Suchergebnisse

Abstrak - Pokok pada paper ini adalah mengenai strategi keamanan siber yang dilakukan oleh pemerintah Filipina dalam menanggulangi berbagai isu yang dianggap mengganggu ketahanan nasional. Dengan kondisi masyarakat dan pemerintahan yang tidak jauh berbeda, maka kondisi Indonesia sama halnya dengan Filipina dalam hal mengembangkan strategi dan kebijakan yang harus dilakukan untuk mengatasi berbagai ancaman siber. Akan tetapi, Filipina telah melakukan upaya pembentukan institusi-institusi dengan kebijakan yang mengatur peran masing-masing institusi tersebut untuk menghadapi berbagai ancaman siber. Selain itu, pemerintah Filipina juga telah mengimplementasikan cyber initiative dengan mengampanyekan cyber wellness dan National Broadband Plan sebagai program khusus dalam meningkatkan sistem keamanan siber. Dalam menentukan skala prioritas ini, Indonesia dapat mengambil pelajaran tentang bagaimana menentukan strategi dan kebijakan yang tepat untuk menghadapi berbagai ancaman siber yang datang.Kata kunci: cybersecurity, keamanan siber Filipina, ancaman siber, cyber initiative Abstract - Highlights of this paper is on the cyber security strategy undertaken by the Philippine government in tackling the various issues that were disturbing national security. With the condition of society and a government that is not much different, then the condition of Indonesia as well as the Philippines in terms of developing strategies and policies are needed to address various cyber threats. However, the Philippines has made efforts to establish institutions with a policy governing the role of each of these institutions to confront cyber threats. In addition, the Philippine government has also implemented cyber cyber wellness initiative by campaigning and the National Broadband Plan as a special program in improving cyber security systems. In determining the priorities of this, Indonesia can take lessons on how to determine the appropriate strategies and policies to deal with cyber threats coming.Keywords: cyber security, Philippines cyber security, cyber threat, cyber initiative

While the economic literature has yet to establish whether greater electricity consumption leads to faster economic growth, or vice versa, it is widely accepted that the better provision of electricity can enable pro-poor growth. Because electricity consumption is expected to grow in emerging economies such as Myanmar, it is important that the government prioritize its stable, efficient, and affordable supply. This paper assesses Myanmar's electricity sector and recommends several concrete policy options to enable government to address issues such as supply security, greater accessibility, and affordability, especially for the poor and disadvantaged. The paper also estimates infrastructure demand and the corresponding investment requirements to narrow the supply gap in the power sector.

This book critically examines the significance of gender, race and sexuality to wars waged by liberal states. Drawing on original field-research with British soldiers, it offers insights into how their everyday experiences are shaped by, and shape, a politics of gender, race and sexuality that not only underpins power relations in the military, but the geopolitics of wars waged by liberal states. Linking the politics of daily life to the international is an intervention into international relations (IR) and security studies because instead of overlooking the politics of the everyday, this book insists that it is vital to explore how geopolitical events and practices are co-constituted, reinforced and contested by it. By utilising insights from Michel Foucault, the book explores how shared and collectively mediated knowledge on gender, race and sexuality facilitates certain claims about the nature of governing in liberal states and about why and how such states wage war against 'illiberal' ones in pursuit of global peace and security. The book also develops post-structural work in international relations by urging scholars interested in the linguistic construction of geopolitics to consider the ways in which bodies, objects and architectures also reinforce particular ideas about war, identity and statehood.

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the Bachelor ofLaws degree, Strathmore university law school ; On the 4th of August 2010, Kenyans enacted a new Constitution. This Constitution stipulates that all accused persons are entitled to apply for bail unlike previous legislation which denied bail for capital offences such as murder. Bail will therefore be granted unless the court deems that there are compelling reasons not to grant it. The Constitution has however failed to define compelling reasons. The main objective of this research is to interrogate the current counterterrorism framework in Kenya with a particular focus on bail so as to determine whether it is sufficient to preserve national security.This study has been conducted mainly through a literature review of various legislations regarding bail for suspected terrorists using a qualitative approach. It has established that indeed there are various disparities in the law regarding bail for suspected terrorists. This has led to the courts releasing some suspected terrorists on bail who have then gone to commit further acts of terrorism. Furthermore, the 2015 Bail and Policy Guidelines have failed to clarify matters on bail for suspected terrorists. The Judiciary has therefore had to interpret and define compelling reasons. This has led to inconsistencies in the manner in which bail is granted. The study therefore proposes that public interest in terms of national security outweighs the right to bail for suspected terrorists. It also proposes that clear laws regarding bail specifically creating a presumption against granting bail to suspected terrorists should be enacted. This will help to solve the inconsistencies in the interpretation of the law by the Judiciary.

Topics for long articles (7500-10000 words each) are: Agricultural, food and environmental science- organization and focus of applied agrifood science, positivism and influence on course of agriculture, Green Revolution -- Agriculture and food technology- as distinct from above, discussion of key technologies including mechanizations, pesticides and biotechnology -- Aquaculture and fisheries- all aspects of fishing, including ocean impact, issues in whaling, fish farming -- Cooking, food preparation and eating- practice of cooking and eating, home and away, dietary rules, gender, ethnicity and ties to popular culture, eating as families, eating in restaurants, with friends -- Farming- to include all aspects of crop production including horiticulture, organization of farm labor -- Food and culture- religion and ethnicity as components of diet, food aesthetics, class, conspicuous consumption -- Grazing and livestock production- extensive and intensive animal production, including lead discussion on animal welfare -- Governance and regulatory policy- food safety, environmental impact and non-state process standards (e.g. sustainability, fair trade) -- Hunger and distributive justice- food security, extent and types of hunger, entitlements and food availability -- Land use - landscapes, conflicts over CAFOs, farmer access to land, zoning, tax policy relating to agriculture, links to forestry, outdoor recreation & conservation, agrarian reforms -- Nutrition, diet and health- principles of nutrition and nutrition policy, obesity, conflicts over healthy diets -- Rural development- agriculture vs. other elements in the contemporary development of rural communities -- Social movements- local food, organic food, fair trade, regionalism, and resistance movements in non-industrialized countries -- The food industry- structure of food industry from farm gate to the plate; industry concentration, industry standards and the impact on food availability, food deserts -- Trade- international trade, influences on agricultural development including export crops, protectionism & multifunctionalism

Originally published in 1972, this book examines the scope and possibilities for small states in the conduct of their foreign policies. In the introduction the editor discusses the problem of defining the term 'small state' and outlines the restraints they face and the type of international roles they play. The subsequent chapters analyse the foreign policies of Norway, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Zambia, Israel, Cyprus, Cuba, Singapore and New Zealand. In each study the author examines the factors which shape that country's foreign policy objectives, the organizational structures employed to formulate and implement foreign policy, the type and level of international involvement and the methods used to deal with the political, economic and security issues which make up and stem from the external policies. The book will be of interest to specialists and students of government, foreign policy analysis and other branches of international relations

Part I: FIRST SECTION-THE NARRATIVES IN TRANSITIONS -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- Chapter 2: Three Transitions in Turkey's Foreign Policy -- Chapter 3: "Ottoman – Asia Relations: A Study of the Ottoman and Mughal Relations" -- Chapter 4: A post-Cold War Era Context of Turkey's Asia Relations -- Chapter 5: Turkey's Foreign policy in Asian Media opinions -- Part II: STRATEGİC DİVERSİFİCATİON -- Chapter 6: Turkey's relationship with Afghanistan and the Pakistan factor: An examination of historical and geopolitical factors -- Chapter 7: Turkish-Asian Cooperation in "Diversified Strategic Environment" -- Chapter 8: Turkey's Conflict Management in Kashmir, Rohingya, Uyghur, and Moro -- Chapter 9: Turkey's Soft Power Prospects in Asia -- Chapter 10: Belt and Road in Turkey's Asia Policy -- Part III: THE TRANSACTIONS Chapter 11: Between the Two Worlds: Turkey's Repositioning in the Global Economy -- Chapter 12: Turkey's Balancing Efforts in Its Economic Relations with Asia -- Chapter 13: Energy Security in Turkey's Asia Relations -- Chapter 14: Conclusion.

The reintegration of ex-combatants after conflict is a crucial peacebuilding task, but several challenges stand in the way of efforts to successfully assist ex-combatants after war. Drawing on extensive field research including nearly 200 interviews with policy practitioners, government officials, and ex-combatants themselves, this book critically examines these challenges by analyzing reintegration policy and outcomes in Namibia, Mozambique, Sierra Leone, and Liberia. McMullin presents a troubling contradiction in the conventional wisdom about peacebuilding as it relates to ex-combatants: limited economic opportunities and short term assistance programs mean that 'reintegration' tends to be back into the poverty and marginalization that contributed to war in the first place. Can reintegration back into poverty be called successful? This book will appeal to scholars of political violence, security studies, peacekeeping and peace building, transitional justice, social policy after war, and peace and conflict studies.

This book provides the reader with the basis for a theoretical understanding of public-sector finance in general - and more specifically, a comprehensive, policy-oriented application of that understanding to Japanese public finance. Particular emphasis is placed upon developing tools which can be used both theoretically and empirically to clarify essential economic concerns in Japan's public sector. These include the macroeconomic incidence of fiscal decentralization, dependence on government bonds for covering fiscal deficits, and social security reform. In analyzing Japan's underperforming public sector, the authors develop and recommend policy solutions aimed at achieving Japan's growth potential, improving the quality of the public sector, and strengthening the sector's contribution to the Japanese economy. Guiding the reader toward an overall understanding of public-sector reforms, decentralization and fiscal policy in Japan, this book will strongly appeal to academics, students and researchers with an interest in modern public finance theory and macroeconomic analysis

Indonesia has established regulations on the implementation of land e-certificate. Unfortunately, the policy has not been able to provide real protection for the people, in this case the holders of land rights and other interested parties. This study aims to analyze the significance of the blockchain implementation as a security system for land e-certificate that generate further implications such as the ease of doing business and investment index. This study is a legal study with comparative approach. The comparison used cases of Ghana and Germany as examples. The results of the study show that Indonesia should create a blockchain system, like in Germany, which regulates the provision of business and investment guarantees as the outcome of policy implementation. The policy on blockchain must formulate norms that guarantee the determination of the legal status of land owners of land right and interested parties.

The Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) policy, a representative biodefense policy, was legislated in the United States in 2001 based on lessons learned from Amerithrax, whereas Korea's EUA policy was based on lessons learned from the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome outbreak in 2015. Due to these divergent origins, the U.S. EUA's homeland security objectives were specialized to deal with highly pathogenic biological agents that could be exploited for bioterrorism, whereas the Korean EUA pursues disease containment purposes to strengthen mass‐testing practices. During the early phase of the COVID‐19 pandemic, the U.S. EUA revealed limitations in its integration with public health surveillance, laboratory partnerships, and insurance systems, which hampered the rapid expansion of testing capacities. Thereafter, once the limitations of the EUA were circumvented, the testing capacity of the United States began to catch up with that of South Korea, and later skyrocketed after solving these issues.

As a result of Russian aggression towards Ukraine, lowering European dependence on Russian energy has become a priority for the EU. Policy responses that address energy security have the potential to accelerate the EU's path to carbon neutrality as well as to boost the funds available for energy efficiency improvements. However, due to the escalating cost of living, many fear energy policy changes may put even more pressure on those who are already struggling to pay their bills. This article argues that for geographic, historical and political reasons, the affordable and social housing sector in Central and Eastern European EU member states is the place to start with the implementation of new energy policy goals. These countries could use funds newly made available to address the needs of Ukrainian refugees while easing the housing problem that this region has been tussling with for decades.

The policies formed by US leadership play a vital role in establishing US hegemony all over the world. The foreign policy of a state made according to the national interest. A rational decision of a leader plays a vital role in the effectiveness of the foreign policy. The challenges faced by Barack Obama in 2008 were somehow different from the challenges faced by Trump in 2016. The comparative analysis of both foreign policies would make it easy to determine the right and wrong decision taken by both leaders. The changing circumstances of the world would be identified through this research paper. The world is moving towards multipolarity, and somehow the decisions taken by Trump after his incumbent of office had the worst impact on US foreign policy because Trump was trying to isolate the US from world affairs, including trade and security.

Russia's engagement with African governments has been a subject of debate amongst scholars of International Public Affairs and other cognate academic disciplines since the demise of the Soviet Union in the late 1980s and early 1990s. This is a result of different approaches in Russia's engagement with African governments since the dissolution of the Soviet Union. To this end, Russia's engagement with African states is multi‐dimensional, ranging from political, economic (mining and energy sectors) and security factors. In order to locate the key drivers of Russia's Africa Policy towards an individual state, this qualitative study provided an Afrocentric review to assess the post‐Cold War Russia's Africa policy paying special reference to Russia–South Africa relations. Afrocentricity is the theoretical paradigm employed to review the nature of Russia's Africa Policy towards South Africa. The authors rely methodologically on document review methods.