicial and investigative practice, as well as the absence of a uniform legal position of law enforcement agencies in the region, casts doubt on the prospect of implementation of operational information received and in the process of law enforcement. Conclusions. In order to solve these problems it is necessary to improve Russian legislation on operative-investigative activities, in particular it is required to formally explain problematic issues of qualification of acts, committed by a common subject and which display elements of crimes, related to illegal cashing of funds and establishment of phony comoanies.

International audience ; During the wars of the early modern age, deaths by disease tended to prevail over deaths in combat. This trend was particularly pronounced in the case of European troops operating in extra-European ecological contexts. As the pioneering works by Philip D. Curtin have shown, on this behalf the nineteenth century was a period of radical change: on the one hand, European empires expanded to Africa and Asia, on the other medical innovation transformed the epidemiological relation between Europe and the rest of the world, resulting in a clear decrease of mortality among European migrants moving to extra-European territories. In this context, the emergence of "tropical medicine" as a scientific field, the development of colonial projects and the reinforcement of military health services were deeply interconnected processes. Medical knowledge constituted a crucial resource for European powers: not only to provide for the health of their troops but also to create favourable conditions for an increasing number of settlers, entrepreneurs and civil servants. Later also improving the health of the native populations became a goal of colonial administrators, who perceived demographic growth as a crucial factor for enhancing the economic profitability of the colonies. Medicine, hygiene and (a certain) Western bodily discipline were celebrated as elements of the civilizing mission and sometimes employed as tools of social disciplining. However, it would be simplistic to interpret the history of colonial health as a unilateral transfer from European metropoles to colonized territories. The knowledge involved in the making of colonial medicine was not exclusively produced in the laboratories of tropical institutes and European hospitals: to a significant extent it was generated through social interactions in the colonies. Military doctors had limited infrastructural, pharmaceutical and human resources and often they had to cope with unknown diseases whose etiology was still an unsolved question. Thus, inter-imperial cooperation, reciprocal transfers between European and non-European actors as well as the (mostly fragmentary but sill significant) appropriation of "native" therapies played a central role in the construction of colonial medicine. On February 6, 2015, a group of scholars from France, Switzerland, Germany and Brazil met at the Château de Vincennes (the seat of the French military archives) to discuss the role of military physicians in European as well as the production and circulation of medical knowledge about tropical diseases during the long 19th century. The contributions to this meeting stretch from the Napoleonic wars in Egypt and the Caribbean to Dutch South-East Asia and the Herero-Nama Wars in German South-West Africa. A special issue of the journal "Histoire, médecine et santé" presenting the results of our work is currently in press. ; Comme l'ont montré les travaux pionniers de Philip D. Curtin, la prépondérance des morts causées par des maladies par rapport aux pertes au combat – une tendance généralisée pendant tous les conflits majeurs de l'époque moderne – fut particulièrement drastique dans le cas des troupes européennes opérant dans des contextes écologiques extra-européens. Le XIXe siècle représente, à ce propos, une période charnière, marquée par l'expansion territoriale des empires coloniaux en Afrique et Asie et, en même temps, par des développements historico-médicaux qui changèrent profondément la relation épidémiologique entre l'Europe et le reste du monde, entrainant une nette hausse des taux de survie parmi les migrants européens en Outre-Mer.L'émergence de la « médecine tropicale » comme discipline scientifique, le développement des projets coloniaux et le renforcement des services sanitaires des forces armées furent, dans ce contexte, des phénomènes profondément interconnectés. Les savoirs médicaux et les institutions sanitaires constituèrent des ressources cruciales pour les puissances européennes : non seulement pour mener des opérations militaires, mais aussi pour permettre l'implantation d'un nombre croissant de colons et administrateurs et, dans un deuxième temps, pour offrir des services sanitaires aux populations colonisées, dont le développement démographique était perçu comme une variable décisive dans la valorisation économique des colonies. Célébrées au niveau propagandiste comme éléments centrales de la « mission civilisatrice », médecine, hygiène et (une certaine) culture corporelle occidentale avaient vocation à être utilisées comme des instruments de discipline sociale.Il serait toutefois simpliste de lire l'histoire de la santé coloniale comme celle d'un transfert unilatéral de savoirs médicaux depuis les métropoles vers les colonies. Ces savoirs n'étaient pas uniquement produits dans les laboratoires des instituts de médecine tropicale et les cliniques européennes : ils étaient souvent générés par les interactions sociales dans les colonies. Dotés de ressources infrastructurelles, pharmaceutiques et humaines limitées, les officiers de santé étaient souvent obligés de faire face à des maladies qu'ils ne connaissaient pas et dont l'étiologie représentait une question irrésolue. Par conséquent les réseaux de coopération inter-impériale, les transferts entre acteurs européens et non-européens ainsi que l'appropriation (pour la plupart fragmentaire, mais néanmoins significative) de savoirs thérapeutiques "indigènes" jouaient un rôle important dans la construction de la médecine coloniale.

Problem setting. In the process of transformation of Ukrainian society towards the assimilation and implementation of basic European values such as human rights, democracy and the rule of law the role of personality that respects the dignity of others and their right to free expression in its multifaceted manifestations becomes more important. Such definitions of it assume the character of the ideal to be pursued, but that has not received adequate expression in people's minds and in practice yet. Since this ideal inextricably links right and personality, enabling the operation of law due to the special qualities of the individual, it can be defined as the ideal of legal personality. It is the formation and realization of such ideal that becomes urgent practical task of our society, which in turn requires a comprehensive theoretical understanding.Recent research and publications analysis. It should be noted that some philosophical aspects of the meaning of legal personality and its formation are revealed in the works of Ukrainian researcher in the field of philosophy of law S.I. Maksimov. However, all actual researches are based on a certain cultural and ideological tradition. The research of a Polish-American scholar in the history of philosophical and legal thought Andrzej Walicki pays attention to the ideological and methodological potential liberal legal philosophy of the late 19th - early 20th century in the Russian Empire, realization of which, unfortunately, failed because of the violent interruption of this tradition by Bolsheviks. Researches of philosophers of law of that period are of particular significance in this issue: Ukrainian by origin and outlook Bohdan Kistyakivskiy and one of the authors of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) Serhiy Gessen. It is reconstruction of the concept of "legal personality" in the views of philosophers of law of that period, which is really made for the first time, which will give, as we believe, an opportunity to analyze the formation of the ideal of legal personality.Paper objective. Thus, the purpose of this article is analysis and systematization of philosophical views on the issue of forming the ideal of legal personality in Russian philosophy of law, limited by the late 19th - early 20th century During this period, leading philosophers and jurists come to the conclusion that the existence and development of the law governed state should be based on a legal personality.Taking into account the diversity of interpretations of liberal concepts, we begin with a brief description of the charms of liberal ideas, find out the core values that inspire these concepts and focus on the source of political programs and core values - individual autonomy.Paper main body. As it is known, liberalism is a dynamic system that responds to changes in social life and is transformed according to the new reality. Liberal concepts of the thinkers of that time give us the opportunity to realize what freedom, equality and human rights are inviolable condition for the individual existence of human being, laying the values and guidance in the legal consciousness of a person and promoting an individual's recognition of law as the main regulator of social relations, aimed at protecting and strengthening the autonomy (which directly is an ideal basis for development of a legal personality).Conclusions of the research. Thus, the abovementioned allows us to understand the significance of liberal ideas for building a modern ideal model of legal personality, formed on a combination of the spiritual and legal ideals and values. The importance of the concepts of representatives of Russian liberalism is determined by existence of: 1) the idea of equality, which in turn becomes a conceptual basis in shaping of legal personality (after all, the basic values help to reveal the inner depth (essence) of the personality, thereby reducing it to the level of subject, on whose existence law is focused.); 2) the idea of the presence of appropriate freedoms in personality (freedom is revealed as the spiritual foundation of not only the personality, but also society) and natural rights. Rights in turn, act as a form of social relations and independent personalities, behavior and interaction of which is subject to the general rules. Independence of subjects in relation to each other and their joint subjecting to common standards define the content of the legal form of freedom. ; В статье рассмотрены философско-правовые концепции российского либерализма конца XIX - начала ХХ в. по формированию идеала правовой личности. Доказана целесообразность на основе этих концепций переосмысления путей дальнейшего развития украинского общества и его ценностных оснований. ; У статті розглянуто філософсько-правові концепції російського лібералізму кінця ХІХ – початку ХХ ст. щодо формування ідеалу правової особистості. Доведено доцільність на основі цих концепцій переосмислення шляхів подальшого розвитку українського суспільства та його ціннісних підстав.

The development of cultural­educational space of youth communities lately draw practitioners' and theorists' attention, in particular, those who directly connected with the problems of youth. Youth, as a subject of many processes, in the first instance, is the subject of cultural­educational space and social­cultural connections (youth communities), in which the activity of personality is directed on cognition of secrets of Another and intercultural growth. It is clarified in the article the essence of the notions conceptual plane – «intercultural», it is proved the negative role in the process of unification of communities of epistemological and gnosiological limitedness, which identify different process and phenomena and «leave» often reasoning on the level of definitions of different forms of intellectual formatting of thoughts, not leading the process of thinking to the philosophic categories and senses. On the basis of the analyze of scientific literature and experience of practitioners it is characterized the productive approaches and strategies relied on constructivism, people measuring and anthropological concepts. Intercultural communication presented not only as many­sided process of mutual understanding of cultures, but also as a search and finding of «cultural codes» (standards of community), supporting consolidation of communities. The main determinant of these codes is defined by value­sense component, which is gained in the dialogue and due to understanding changes subject and society. It is ascertained that cultural dialogue according to different conditions (in cultural­educational continuum) can develop abilities of youth in reproducing self, overcoming breaks between the causal and sense determination of own activity, which can be a threat for culture. It is defined the systemic mistakes in the cultural­educational practices of youth organizations, which is connected with the poor level of worldview culture and that presented as a peculiar break in the formation of intercultural: often revealing of emotional, impulsive state in contrast to balanced civil position; the interests of the community not always articulated correctly in authorized and other documents; in the real process of communication and dialogue appears conflict factors, conditioned by psychology of «a crowd», elements of ochlocracy, anarchy and stereotypic thinking; contextual «immaturity» of the process of consolidation, connected with specific incompleteness of consolidation of Ukrainian political nation and etc. It is pointed out some warnings on the subject of implementation of ideas in real cultural­educational practice: in particular, when it is about the integration of the culture, about multy­culture and etc. Constructivist approach in the research of mentioned process with the necessary requires making strategies and programmes of intercultural activity on the basis of intercultural universals and standards of cultural «code». ; Развертывание культурно­образовательного пространства молодежных сообществ в последнее время привлекает внимание как практиков, так и теоретиков, в частности тех, кто непосредственно связан с проблемами молодежи. Молодежь, как субъект многих процессов, в первую очередь является субъектом культурно­образовательного пространства и социокультурных связей (молодежных объединений), в которых активность личности направлена на познание тайн Другого и интеркультурного роста. В статье выяснена сущность понятий концептуальной плоскости – «интеркультурность», доказана отрицательная роль в процессе объединения сообществ эпистемологической и гносеологической ограниченности, которая идентифицирует различные процессы и феномены и «оставляет» часто рассуждения на уровне значений различных форм интеллектуального оформления мыслей, не доводя процесс мышления до философских категорий и смыслов. На основе анализа научной литературы и опыта практик охарактеризованы продуктивные подходы и стратегии, опирающиеся на конструктивизм, человекомерность и антропологические концепции. Интеркультурная коммуникация представлена не только как многогранный процесс взаимопонимания культур, но и как поиск и обретение «культурных кодов» (эталонов общности), обеспечивающих консолидацию сообществ. Главной детерминантой этих кодов определен ценностно­смысловой компонент, который приобретается в диалоге и за счет понимания меняет субъекта и общество. Установлено, что интеркультурный диалог по определенным условиям (в культурно­образовательном континууме) может развить способности молодежи по воспроизводству себя, преодоления разрывов между причинной и смысловой детерминацией собственной деятельности, которая может представлять угрозу для культурности. ; Розгортання культурно­освітнього простору молодіжних спільнот останнім часом привертає увагу як практиків, так і теоретиків, зокрема тих, хто безпосередньо пов'язаний з проблемами молоді. Молодь, як суб'єкт багатьох процесів, насамперед є суб'єктом культурно­освітнього простору і соціокультурних зв'язків (молодіжних об'єднань), в яких активність особистості спрямована на пізнання таємниць Іншого та інтеркультурне зростання. У статті з'ясована сутність понять концептуальної площини – «інтеркультурність», доведена негативна роль у процесі єднання спільнот епістемологічної й гносеологічної обмеженості, яка ідентифікує різні процеси і феномени та « залишає» часто міркування на рівні значень різних форм інтелектуального оформлення думок, не доводячи процес мислення до філософських категорій і смислів. На основі аналізу наукової літератури і досвіду практик схарактеризовано продуктивні підходи і стратегії, що спираються на конструктивізм, людиномірність і антропологічні концепції. Інтеркультурна комунікація представлена не тільки як багатогранний процес взаєморозуміння культур, але й як пошук і набуття «культурних кодів» (еталонів спільності), що забезпечують консолідацію спільнот. Головною детермінантою цих кодів визначено ціннісно­смисловий компонент, який набувається в діалозі, що за рахунок розуміння змінює суб'єкта і суспільство. Встановлено, що інтеркультурний діалог за певними умовами (в культурно­освітньому континуумі) може розвинути здатності молоді щодо відтворювання себе, долання розривів між причинною і смисловою детермінацією власної діяльності, яка може бути загрозою для культурності.

In the article is researched the evolution of the party structure in Transcarpathian region during the period of time from 1991 to 2015. The analysis by the author of the main periods of the party structure development in Transcarpathia is carried out according with the logic of the development of the party system of Ukraine. In legislation of Ukraine is forbidden the creation of political parties on the regional principle, so they are created only with nation­wide status. At the same time it should be noted, that each region of Ukraine has own party structure, which depends of wide range of as to objective, and subjective factors: territory, natural conditions, history and culture, social and political structures etc. The regional party structures stipulate the peculiarities of electoral processes, format of the local government administrations, have influence on the electoral priorities of citizens, create public opinion etc. This is precisely why, the research of the regional party structures is one of the currently central directions of the national political science. The logic of the development of the party system of Ukraine can be classified in the following manner: from single­party system through atomized system of presence of large number of parties– to the system of polarized pluralism, and, as a result to two­party system. Analysing the formation of party structure of Transcarpathia, several periods can be distinguished, connected with dominating one or another party in region. The Transcarpathian regional department of justice as of the January of 2016 was registered 230 regional chapters of the political parties. In development of the party structure of the region the author emphasizes 6 periods. First: from 1990 to 1995, second: from 1996 to 2001, third: from 2002 to 2004, fourth: from 2005 to 2009, fifth: from 2010 to 2013, sixth: from after 2014. It was found, that each of the periods connected with the dominating of certain political force: SDPU (u), PP «Edynyi tsentr», Partia rehioniv, PP «Petro Poroshenko block». It was characterized the peculiarities of the party construction in Transcarpathian region under each period. It was found, that regional peculiarities of the party structure development in region depend of such prime factors: geographic location of region; historical traditions; sociodemographic characteristics of electorate; relatively weakness of the regional political establishment etc. Because, Transcarpathia is one of the most multi­ethnic regions of Ukraine, that significant influence on the party structure formation, electoral processes have regional national minorities (the most politically active is hungarian). Therefore, party structure of Transcarpathia outpictures the development trends of the party structure of Ukraine and consists of the same political forces, except of three solely «regional parties»: PP «Edynyi tsentr», Party of hungarians of Ukraine – KMKSZ, Democratic party of hungarians of Ukraine. ; В статье анализируются особенности становления партийной структуры Закарпатской области в течение 1991 – 2015 гг. Выделены и охарактеризованы 6 периодов в развитии партийной структуры. Первый: 1990 – 1995 гг. Второй: 1996 – 2001 гг. Третий: 2002 – 2004 гг. Четвертый: 2005 – 2009 гг. Пятый: 2010 – 2013 гг. Шестой: начиная с 2014 г. Выяснено, что каждый из периодов связан с доминированием определенной политической силы СДПУ (о), ПП «Единый центр», Партии регионов, ПП «Блок Петра Порошенка». Охарактеризированы особенности партийного строительства в Закарпатской области в рамках каждого периода. Исследовано участие в избирательных процессах партий венгерского национального меньшинства. Выводы о перспективах развития партийной структуры сделаны за результатами местных выборов 2015 г. Установлено, что доминирующими в партийной структуре области становятся такие политические партии: 1) партии, которые были образованы за результатами Революции Достоинства: ПП «Блок Петра Порошенка», ПП «Народный фронт»; 2) партии сугубо регионального влияния: ПП «Единый центр», Партия венгров Украины (ПУУ – КМКС), Демократическая партия венгров Украины (ДПУУ) 3) партии, которые победили на местных выборах 2015 г.: ПП «Возрождение», ПП «Наш край», ПП «Оппозиционный блок». ; В статті аналізуються особливості становлення партійної структури Закарпатської області протягом 1991 – 2015 рр. Виокремлено і охарактеризовано 6 періодів у розвитку партійної структури краю. Перший: 1990 – 1995 рр., другий: 1996 – 2001 рр., третій: 2002 – 2004 рр., четвертий: 2005 – 2009 рр., п'ятий: 2010 – 2013 рр., шостий: починаючи з 2014 р. З'ясовано, що кожен з періодів пов'язаний з домінуванням певної політичної сили: СДПУ (о), ПП «Єдиний центр», Партії регіонів, ПП «Блок Петра Порошенка». Охарактеризовано особливості партійного будівництва в Закарпатській області в рамках кожного періоду. Досліджено участь у виборчих процесах партій угорської національної меншини. Висновки про перспективи розвит­ку партійної структури зроблені за результатами місцевих виборів 2015 р. Встановлено, що домінуючими в партійній структурі краю стають такі політичні партії: 1) партії, які були утворені за наслідками Революції Гідності: ПП «Блок Петра Порошенка», ПП «Народний фронт»; 2) партії суто регіонального впливу: ПП «Єдиний центр», Партія угорців України (ПУУ – КМКС), Демократична партія угорців України (ДПУУ); 3) партії, які здобули перемогу за результатами місцевих виборів 2015 р.: ПП «Відродження», ПП «Наш край», ПП «Опозиційний блок».

La anfibología del silencio es un tema clásico dentro de la teoría del negocio jurídico, elaborado como un supraconcepto legal o Oberbegriff por los Pandectistas alemanes a la vista de las fuentes romanas. Para los juristas romanos el fenómeno del silencio y de su interpretación se produce cuando el tacens observa una conducta inerme, inactiva, carente de movimiento, de modo que, de su actitud, no puede derivarse su voluntad en un sentido u otro pues, si al silencio acompaña un gesto que lo clarifica, estaremos ante una declaración tácita de voluntad (facta concludentia; facta ex quibus voluntas concludi potest).El silencio, fuera de los casos de silencio simple o absoluto (que se produce cuando el que calla lo hace contra un expreso mandato legislativo o una orden judicial), plantea siempre un problema de interpretación jurídica y la cuestión fundamental es si el silencio, fuera de los casos regulados por la ley, la costumbre o una consolidada interpretación jurisprudencial, puede servir de asentimiento. Dicho de otro modo ¿se recogió en las fuentes jurídicas romanas una teoría general aplicable a todos los casos de silencio y, si fue así, en qué casos y con qué condiciones? La tesis negativa se apoya en un texto de Paulo, recogido directamente en el Digesto: qui tacet non utique fatetur, sed tamen verum est eum non negare, que significa que quien calla, no dice nada, ni afirma ni niega. La opinión afirmativa se basa –entre otros argumentos– en un axioma de origen canónico, contra­puesto al anterior, que ha adquirido una gran fuerza social: quien calla, otorga, y que deriva de la regula iuris, recogida por las Decretales del Papa Bonifacio VIII: qui tacet, consentire videtur Lo cierto es que ambas reglas fueron acogidas por la doctrina y la práctica medieval y de ahí pasa­ron al Derecho común y al Derecho moderno, invocados por la doctrina de distintas épocas como un argumento más a favor de sus respectivas opiniones. Igualmente, influyeron notablemente en la interpretación de las fuentes romanas y en la posterior concepción doctrinal y jurisprudencial del silencio así como en la regulación positiva adoptada por algunos códigos modernos.Palabras clave: Negocio jurídico, silencio, taciturnitas, manifestación expresa y tácita de vo­luntad, qui tacet, consentire videtur, silencio simple o absoluto, silencio cualificado o circuns­tanciado.Abstract: The amphibology of the silence is a classic topic in the theory of the juridical act, elaborated as a legal supraconcept or Oberbegriff by the German Pandectist in view of the Roman sources. For the Roman jurists of silence phenomenon and its interpretation takes place when the tacens observes an inactive conduct, lacking in movement, so that, of his attitude, his will can not be derived in one way or another, if the silence is accompanied by a gesture that clarifies, we face a tacit declaration of will (facta concludentia; facta concludi voluntas ex quibus potest). (facta concludentia; facta ex-quibus voluntas concludi potest).The silence, out of the cases of simple or absolute silence (that takes place when about the one that he keeps silent it does it against an express legislative mandate or a judicial order), raises always a problem of juridical interpretation and the fundamental question is if the silence, out of the cases regulated by the law, the custom or a consolidated jurisprudential interpretation, can use as assent. Said differently, what was collected in the juridical Roman sources a general theory applicable to all the cases of silence and, if so, in what cases and with what conditions? The negative thesis is based on a text by Paulo, collected directly in the Digest: qui tacet non utique fatetur, sed tamen verum est eum non negare. It means that whoever is silent, says nothing, neither confirms nor denies. The affirmative opinion is based –between other arguments– on an axiom of canonical origin, opposed to the previous one, which has acquired a great social force: whom silence, is consent, and that derives the canonical legal rule: qui tacet, consentire videtur.The truth is that both rules were received by the doctrine and the medieval practice and of there they went on to the common Law and to the modern Law, invoked by the doctrine of different epochs as one more argument in favour of his respective opinions. Equally, they influenced notably in the interpretation of the Roman sources and the later doctrinal and in subsequent doctrinal and juriprudential conception of silence as well as the positive regulation adopted as some modern Codes.Keywords: Juridical act, silence, taciturnitas, express manifestation of will, tacit manifestation of will, qui tacet, consentire videtur, simple or absolute silence, qualified or circumstantial si­lence.

Cyprus issue has been on the agenda in the international community. Disputes between Turkish Cypriots and Greek Cypriots have gained new dimension with the hydrocarbon resources that was found in the Eastern Mediterranean. This thesis will focus on Cyprus conflict in terms of hydrocarbon resources. Before the solution of the Cyprus issue, Greek Cypriot administration unilaterally has encouraged its hydrocarbon exploration activities in the open waters of Cyprus. However, this situation has affected negotiation process and expectations in terms of security and foreign policy of Cyprus. This thesis aims to analyze the research question, "Whether NATO involvement in Cyprus' security would create more favorable conditions for a long lasting peaceful settlement?" by testing the hypothesis that "why and how NATO should enhance energy security of the hydrocarbon findings in Cyprus offshores in particular and the Eastern Mediterranean in general to promote stability on the island?" In this context, relations between the Turkish and Greek Cypriots were analyzed. The Warsaw Pact has come to an end and the Soviet Union (USSR) has dissolved but the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is still evolving. This is so because NATO has not only been a military alliance, but also a community of shared principles and values.Two possible scenarios for NATO: the alliance may assume a new role for security as well as energy policies in the Eastern Mediterranean. NATO may not assume a new role in the Eastern Mediterranean because of the Russian involvement in Cyprus. As a result of this thesis; due to the Russia factor in Cyprus the NATO may not assume a new role to ensure the stability and security on island. This research will not only employ the method of the elite interviews but also will make use of other primary sources (treaties, agreements, official reports and speeches). Thereby, this research will contribute to enhance the literature of International Relations studies on Cyprus problem. This research attempts to analyze the research question in five chapters. It reviews the problems inherent in making predictions in the first chapter. In the second chapter, it will summarize the Cyprus offshore hydrocarbons and regional policies between both Turkish and Greek Cypriots and Cyprus hydrocarbons and responses of the international actors. In the third chapter, Turkey's role in Eastern Mediterranean and its role assumptions will be elaborated. Turkey's role conception will be analyzed at two levels: Turkey's Big Brother role; Turkey's Natural Leader Role. Fourth chapter analyzes NATO's evolving and expanding role in energy security. This research will analyze NATO's possible new role in providing energy security in the Eastern Mediterranean. The fifth section will be an overview of the analysis and will be composed of the concluding remarks. Keywords: Turkish Cypriot, Greek Cypriot, hydrocarbon, security, stability, cooperation. ; ÖZ: Kıbrıs sorunu uluslararası toplumun gündeminde yer almaktadır. Doğu Akdeniz'de hidrokarbon kaynaklarının bulunması Kıbrıslı Türkler ile Kıbrıslı Rumlar arasındaki anlaşmazlığa yeni bir boyut kazandırmıştır. Bu tez hidrokarbon kaynakları bakımından Kıbrıs sorununa odaklanacaktır. Kıbrıs Rum Yönetimi, çözümden önce Kıbrıs açık sularında tektaraflı hidrokarbon arama faaliyetlerini teşvik etmektedir. Fakat bu durum güvenlik ve Kıbrıs dış politikası açısındandan müzakere sürecindeki beklentileri etkilemektedir. Bu tez "Kıbrıs'ın güvenliği konusunda NATO müdahalesi uzun süreli barışçıl bir çözüm için daha elverişli koşullar yaratır mı?" araştırma sorusunu, "NATO adada istikrarı sağlamaya yönelik Doğu Akdeniz'de ve özellikle Kıbrıs açık denizlerindeki hidrokarbon keşiflerinin enerji güvenliğini neden ve nasıl sağlayabilir?" hipotezini test ederek analiz etmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu bağlamda Kıbrıslı Türk ve Rumlar arasındaki ilişkiler analiz edilmiştir. Varşova Paktı'nın sonlanıp, (SSCB) Sovyetler Birliği'nin dağılmasına rağmen (NATO) Kuzey Atlantik Antlaşması Örgütü halen gelişmektedir. Bu nedenden dolayı; NATO sadece askeri bir ittifak değil, aynı zamanda ortak ilke ve değerleri olan bir topluluktur. NATO için iki olası senaryo vadır: İttifak Doğu Akdeniz'de güvenlik ve enerji politikaları için yeni bir rol alabilir. Ya da; NATO Kıbrıs'ta Rusya'nın varlığı nedeniyle Doğu Akdeniz'de yeni bir rol almayabilir. Bu tezin bir sonucu olarak; Kıbrıs'taki Rusya faktörü NATO'nun adada istikrarı ve güvenliği sağlamak için yeni bir rol üstlenmesine engel olabilir. Bu araştırma sadece elit görüşme yöntemi ile değil diğer birincil kaynakların (anlaşmalar, sözleşmeler, resmi raporlar ve mülakatlar) kullanımından da yararlanılarak hazırlanmıştır. Dolayısıyla bu araştırma, Kıbrıs sorunu ile ilgili olarak Uluslararası İlişkiler literatürünü geliştirmeye katkıda bulunacaktır. Bu çalışma, araştırma sorusunu beş bölümde analiz etmeye çalışır. Birinci bölümde sorunun özü tahmin edilerek gözden geçirilecektir. İkinci bölümde Kıbrıs deniz hidrokarbonları, Kıbrıs'lı Türk ve Rumlar arasındaki bölgesel politikalar ve Kıbrıs hidrokarbonları konusunda uluslararası aktörlerin tepkileri özetlenecektir. Üçüncü bölümde Türkiye'nin Doğu Akdeniz'deki rolü ve rol varsayımları ele alınacaktır. Türkiye'nin rol anlayışı iki düzeyde analiz edilecektir: Türkiye'nin Ağabey rolü; Türkiye'nin Doğal Lider Rolü. Dördüncü bölüm, NATO'nun enerji güvenliğinde gelişen ve büyüyen rolünü analiz eder. Bu araştırma, Doğu Akdeniz Bölgesi'nde enerji güvenliğinin sağlanmasına yönelik NATO'nun olası yeni rolünü analiz edecektir. Beşinci bölümde yapılan çalışmalar analiz edilerek elde edilen sonuçlar açıklanacaktır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Kıbrıslı Türk, Kıbrıslı Rum, hidrokarbon, güvenlik, istikrar, işbirliği. ; Master of Arts in International Relations. Thesis (M.A.)--Eastern Mediterranean University, Faculty of Business and Economics, Dept. of Political Science and International Relations, 2016. Supervisor: Assist. Prof. Dr. Günay Aylin Gürzel.