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The term protection of consumers' interests falls into descriptive catego-ries and is used to characterize a set of actions aimed at consumer protec-tion facing threats against his/her rights and interests. However, the de-scription of this concept has significant effects. Depending on the sphere of interests and the adopted perspective of observing phenomena and the cur-rent socio-economic situation, the point of view is changing into a set of ac-tions which are important for the consumers' interests. The idea of protecting consumers' interests appeared already in the nine-teenth century under the conditions of the emerging market economy. The first steps to protect buyers against dishonest trader practices were under-taken by the developing cooperative movement. Consumer movement, like many social movements, was born in the period of rapid growth of industrial-ization in the second half of the nineteenth century. At first, the strongest development was in the USA. Then, the protection of consumer's interests was developed at the level of the United Nations and became one of the European Union's priorities. It is worth mentioning that European integration has set the problem of protecting consumers' interests in a new light. We should also emphasize that due to the fact that the consumer is a weaker party in the market game, his/her interests are not threatened along with the tightening of relations within the European Union. The development of the European market, but also of the global one, changes only the goal and the direction of the threats against consumer's interests. Among the prerequisites of protection of consumers' interests, there are usually three groups: economic, legal and social. Economic reasons relate to the massiveness of trade in goods and the monopolization of the market and the so-called consumer atomization and abuse of marketing instru-ments, as well as globalization of the economy, which is associated with decreasing and limiting the role of the state on market. The social founda-tions of protection arise from the need to protect life and achieve human rights. Here, in particular, care for health and standard of living, consumer safety, care for the natural and social environment and the level of consum-er awareness are considered important. The premises for the legal protec-tion of consumers' interests arise, inter alia, from the compulsory situation in which consumers find themselves, the lack of proper preparation for estab-lishing a contractual relationship, representing the smaller property potential, as well as limited possibilities in terms of time and resources that can serve to satisfy their needs. One should also add limited communication of legal regulations and poor knowledge of the principles of shaping the content of the legal relationship established by the consumer. Therefore, the legal pre-requisites for protection concern areas of activity in which the law is not ad-justed according to the conditions of a market game. The source of unfavorable phenomena for the consumer − degrading it in the legal, economic and sociological sphere − is the mass character of trade. This fact results in the loss of important sovereignty for the consum-er. The market economy creates many economic and social problems. Technical progress, mass production, degradation of the natural environ-ment, huge wealth of market offer of goods and services, flood of infor-mation, intense promotional activities of companies are a threat against con-sumer sovereignty and his/her interests. It is also worth pointing out the reasons for the weakness of the consum-er as a market participant. The consumer is urged to meet his/her needs, which often means that he/she is ready to accept the conditions proposed to him/her. He/She also has a weaker position with respect to the group of producers and sellers in terms of economy, time and mental resi- lience. Moreover, the consumer does not have such knowledge of commod-ity, technical, economic and legal matters as producers or traders. He/ She has a threefold role as: recipient of promotional activities of enter- prises, buyer of goods and services, and user of purchased products. Appreciating the importance of the issues of consumer's interests protec-tion under the current socio-economic circumstances, taking into account the ongoing globalization processes and ever closer European integration, attempts have been made to characterize and assess consumer protection standards in Europe. This book will provide the reader with the necessary information on the topic of the European Union, as well as for the latest consumer empower-ment on contemporary integrated European market. The book is written by European researchers, for whom the problem of consumer rights protection plays a particularly important role and who want to improve the awareness of threats that consumers face on the modern market. The primary target audience of this book will be students who study busi-ness and management and who will be responsible in future for the devel-opment of durable and long-term relationship with consumers. The book will be also useful for consumers on the European market. Academic research-ers as well as practitioners from the business field should be interested in this book. This book should help them to rethink what they do, how they are doing, to encourage them to create effective relationships with consumers and protect their rights. The entire work is divided into three parts. The first part provides an in-troduction to the topic and focuses on the understanding of consumers, their market behaviours as well as the consumption on the European market. This part includes chapters describing different roles played by the con-sumers, their market behaviours, consumer decision making process as well determinants of consumer behaviours. This part also includes descrip-tion of the concept of consumption and of the consumers' values. Finally, the reader can find an analysis of the importance of consumer awareness phenomenon. Part two presents selected aspects of contemporary compa-nies' behaviour and issues related to threats against the consumer created by companies on contemporary European market. Furthermore, the authors tackle the problem of competition as well the companies' ethical and non-ethical beahviors.This part also includes several chapters dedicated to companies' practices requiring consumers' protection and consumer awareness and their impact on businesses. And finaly, part three is dedicat-ed to consumers and their protection standards in Europe. One can read about the problems regarding consumer policy on European market, includ-ing models and organizational structure. In addition to it, there are chapters describing consumers' rights, institutions of consumer rights protection, dif-ferent law and regulations related to classical and digital market, tangible goods, and services sector. The last part ends with several issues related to building consumer awareness. The book itself has been the outcome of a project named Enhancing quality in innovative higher education about consumer awareness – Con-sume-aware, co-funded by the Erasmus+ Programme of the European Un-ion. This project was created by eight partner universities from the Dukenet International Network, including: University of Economics in Katowice – pro- ject leader, Howest University of Applied Sciencies, University of Bucharest, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, Seinäjoki University of Applied Science, Bu-dapest Business School, University of Trento, and University of ISIK. For the publication of this book the proofreading and the terminology glossary were provided by Diana Ionita and Daria Georgiana Protopopescu from the University of Bucharest. Special thanks for the reviewers' valuable support – Kim Fam from University of Wellington in New Zealand and Antonino Galati from University of Palermo in Italy – whose professional contribution gave this book its finished form. ; European Union, Erasmus+ programme

В статье проанализировано комплексную природу отношений хозяйственного права, складывающиеся по поводу предмета в контексте развития самой сферы хозяйственных отношений, а, следовательно, и в контексте законодательства как такового. Обоснованно идею о необходимости дальнейшего развития комплексных отраслей права путем моделирования новых отраслей, подотраслей и институтов в сфере хозяйствования как отдельных мультикомплексних образований. Приведены примеры в подтверждение мысли, что именно на основе мультикомплексних образований возникают функциональные комплексы в контексте мультиобразований в пределах экономических отношений между отраслевыми комплексами, а также между хозяйственными и экономическим правом ; The article analyzes the complex nature of the relationship of economic law, consisting of the subject, namely in the context of the development of the sphere of economic relations, therefore, in the context of law as such. Justify the idea of further development of the complex areas of law by modeling of new branches, sub-branches and institutes in the field of management of individual multi complexes formations. The examples and proved the idea that education is multi complexes create both functional complexes in the context of multi organization within the economic relations between industry complexes, as well as between economic rights and that economic rights. Analysis of the subject of Economic Law in Ukraine engaged representatives of the German school of law, namely V. K. Mamutov, G. L. Znamenskiib, P. G. Skripnik, V. A. Volodya. Also partial analysis of science engaged A. M. Vinnyk, D. V. Zadyhaylo and others. An important achievement on the analysis of the subject of commercial law made it such foreign scientists as V. V. Bezbakh, M. N. Kuznetsov, M. G. Masevich and so on. But these scientists have not paid sufficient attention to whether their views do not correspond to the realities of modern relationships in economic activity and, therefore, the issue of the subject of economic legislation, the impact of the latter on processes of systematization of economic legislation, as such, and adjustment and modernization processes of economic legislation in general ostayutsya is not defined. The article is an analysis of content of commercial law in the context of economic relations and, therefore, the scope of economic legislation and the establishment of common principles and individual features on complex multi segments that form the basis of economic relations and, therefore, economic legislation. In the scientific literature there are a number of legal issues that for a long time are topical and controversial: it is traditionally affected the subject of economic legislation, which traditionally determined objectively and every branch of law that limits regulation last set of social relations, which are the it is based and objectively determine the necessity of its existence. However, the objective problem of complexity in areas where the development of social relations leads to public demand for the complex nature of social regulation and, therefore, the latter is regulated around subjectively objective criteria. For example: This thesis concerns the protection of the environment or sphere of information relations or agricultural production, as well as the system of economic relations as such. Of course, the regulation of economic relations as an integrated system is a complex task, because it should be based on the latest conceptual scheme objectively existing system of social relations that reflect the real facts, the real value rules that govern them and respond, in turn, real differentiation of social relations to the relevant institutions. Similar nature of legal relations on economic regulation, such as the inherent economic laws, because the latter contains location-regulatory mechanism of economic and industrial, organizational and economic relations in Ukraine. Today it is evident that the current economic system requires the legal regulation in the economic sphere, firstly, the whole mechanism and legal nature delineating the impact of public for private regulation of economic activities within the principle of self-regulation of the economic system. Secondly, there is a need to establish a clear legal nature of the subject of economic legislation, the limits of its competence and identity is the internal substantive characteristic features and components in the relevant institutes of economic legislation, investment, financial, entrepreneurial, innovative, banking and others. 1. Properties of economic relations is the optimal combination and interaction together in a single legal mechanism extremely complex set itself as private or public interests to be aimed at «healthy» development of economic relations. That is necessary to outline a clear legal limits on the optimal combination of market self-regulation of economic relations entities and state regulation of economic processes, especially macro of level that it will be based on constitutional requirements responsibility of the government. And, therefore, must be objectively justified provide a comprehensive view of the legal regulation of the economic system in a single legal mechanism within the paradigm of economic relations of market type, that is not an isolated legal construction, and the globalization legal system that provides economic relations, both at the micro level and at the macro level. In this context we go wake of the global public request for the establishment of basic economic legislation. But of course, that the emergence of this process is impossible without the formation of complex global legislative regulation. 2. Commercial Law as a complex industry that was created under the influence of economic factors initially as a branch of law that was subsequently limited in the degree of complexity of the object of regulation and availability of the systems related legal relations on different-normative material. In the interest is the criterion of «systematic legislative capacity on economic relations» should achieve legislative support for targeted harmonization of regulation of complex heterogeneous in its nature and at the same time integrated and automated facilities of this complex area of law, and therefore, the formation of an independent and distinct managerial influence State on certain socially important objects of economic management. 3. Commercial law and, of course, and offers a wide range of legislation to create differentiation on the newly created economic systems and at the same time, the integration process depending on the complex relations and which counts effect on legislators, as well as direct participants of legal relations. Of course, if put in the center of the economic system entity and make a picture of all kinds of economic relations between it and other of the parties, it is clear that regulate all relations, including those «arising in the organization and implementation of economic activity between subjects 'the objects of economic and other participants of economic relations «in accordance with Art. 1 Commercial Code of Ukraine with just economic law is impossible. Therefore, the formal separation of economic sphere of relations between the economic and other fields of law set forth in Art. 4 Commercial Code of Ukraine, is not only logical, but also points directly to a list of related areas of law, together with the economic law of interacting provide comprehensive legal regime of the economic system as such. Of course, the election process or use the last set of in this case they put them on the severity degree of political influence, is a striking example of information and telecommunications industry. 4. Modernity opens a wide range of opportunities for the newly created economic systems, because it is complicated by the complex economic and legal associations. For example, on environmental law, in the form of environmental undertaking or sports clubs as facilities management (business). Hence, open and integrated multi economic legislation.

International audience This paper analyses the economic impact of agricultural research on productivity in France over the period 1959-2012. Adopting a dynamic time series model, we provide evidence that the impact of French agricultural research is in the range of values estimated for other countries, with the estimated long-run elasticity being 0.16, which corresponds to an internal rate of return of 22%. The estimated elasticity decreases at the beginning of the 1970s. Complementary analyses are developed to take into account the evolution of the priorities of public agricultural research (reorientation towards more fundamental objectives and focus on broader objective than productivity enhancement).

International audience ; The objective of this paper is to contribute to the analysis of the implications of Organic Farming (OF) development on its location, often analyzed in terms of "conventionalization". OF spatial distribution in France shows major contrasts at different scales, regions, departments and localities. We highlight a complex effect of the urban network on OF localization, depending on the size of cities, which seem to attract OF producers in providing direct outlets, and at the same time reject them, due to the limitations of access to land. In total, a differentiation of the OF diffusion dynamics is confirmed: a spatial diffusion resulting from a wider distribution of organic products in the retail systems and the resulting demand addressed to the conventional food provisions system to enlarge their activities and include organic products, a concentration due to the proximity of consumers based on farmers markets and short circuits. ; L'objectif de cet article est de contribuer à l'analyse des implications sur la localisation du développement de l'Agriculture biologique (AB), souvent analysé en termes de « conventionnalisation ». La localisation de l'AB en France présente des contrastes à différentes échelles, régions, départements et localités, qui se reflètent dans des phénomènes de dépendances spatio-temporelles, variables selon la localisation. Nous mettons aussi en évidence un effet complexe du réseau urbain sur la localisation de l'AB, dépendant de la taille des villes, qui attirent les producteurs en AB, pour lesquels elles constituent un débouché direct, et en même temps les repoussent, du fait des limites de l'accès au foncier. Au total, une différenciation des dynamiques apparaît : une diffusion spatiale résultant d'une plus large diffusion des produits de l'AB dans les circuits de distribution alimentaire et de la demande qui en résulte de la part des acteurs de l'aval, une concentration liée à la proximité des consommateurs reposant sur des marchés de producteurs et des circuits ...

International audience The assignment of prosodic events (accent and phrasing) from the text is crucial in text-to-speech synthesis systems. This paper addresses the combination of linguistic and metric constraints for the assignment of prosodic events in text-to-speech synthesis. First, a linguistic processing chain is used to provide a rich linguistic description of a text. Then, a novel statistical representation based on a hierarchical HMM (HHMM) is used to model the prosodic structure of a text: the root layer represents the text, each intermediate layer a sequence of intermediate phrases, the pre-terminal layer the sequence of accents, and the terminal layer the sequence of linguistic contexts. For each intermediate layer, a segmental HMM and information fusion are used to fuse the linguistic and metric constraints for the segmentation of a text into phrases. A set of experiments conducted on multi-speaker databases with various speaking styles reports that: the rich linguistic representation improves drastically the assignment of prosodic events, and the fusion of linguistic and metric constraints significantly improves over standard methods for the segmentation of a text into phrases. These constitute substantial advances that can be further used to model the speech prosody of a speaker, a speaking style, and emotions for text-to-speech synthesis.

Esta tesis tiene dos motivaciones principales. La primera está fuertemente conectada con el concepto feminista "lo personal es político". Esta frase se popularizó con la publicación de un ensayo de 1969 de la feminista Carol Hanisch bajo el título "Lo personal es político" (Hanisch, 1969). "Lo personal es político" — también denominado "Lo privado es político" —enfatiza que las experiencias que tienen las mujeres, que a menudo son entendidas como personales por la sociedad y por ellas mismas, pueden tener un vínculo con la cultura patriarcal y desempeñar un papel en la opresión y discriminación hacia la mujer. En otras palabras, los "problemas personales" de las mujeres (por ejemplo, los vinculados con el sexo, el cuidado de niños, el acoso sexual, el abuso sexual, el microsexismo en el trabajo, las diferencias salariales con sus homólogos masculinos, o sentirse responsables de la mayoría de las tareas del hogar, entre otros) son todos problemas políticos que precisan de intervención política para que se generen cambios. Tomando este pensamiento como punto de partida, esta tesis doctoral plantea dos hipótesis. En primer lugar, este estudio defiende la existencia de un género dentro del cómic que se denomina «cómic testimonial feminista». Estos cómics evidencian—sobre todo a través de historias personales— ciertos patrones dentro de la cultura patriarcal que a menudo se normalizan: patrones de opresión o violencia hacia las mujeres. Cuando existe un caso de discriminación, abuso o cualquier acto de misoginia hacia una mujer, este tiende a ser invisibilizado al entenderse como un incidente aislado. Sin embargo, existen patrones de comportamiento en la sociedad que vinculan todos estos actos de violencia. Los orígenes de estos patrones están en la propia cultura patriarcal. La opresión sistemática —no solo hacia las mujeres sino hacia todos los grupos discriminados— , siempre tiene sus raíces en cómo el poder ha sido históricamente mantenido por ciertos grupos y no por otros y, por lo tanto, es la cultura que emana de esta historia la que sostiene la opresión sistemática al normalizar creencias dañinas. Paralelamente, los cómics testimoniales feministas no han sido debidamente valorados anteriormente por su aporte a la concienciación sobre esta situación. La invisibilización de este movimiento es consecuencia de la invisibilización de la opresión de las mujeres como cuestión política y social. En segundo lugar, este estudio analiza cómo los cómics son un medio ideal para generar empatía y, por lo tanto, para promover el cambio social. Las teorías y estudios sobre el lenguaje visual y el lenguaje del cómic, unidos al cómic siendo históricamente relacionado con subculturas que se centran en la problemática de los grupos marginados y discriminados, son los pilares que sustentan esta hipótesis. Este segundo enfoque nace de un interés personal por el lenguaje visual —y, específicamente,el lenguaje de los cómics— y por tratar de responder a la cuestión de cómo los cómics han estado vinculados a la cultura underground y a los grupos discriminados durante tanto tiempo. Esta investigación propugna que los cómics son un medio ideal para promover la empatía. Por tanto, se puede suponer que es un gran medio para enseñar valores sociales a los lectores. Por tanto, en este estudio se analiza cómo funciona el lenguaje de los cómics y si genera empatía de manera efectiva. Además, no hay duda de que el campo del estudio del cómic necesita de más aportaciones académicas ya que cada día gana más interés en el público. ; Esta tese ten dúas motivacións principais. A primeira está fortemente relacionada co concepto feminista de "o persoal é político". A frase fíxose popular coa publicación dun ensaio de 1969 da feminista Carol Hanisch baixo o título "O persoal é político" (Hanisch, 1969), tamén chamado "o privado é político", subliña que as experiencias que teñen as mulleres, que a miúdo son entendidas como "persoais"; pola sociedade e por elas mesmas, poden ter un vínculo coa cultura patriarcal e desempeñar un papel na opresión e discriminación das mulleres. Noutras palabras, os "problemas persoais" das mulleres (por exemplo, os vinculados co sexo, os coidados infantís, o acoso sexual, os abusos sexuais, o micromachismo no traballo, diferenzas salariais cos seus homólogos masculinos e sentirse responsables da maioría das tarefas do fogar, entre outros) son todos problemas políticos que precisan da intervención política para que se produzan cambios. Partindo desta reflexión, esta tese de doutoramento aborda dúas hipóteses principais. En primeiro lugar, o estudo defende a existencia dun xénero dentro do cómic que denomínase como "cómic testemuñal feminista". Estes cómics expresan, principalmente a través de historias persoais, certos patróns dentro da cultura patriarcal que adoitan a normalizarse. Estes son patróns de opresión ou violencia cara ás mulleres. Cando se produce un caso de discriminación, abuso ou calquera acto de misoxinia cara a unha muller, pódese invisibilizar como incidente illado. Non obstante, existen pautas de comportamento na sociedade que vinculan todos estes actos de violencia. As orixes destes patróns son a propia cultura patriarcal. A opresión sistemática "non só cara ás mulleres, senón cara a todos os colectivos discriminados", ten sempre as súas raíces en como o poder foi mantido históricamente por certos grupos e non por outros. Polo tanto, é a cultura que emana desta historia a que sustenta a opresión sistemática mediante a normalización de crenzas nocivas. Así mesmo, o cómic testemuñal feminista non foi debidamente valorado anteriormente pola súa contribución á concienciación sobre esta situación. A invisibilidade deste movemento é consecuencia da invisibilidade da opresión da muller como cuestión política e social. En segundo lugar, a banda deseñada é un medio ideal para xerar empatía e, polo tanto, para promover o cambio social. As teorías e estudos sobre a linguaxe visual e a linguaxe da banda deseñada, xunto cunha historia da banda deseñada relacionada coas subculturas que se centran na problemática dos colectivos marxinados e discriminados, son os piares que sustentan esta hipótese. Esta segunda aproximación parte dun interese persoal pola linguaxe visual "e concretamente pola linguaxe do cómic", e de tentar responder a como a banda deseñada estivo tanto tempo vinculada á cultura underground e a grupos discriminados. A hipótese que responde a este fenómeno é que a banda deseñada é un medio ideal para promover a empatía. Polo tanto, pódese supoñer que é un gran medio para ensinar valores sociais aos lectores. A través deste estudo analízase como funciona a linguaxe da banda deseñada e se xera empatía de forma eficaz. Ademais, non hai dúbida de que o campo do estudo do cómic precisa de máis achegas académicas xa que cada día cobra máis interese por parte do público. ; This thesis has two main motivations. The central one is strongly connected to the feminist concept "the personal is political". The phrase was popularized by the publication of a 1969 essay by feminist Carol Hanisch under the title "The Personal is Political" (Hanisch ,1969), .The "personal is political", also termed "The private is political", emphasises that the experiences that women have and often are understood as "personal" by society and by themselves, may have a link to patriarchal culture and play a part in womens oppression and discrimination. In other words, women's personal issues (e.g sex, childcare, sexual harassment, sexual abuse, microsexism at work, not being paid the same as their male colleagues and feeling responsible of the majority of the household tasks among others) are all political issues that need political intervention to generate change. Taking this thought as a departure point, this doctoral thesis addresses two main hypotheses. Firstly, this dissertation defends the existance of a genre within comics which, due to its testimonial and feminist value, will be referred to as «feminist testimonial comics». These comics express, mainly through personal stories, certain patterns within the patriarchal culture that are often normalized. These are patterns of oppression or violence towards women. When there is a case of discrimination, abuse or any act of misogyny towards a woman, it can be invisibilised by being understood as a isolated incident. However, there are behavioural patterns in society that link all these acts of violence together. The origins for these patterns are the patriarchal culture itself. Systematic oppression not only towards women but towards all discriminated groups has always their roots in how power has been historically held by certain groups and not others and thus, it is the culture that emanates from this history that holds systematic oppression by normalising damaging beliefs. Concurrently, the feminist testimonial comics have not been properly addressed before for their contribution to awareness on this situation. The invisibilisation of this movement is a consequence of the invisibilisation of womens oppression as a political and social matter. Secondly, comics are an ideal means to elicit empathy and, therefore, to promote social change. Theories and studies about visual language and the language of comics joined with a history of comics being related to subcultures that focus on the problems of marginalized and discriminated groups are the cornerstones that support this hypothesis. This second approach is born from a personal interest in visual language — and specifically comics— and how comics have been linked to underground culture and discriminated groups for so long. One of the hypothesis for this phenomena is that comics are an ideal mean to promote empathy. Therefore, itcanbeassumedthatitis a greatmeans of teaching social values to readers. Through this study there will be a focus on how the language of comics works and if it elicits empathy effectively. Without doubt, there is a need to study the languages of comics, a form of artistic communication that is gaining more interest from the public and the academic world every day.

La presente publicación del Doctorado en Educación sobre "Políticas Educativas en contexto de una experiencia de investigación" es el fruto del Seminario de "Sociedad y Políticas Educativas" impartidas por el doctor Horacio Ademar Ferreyra y del Departamento de Publicaciones de la Universidad Católica de Argentina. La Revista Hallazgos de la USTA presentará ante la comunidad científica veinte artículos elaborados por la primera cohorte de doctorandos en Educación; esta divulgación llena de orgullo al Programa, pues se convertirá en el primero de muchos escritos que estos exitosos alumnos han realizado. Los ensayos se pueden abordar desde una mirada sistémica que permite identificar la interdisciplinariedad del saber científico de las diferentes disciplinas manejadas en cada uno de los escritos, para aportar al conocimiento investigativo del proceso de formación doctoral. Los estudios se categorizan en tres grandes temáticas: políticas, enfoque humanista; educación-retos, y calidad de la educación. En la primera temática se presenta el análisis de las políticas educativas desde marcos globales y humanistas, centrándose en un discurso económico que muestra la influencia de las diferentes corrientes socio-económicas, generando fisuras en los procesos educativos y sociales de un país como Colombia. A partir de la reflexión anterior se siembra el terreno para establecer posiciones críticas frente a un tema que controvierte la educación, como es el caso de los derechos humanos: ¿por qué las sociedades industrializadas encargadas de ir perfeccionando las instituciones obstaculizan el cumplimiento de los derechos humanos en las sociedades, haciéndolas menos equitativas y productivas a nivel intelectual? Este planteamiento lleva a sopesar las medidas y proyectos de calidad que se realizan para identificar las falencias y el impacto de una educación que va camino a la calidad, pero sin llegar eventualmente a ella. Bajo el aspecto de la calidad en la educación, los aportes se hacen desde a· las experiencias vividas por instituciones académicas en Colombia, utilizando modelos como el cooperativismo y políticas educativas integrales, entre otras, generando calidad de vida para los involucrados y redundando en una población latinoamericana que está en busca de mayores y mejores condiciones, pero cada vez están más centralizadas en las sedes industrializadas. Para alcanzar la calidad educativa se parte de los retos sociales que generan interacción con jóvenes, al formar sujetos nuevos en el orden social, buscando construcción de comportamientos que rompan con la indiferencia al cambio. Por ello la intervención debe darse desde el currículo que llega a los centros escolares. Posteriormente, y siguiendo con el trazado de la calidad educativa, se advierte el papel del educador y el de su formación, no sólo intelectual sino afectiva, de tal forma que restablezca la importancia social que el maestro posee dentro de una comunidad, ya que es él quien trasciende en varias generaciones. A partir de aquí la proyección de los ensayos presentados en este número se dirigen hacia la educación superior y los cuestionamientos deliberantes del contexto colombiano: sus avances, su participación en organizaciones y gremios de educación universitaria, sus revoluciones, sus aciertos y encrucijadas; la historia recorrida con una apreciación del presente vivido y un contraste entre lo que planteó y lo que obtendrá según la fortaleza política vivida en las últimas décadas. Por último, se plantean revisiones y formulaciones desde puntos de vista empresariales, de gerencia, gremiales y con tintes de revoluciones transformadoras en las que sus resultados administrativos son observables en las organizaciones contemporáneas, las cuales señalan la competencia como un mínimo de eficiencia, logrando estructuras organizativas que puedan someterse a evaluaciones internacionales, para ser perdurables y de calidad. Finalmente, el Doctorado en Educación de la Universidad Santo Tomás agradece al editor de la revista Hallazgos, de la Unidad de Investigaciones perteneciente a la misma Universidad, la oportunidad de plasmar, de forma amplia, los criterios que se establecen desde la educación colombiana en varios de los aspectos y dimensiones que cada maestro en algún momento de su quehacer se ha cuestionado en suelo colombiano. ; The present publication of the Doctorate in Education on "Educational Policies in the Context of a Research Experience" is the result of the Seminar on "Society and Educational Policies" given by Dr. Horacio Ademar Ferreyra and the Publications Department of the Catholic University of Argentina. USTA's journal Hallazgos will present to the scientific community twenty articles written by the first cohort of doctoral students in Education; this dissemination fills the Program with pride, since it will become the first publication of its kind in the world. Program, since it will become the first of many writings that these successful students have produced. The essays can be approached from a systemic view that allows identifying the interdisciplinary nature of the scientific knowledge of the different disciplines handled in each of the writings, in order to contribute to the investigative knowledge of the doctoral training process. The studies are categorized into three major themes: policies, humanistic approach; education-challenges, and quality of education. The first theme presents the analysis of educational policies from global and humanistic frameworks, focusing on an economic discourse that shows the influence of the different socio-economic currents, generating fissures in the educational and social processes of a country like Colombia. Based on the previous reflection, the ground is sown to establish critical positions in front of a topic that controverts education, as is the case of human rights: why do industrialized societies in charge of perfecting institutions hinder the fulfillment of human rights in societies, making them less equitable and productive at an intellectual level? This approach leads to weigh the quality measures and projects that are carried out to identify the shortcomings and the impact of an education that is on the way to quality, but without eventually reaching it. Under the aspect of quality in education, contributions are made from a- the experiences lived by academic institutions in Colombia, using models such as cooperativism and integral educational policies, among others, generating quality of life for those involved and resulting in a Latin American population that is in search of better and better conditions, but are increasingly centralized in industrialized headquarters. In order to achieve educational quality, we start from the social challenges that generate interaction with young people, when forming new subjects in the social order, seeking to behavioral construction that breaks with indifference to change. For this reason, the intervention must start from the curriculum that reaches the schools. Subsequently, and following the outline of educational quality, the role of the educator and his training, not only intellectual but also affective, in such a way as to reestablish the social importance that the teacher has within a community, since it is he who transcends in several generations. From here, the projection of the essays presented in this issue are directed towards higher education and the deliberate questioning of the Colombian context: its advances, its participation in organizations and university education guilds, its revolutions, its successes and crossroads; the history of the university with an appreciation of the present and a contrast between what it has proposed and what it will obtain according to the political strength experienced in the last decades. Finally, revisions and formulations are proposed from business, management, trade union points of view and with dyes of transforming revolutions in which their administrative results are observable in contemporary organizations, which point out competition as a minimum of efficiency, achieving organizational structures that can be submitted to international evaluations, to be lasting and of quality. Finally, the Doctorate in Education of the Universidad Santo Tomás thanks the editor of the journal Hallazgos, of the Research Unit belonging to the same University, for the opportunity to express, in a broad manner, the criteria established by Colombian education in several aspects and dimensions that every teacher at some point in his or her work has questioned on Colombian soil. ; CRAI-USTA Bogotá ; orcid:0000-0001-6295-3673 ; orcid:0000-0002-4513-1835 ; orcid:0000-0001-9284-4611 ; orcid:0000-0002-3799-8025 ; orcid:0000-0003-2243-9551 ; orcid:0000-0002-4456-3548 ; orcid:0000-0002-6066-0903 ; orcid:0000-0003-3037-4655 ; orcid:0000-0002-3467-8093 ; orcid:0000-0001-5629-8019 ; orcid:0000-0001-9394-6679 ; orcid:0000-0003-4645-7180 ; https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=TaSG4HIAAAAJ&hl=es ; https://scholar.google.com.co/citations?user=duSWfxYAAAAJ&hl=en ; https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=Bo2EKF8AAAAJ&hl=es ; https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=d0JjtjgAAAAJ&hl=es ; https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=m9DQBYIAAAAJ&hl=en ; https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=8GcSeVUAAAAJ&hl=en ; https://scholar.google.es/citations?user=VYRDuWAAAAAJ&hl=es ; https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=MW274HIAAAAJ&hl=en ; https://scholar.google.be/citations?user=zw1wy5cAAAAJ&hl=en ; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0001005219 ; http://scienti.colciencias.gov.co:8081/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0000821985 ; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0000168289 ; http://scienti.colciencias.gov.co:8081/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0001396723 ; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0000238872 ; http://scienti.colciencias.gov.co:8081/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0001395881 ; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0001400992 ; http://scienti.colciencias.gov.co:8081/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0001396730 ; http://scienti.colciencias.gov.co:8081/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0000853011 ; http://scienti.colciencias.gov.co:8081/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0001365564 ; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0001428201 ; http://scienti.colciencias.gov.co:8081/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0001395786 ; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0000471160 ; http://scienti.colciencias.gov.co:8081/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0000771740 ; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0001012681 ; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0000741167 ; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0001451579 ; http://scienti.colciencias.gov.co:8081/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0001230174 ; http://scienti.colciencias.gov.co:8081/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0000372048 ; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/cvlac/visualizador/generarCurriculoCv.do?cod_rh=0000753572 ; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/gruplac/jsp/visualiza/visualizagr.jsp?nro=00000000018733 ; https://scienti.minciencias.gov.co/gruplac/jsp/visualiza/visualizagr.jsp?nro=00000000013074

La presente investigación presenta una metodología para el diseño de nuevos productos o su innovación basada en la fase creativa y el diseño y análisis de experimentos, se enfoca a la creación de productos agroindustriales en zonas marginadas de México. El objetivo final es a través de estas dos técnicas reducir los tiempos de investigación y desarrollo, generando diseños robustos de productos con la más alta calidad, el alcance, abarca también el diseño de procesos de manufactura hasta terminar la rampa de aprendizaje. Se decidió probar la metodología en proyectos de desarrollo social que estuvieran basados en productos agroindustriales porque el contexto era muy diferente al de una empresa formal con procesos y estructuras perfectamente definidas. En México el campo agrícola tiene un gran potencial, y es una variable directamente vinculada a la pobreza, la gente que vive en el campo es quien más sufre este flagelo por lo que este trabajo de investigación de manera paralela plantea que, independientemente de las políticas públicas de los tres órdenes del gobierno en México, (federal, estatal y municipal) a través de los proyectos productivos es posible revertir los índices de pobreza al generar micro empresas que a su vez son plataforma para que otras crezcan a su alrededor como una cadena de suministros de materias primas y su producto sea de una calidad tal que pueda ser exportado. Por sí sola, la metodología propuesta no puede asegurar que a pesar de que se realice un buen diseño de producto, el proyecto productivo sea exitoso, por lo que se tuvo que hacer todo un estudio referente a la pobreza y las variables que más inciden en el éxito de estos proyectos que están directamente vinculados al nivel educativo, sanidad y vivienda. Durante los últimos 17 años personalmente he trabajado en proyectos agroindustriales y he conocido la pobreza de cerca, pero durante el trabajo de tesis se tuvo que investigar en la parte social y de definición del problema para crear las condiciones de que un proyecto de desarrollo social tuviera éxito. El capítulo dos de la tesis se realiza un estudio sobre la pobreza en las zonas margindas y se explica como variables externas inciden en los proyectos de desarrollo social, como soluciones factibles que no son objeto del estudio de la tesis pero explica el contexto bajo el cuál se trabajó y recabo la información para la investigación. En el mismo capítulo se presenta un trabajo de campo para definir los cultivos agrícolas de alta potencialidad en la zona de estudio, ya que basado en estos estudios se genera el diseño de nuevos productos o su innovación. En el capítulo tres se plantea un método de trabajo para plantear las condiciones mínimas ideales para generar equipos de trabajo, así como el desarrollo de las técnicas de creatividad que la presente tesis acondicionó para que pudieran ser aplicadas en los proyectos agroindustriales así como el sustento matemático y filosófico con el cual se dio forma a la Ingeniería del Pensamiento (Prof. Lluís Claudí) como una técnica de creatividad para el desarrollo de nuevos productos y solución de problemas de fabricación, la cual es una aportación del presente trabajo de investigación. Las técnicas de creatividad empleadas en esta tesis: lluvia de ideas, mapas mentales, y Triz las dos últimas se les hicieron adecuaciones. A los mapas mentales se le adicionó el diseño de sistemas de información propuesto por el doctor Brian Wilson conocido como cruz de malta y par el Triz se generó una base de datos agroindustrial con los cultivos de alta potencialidad, sus zonas, las variables óptimas de humedad, temperatura, calidad de suelo así como sus propiedades físico químicas que la industria potencializa en otros productos. Ambas también son aportaciones de la tesis. El desarrollo e investigación de los métodos del diseño experimental se presentan en el capítulo cuatro, es aquí donde se explican las bondades de la simulación matemática y como esta reduce el tiempo de investigación de nuevos productos, se explica bajo qué condiciones se aplica cada técnica así como la interpretación de los resultados. En el capítulo cinco se plantea la metodología para la reducción de tiempo de desarrollo de nuevos productos basado en las técnicas de fase creativa y diseño de experimentos bajo los tres tipos de pensamiento: sistémico, prospectiva y concurrencia, este es la parte central de la tesis ya que describe las interacciones de las diferentes técnicas y como se aplican la metodología en un proyecto real. El proceso de probar la metodología y registrar los resultados se hace en el capítulo seis a través de proyectos productivos en donde aplicó la metodología y se analiza paso a paso los resultados, los éxitos, los fracasos, las modificaciones al trabajo original para finalmente en las conclusiones describir formalmente los resultados y la aportación del trabajo de investigación. ; This research work shows a methodology for the design of new products or their innovation based on the creative phase and the design and analysis of experiments, it focuses on the creation of agro-industrial products in poverty areas of Mexico. The top goal is through these techniques reduce the time of research and development, generating robust product designs with the highest quality, the scope of the research, also covers the design of manufacturing processes to finish the ramp learning to product massive. It was decided to test the methodology in social development projects that were based on agro-industrial products because the context was very different from a formal business processes with a clearly defined structures. In Mexico the agricultural farm has great potential, and it´s a variable directly linked to poverty, people who live in the rural zone, is most affected, so this research suggests that in parallel, regardless of political public of the three levels of government in Mexico, (federal, state and local government) through productive projects is possible reverse poverty by generating micro enterprises which in turn are growing platform for others around them as a string supply of raw materials and product is of a quality that can be exported . By itself, the proposed methodology cannot make sure that by applying the result will be an excellent product and by consequence productive project to be successful, so we had to make a deeply study of poverty and the variables that affect the success of these projects are directly related to education, health and life style . For the past 17 years I have personally worked on agroindustrial projects and have known poverty closely, but during the thesis work had to investigate in the social part and problem definition to create the conditions for a social development project had success. Unfortunately the ruled of operation for INDESOL and the lack of technical assistance to people interested in presenting these projects, are the causes because the budget is not applied to productive projects and for consequence, the resource is deviated to assistance programs. The assistance programs have been those who have hurt Mexico, because it's more comfortable for people receiving monthly financial assistance and they not necessary to work, solve a problem at the moment but does not generate income financial and therefore the economy stops. Chapter 2 of the thesis explains these variables and how they affect social development projects as well as possible solutions. In the same chapter field research is presented to define the high potential agricultural crops in the area of study, since these studies based on the design of new products or innovation is generated. In chapter 3 a working method is proposed to the define the minimum ideal conditions to create work teams, and the development of creativity techniques that this thesis conditioned so that they could be applied in,agro industrial projects as well as the mathematical support and philosophy with which it forms the Thought Engineering (Prof. Lluís Claudi ) as a technique of creativity to develop new products and solving manufacturing problems, which is a contribution of this research. The creativity techniques used in this thesis are: brainstorming, mind map, and Triz; the last two techniques were adequate to the projects characteristics. The mind map was added with the designing information systems proposed by Dr. Brian Wilson called Maltese cross, and the Triz with an agro industrial data base based for products with high potential, the grown areas, optimum moisture variables as well as temperature, farmer field quality and their physicochemical properties that potentiates other industry products . Both are also contributions of the thesis. The research and development of methods of experimental design are presented in Chapter 4, this is where the benefits of mathematical simulation are explained and as this reduces the time of new product research, in the same time explained under what conditions each technique applies well and the interpretation of results. In chapter 5 the methodology to reduce development time for new products based on creative techniques and design of experiments, is based under the three types of thoughts: systemic, prospective and concurrent, this is the central part of the thesis because it describes the interactions of the different techniques and methodology as applied in a real project. The process of testing the methodology and record and analyze the results would be show in the chapter 6 through productive projects where was applied the methodology, and step by step the results are analyze; successes designs, failures, modifications to the original work and, finally discussed in the conclusions formally describe the results and the contribution of research. ; Postprint (published version)

La presente investigación presenta una metodología para el diseño de nuevos productos o su innovación basada en la fase creativa y el diseño y análisis de experimentos, se enfoca a la creación de productos agroindustriales en zonas marginadas de México. El objetivo final es a través de estas dos técnicas reducir los tiempos de investigación y desarrollo, generando diseños robustos de productos con la más alta calidad, el alcance, abarca también el diseño de procesos de manufactura hasta terminar la rampa de aprendizaje. Se decidió probar la metodología en proyectos de desarrollo social que estuvieran basados en productos agroindustriales porque el contexto era muy diferente al de una empresa formal con procesos y estructuras perfectamente definidas. En México el campo agrícola tiene un gran potencial, y es una variable directamente vinculada a la pobreza, la gente que vive en el campo es quien más sufre este flagelo por lo que este trabajo de investigación de manera paralela plantea que, independientemente de las políticas públicas de los tres órdenes del gobierno en México, (federal, estatal y municipal) a través de los proyectos productivos es posible revertir los índices de pobreza al generar micro empresas que a su vez son plataforma para que otras crezcan a su alrededor como una cadena de suministros de materias primas y su producto sea de una calidad tal que pueda ser exportado. Por sí sola, la metodología propuesta no puede asegurar que a pesar de que se realice un buen diseño de producto, el proyecto productivo sea exitoso, por lo que se tuvo que hacer todo un estudio referente a la pobreza y las variables que más inciden en el éxito de estos proyectos que están directamente vinculados al nivel educativo, sanidad y vivienda. Durante los últimos 17 años personalmente he trabajado en proyectos agroindustriales y he conocido la pobreza de cerca, pero durante el trabajo de tesis se tuvo que investigar en la parte social y de definición del problema para crear las condiciones de que un proyecto de desarrollo social tuviera éxito. El capítulo dos de la tesis se realiza un estudio sobre la pobreza en las zonas margindas y se explica como variables externas inciden en los proyectos de desarrollo social, como soluciones factibles que no son objeto del estudio de la tesis pero explica el contexto bajo el cuál se trabajó y recabo la información para la investigación. En el mismo capítulo se presenta un trabajo de campo para definir los cultivos agrícolas de alta potencialidad en la zona de estudio, ya que basado en estos estudios se genera el diseño de nuevos productos o su innovación. En el capítulo tres se plantea un método de trabajo para plantear las condiciones mínimas ideales para generar equipos de trabajo, así como el desarrollo de las técnicas de creatividad que la presente tesis acondicionó para que pudieran ser aplicadas en los proyectos agroindustriales así como el sustento matemático y filosófico con el cual se dio forma a la Ingeniería del Pensamiento (Prof. Lluís Claudí) como una técnica de creatividad para el desarrollo de nuevos productos y solución de problemas de fabricación, la cual es una aportación del presente trabajo de investigación. Las técnicas de creatividad empleadas en esta tesis: lluvia de ideas, mapas mentales, y Triz las dos últimas se les hicieron adecuaciones. A los mapas mentales se le adicionó el diseño de sistemas de información propuesto por el doctor Brian Wilson conocido como cruz de malta y par el Triz se generó una base de datos agroindustrial con los cultivos de alta potencialidad, sus zonas, las variables óptimas de humedad, temperatura, calidad de suelo así como sus propiedades físico químicas que la industria potencializa en otros productos. Ambas también son aportaciones de la tesis. El desarrollo e investigación de los métodos del diseño experimental se presentan en el capítulo cuatro, es aquí donde se explican las bondades de la simulación matemática y como esta reduce el tiempo de investigación de nuevos productos, se explica bajo qué condiciones se aplica cada técnica así como la interpretación de los resultados. En el capítulo cinco se plantea la metodología para la reducción de tiempo de desarrollo de nuevos productos basado en las técnicas de fase creativa y diseño de experimentos bajo los tres tipos de pensamiento: sistémico, prospectiva y concurrencia, este es la parte central de la tesis ya que describe las interacciones de las diferentes técnicas y como se aplican la metodología en un proyecto real. El proceso de probar la metodología y registrar los resultados se hace en el capítulo seis a través de proyectos productivos en donde aplicó la metodología y se analiza paso a paso los resultados, los éxitos, los fracasos, las modificaciones al trabajo original para finalmente en las conclusiones describir formalmente los resultados y la aportación del trabajo de investigación. ; This research work shows a methodology for the design of new products or their innovation based on the creative phase and the design and analysis of experiments, it focuses on the creation of agro-industrial products in poverty areas of Mexico. The top goal is through these techniques reduce the time of research and development, generating robust product designs with the highest quality, the scope of the research, also covers the design of manufacturing processes to finish the ramp learning to product massive. It was decided to test the methodology in social development projects that were based on agro-industrial products because the context was very different from a formal business processes with a clearly defined structures. In Mexico the agricultural farm has great potential, and it´s a variable directly linked to poverty, people who live in the rural zone, is most affected, so this research suggests that in parallel, regardless of political public of the three levels of government in Mexico, (federal, state and local government) through productive projects is possible reverse poverty by generating micro enterprises which in turn are growing platform for others around them as a string supply of raw materials and product is of a quality that can be exported . By itself, the proposed methodology cannot make sure that by applying the result will be an excellent product and by consequence productive project to be successful, so we had to make a deeply study of poverty and the variables that affect the success of these projects are directly related to education, health and life style . For the past 17 years I have personally worked on agroindustrial projects and have known poverty closely, but during the thesis work had to investigate in the social part and problem definition to create the conditions for a social development project had success. Unfortunately the ruled of operation for INDESOL and the lack of technical assistance to people interested in presenting these projects, are the causes because the budget is not applied to productive projects and for consequence, the resource is deviated to assistance programs. The assistance programs have been those who have hurt Mexico, because it's more comfortable for people receiving monthly financial assistance and they not necessary to work, solve a problem at the moment but does not generate income financial and therefore the economy stops. Chapter 2 of the thesis explains these variables and how they affect social development projects as well as possible solutions. In the same chapter field research is presented to define the high potential agricultural crops in the area of study, since these studies based on the design of new products or innovation is generated. In chapter 3 a working method is proposed to the define the minimum ideal conditions to create work teams, and the development of creativity techniques that this thesis conditioned so that they could be applied in,agro industrial projects as well as the mathematical support and philosophy with which it forms the Thought Engineering (Prof. Lluís Claudi ) as a technique of creativity to develop new products and solving manufacturing problems, which is a contribution of this research. The creativity techniques used in this thesis are: brainstorming, mind map, and Triz; the last two techniques were adequate to the projects characteristics. The mind map was added with the designing information systems proposed by Dr. Brian Wilson called Maltese cross, and the Triz with an agro industrial data base based for products with high potential, the grown areas, optimum moisture variables as well as temperature, farmer field quality and their physicochemical properties that potentiates other industry products . Both are also contributions of the thesis. The research and development of methods of experimental design are presented in Chapter 4, this is where the benefits of mathematical simulation are explained and as this reduces the time of new product research, in the same time explained under what conditions each technique applies well and the interpretation of results. In chapter 5 the methodology to reduce development time for new products based on creative techniques and design of experiments, is based under the three types of thoughts: systemic, prospective and concurrent, this is the central part of the thesis because it describes the interactions of the different techniques and methodology as applied in a real project. The process of testing the methodology and record and analyze the results would be show in the chapter 6 through productive projects where was applied the methodology, and step by step the results are analyze; successes designs, failures, modifications to the original work and, finally discussed in the conclusions formally describe the results and the contribution of research. ; Postprint (published version)

The COVID-19 pandemic restrictions introduced in 2020 in many countries on economic activity and gainful employment have in many cases, reduced the incomes of individual households. As a result, the actual ability to meet credit obligations has declined, particularly for those who have lost their jobs or livelihoods. The COVID-19 pandemic has become a significant challenge for economies, national authorities, and entrepreneurs, including borrowers. This article aims to analyse the legal regulations in Poland, and Vietnam, introducing instruments to support borrowers, consumers, and entrepreneurs, in connection with the COVID-19 pandemic. The authors will present the legal basis for the instruments to support borrowers provided in the studied countries, indicate their legal nature, forms, and conditions of using them. They also compare legal solutions introduced in connection with the pandemic aimed at mitigating its adverse effects on borrowers in Poland, and Vietnam, to indicate whether cultural differences and differences in legal systems, as well as individual approaches to the domestic credit market, affected the choice of legal instruments for supporting borrowers in connection with the COVID-19 pandemic, or not. ; Edyta Rutkowska-Tomaszewska: edyta.rutkowska-tomaszewska@uwr.edu.pl ; Marta Stanisławska: mmstanislawska@gmail.com ; Hien Thuc Trinh: hientt@uel.edu.vn ; Edyta Rutkowska-Tomaszewska is Associate Professor and the University of Wroclaw and the Head of the Department of Finance Management at the Institute of Economic Sciences, Faculty of Law, Administration and Economics, University of Wroclaw, Poland. ; Marta Stanisławska is Assistant Professor in the Department of Economy and Finance, Faculty of Technical and Economic Sciences, Witelon State University of Applied Sciences in Legnica, Poland. ; Hien Trinh, PhD in Law, Lecturer in the Institute of International and Comparative Law, University of Economics and Law, Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. ; Edyta Rutkowska-Tomaszewska - University of Wroclaw, Poland ; Marta Stanisławska - Witelon State University of Applied Sciences in Legnica, Poland ; Hien Thuc Trinh - University of Economics and Law, Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam ; Access to commercial finance for SMEs with the support of public institutions, https://alebank.pl/dostep-mmsp-do-fi nansowania-komercyjnego-ze-wsparciem-instytucji-publicznych/?id=376412&catid=22872&cat2id=25928. ; Acharya V.V., Engle III R.F., Steffen S., Why did bank stocks crash during COVID-19?, "National Bureau of Economic Research" 2021, https://www.nber.org/papers/w28559. ; Aji B.S., Warka M., Kongres E., Credit Dispute Resolution through Banking Mediation during Covid-19 Pandemic Situation, Budapest International Research and Critics Institute-Journal, https://doi.org/10.33258/birci.v4i2.1823. ; Baicu. 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With growing awareness of the current climate crisis, it has become better recognized that natural resource management has global as well as local implications. Discourse on the importance of sustainability has followed. Natural resource sectors have been known as areas prone to corruption risks due to the usually high revenues involved. Despite the absence of a universally agreed upon definition, it is in general recognized that corruption undermines social and economic development and can impede sustainable resource management. This research sets out to explore the dynamics contributing to corruption risks in natural resource sectors, with an emphasis on renewable resources, and how such risks can be addressed. To shed light on the research question, a qualitative case study approach was chosen, comparing fisheries in Iceland, arable soils in Ukraine and forestry in Romania. A total of 40 semi-structured interviews were conducted with various stakeholders recruited through snowball sampling. The interviews were coded and then analysed by generating causal loop diagrams, a qualitative mapping approach in the field of system dynamics. The main results from this study suggest that the resource sectors under study all transformed towards economies of scale, facilitating the consolidation of large vertically integrated companies with increased economic efficiency demand. The resulting inequality between large and smaller actors in the sectors seems to increase perceived risk of both corruption and unsustainable management practices in all our cases. Public institutions´ capacity and capabilities to monitor resource sectors need adequate resources, else corruption risks can increase because of perceived lack of monitoring. To alleviate corruption risks, transparency in resource management can strengthen accountability and promote sustainability. However, focus on transparency as a policy tool can be misplaced in instances where higher-level intervention points are needed to ensure sustainable resource management, as solutions are context dependent. ; Med ökad medvetenhet om den nuvarande klimatkrisen har det blivit bättre erkänt att hantering av naturresurser har såväl globala som lokala konsekvenser. Diskurs om vikten av hållbarhet har följt. Naturresurssektorer har varit kända som områden som är utsatta för korruptionsrisker på grund av de vanligtvis höga intäkterna. Trots avsaknaden av en allmänt överenskommen definition är det allmänt erkänt att korruption undergräver social och ekonomisk utveckling och kan hindra hållbar resurshantering. Denna forskning syftar till att utforska dynamiken som bidrar till korruptionsrisker i naturresurssektorer, med tonvikt på förnybara resurser, och hur sådana risker kan hanteras. En kvalitativ jämförande studie valdes ut för att belysa forskningsfrågan, som undersökte fiskeresurserna på Island, marken i Ukraina och avverkning i Rumänien. Totalt genomfördes 40 semistandardiserade intervjuer med ett brett spektrum av intressenter genom ett snöbollurval. Data kodades och analyserades sedan med metoder som har sitt ursprung i teorin om dynamiska systemmodeller för att utveckla kvalitativa flödesscheman över sambandet mellan orsak och verkan. De viktigaste resultaten från denna studie tyder på att de undersökta resurssektorerna alla har omvandlats till skalfördelar, vilket underlättar konsolideringen av stora vertikalt integrerade företag med ökad efterfrågan på ekonomisk effektivitet. Den resulterande olikheten mellan stora och mindre aktörer inom sektorerna verkar öka risken för både korruption och ohållbar hantering i alla våra fall. Offentliga institutioners kapacitet och förmåga att övervaka resurssektorer behöver tillräckliga resurser, annars kan korruptionsrisker öka på grund av upplevd brist på övervakning. För att lindra korruptionsrisker kan transparens i resurshantering bidra till ansvarsskyldighet och främja hållbarhet. Fokus på transparens som ett politiskt verktyg kan emellertid vara felplacerat i fall där det behövs ingripanden på högre nivå för att säkerställa hållbar resurshantering, eftersom lösningar är kontextberoende. ; Með aukinni þekkingu um þær áskoranir sem heimurinn stendur frammi fyrir í tengslum við hamfarahlýnun hefur þróast meiri skilningur á því að nýting náttúruauðlinda hefur bæði staðbundnar sem og alþjóðlegar afleiðingar. Umræða um mikilvægi sjálfbærni hefur fylgt í kjölfarið. Spillingarhættur viðloðandi nýtingu náttúruauðlinda þekkjast vel vegna þeirra gífurlegu fjármuna sem þar eru í húfi. Þrátt fyrir að ekki sé til almenn skilgreining á hugtakinu spilling, þá er það almennt viðurkennt að fyrirbærið sem slíkt grafi undan félagslegri og efnahagslegri þróun, og geti hamlað sjálfbærri nýtingu náttúruauðlinda. Meginmarkmið doktorsritgerðarinnar er að rannsaka gangverk þeirra þátta sem stuðla að spillingu við stjórnun náttúruauðlinda, með áherslu á stjórnunarkerfi endurnýjanlegra auðlinda í Evrópu, og hvernig greina megi og draga úr spillingarhættum í slíku samhengi. Betri skilningur á því gangverki gefur tækifæri á að bera kennsl á lykilþætti hugsanlegra endurbóta, sem gætu nýst við stefnumótun sem miðar að því að draga úr spillingarhættum í auðlindastjórnunarkerfum. Eigindleg samanburðarrannsókn var valin til þess að varpa ljósi á rannsóknarspurninguna, þar sem fiskveiðiauðlindin á Íslandi, jarðvegur í Úkraínu og skógarhögg í Rúmeníu voru til rannsóknar. Alls voru tekin 40 hálfstöðluð viðtöl við breiðan hóp hagsmunaaðila í gegnum snjóboltaúrtak. Gögnin voru svo kóðuð og greind með aðferðum sem eiga uppruna sinn í fræðum kvikra kerfislíkana í þeim tilgangi að þróa eigindleg flæðirit yfir tengsl orsaka og afleiðinga. Meginniðurstöður benda til þess að breytingar í átt að stærðarhagkvæmni hafi átt sér stað innan þeirra auðlindakerfa sem voru til rannsóknar fyrir tilstilli aukinnar kröfu um hagkvæmni, sem auðvelduðu samþjöppun fyrirtækja innan greinanna. Það hefur leitt til vaxandi misrétti milli stórra fyrirtækja og smærri aðila, sem virðist gera það að verkum að aukinnar hættu á spillingu og ósjálfbærri nýtingu auðlinda gætir í öllum tilvikum. Stofnanir sem framfylgja lögum og reglum, auk þess að sinna eftirliti innan auðlindageiranna, þurfa að hafa getu og bjargráð til þess að sinna lögbundnu hlutverki sínu. Ófullnægjandi eftirlit getur aukið spillingarhættur. Niðurstöður gefa einnig til kynna að gagnsæi í nýtingu auðlinda getur leitt af sér aukna ábyrgðaskyldu og stuðlað að sjálfbærni. Samt sem áður getur verið varhugavert að einblína á gagnsæi sem stefnumótunartæki í tilfellum þar sem þörf er á íhlutunarpunktum á hærra stigi til að tryggja sjálfbæra nýtingu auðlinda, þar sem hafa ber í huga að lausnir eru háðar samhengi. ; Double degree regulated by a Cotutelle agreement as set in Grant No. 675153. ; AdaptEconII

Bu çalışmada düşünce kuruluşlarının kamu diplomasisindeki rolleri incelenmiştir. Bu çerçevede Türkiye, ABD ve Almanya çalışmada karşılaştırılmalı olarak çalışılmış ve böylelikle her ülkeden de birer düşünce kuruluşu örneklem olarak tercih edilmiştir. Kendi ülkelerinin içinde ve dışında bilinirlikleri ve saygınlıkları olan, aynı zamanda faaliyetleri itibariyle diğer düşünce kuruluşlarına nazaran görece çeşitlilikleri bulunan Türkiye menşeili Siyaset, Ekonomi ve Toplum Araştırmaları Vakfı (SETA), ABD menşeili Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Alman Marshall Fonu (German Marshall Fund of the United States-GMF) ve Almanya menşeili Alman Uluslararası ve Güvenlik İşleri Enstitüsü (Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik-SWP) incelenmiştir. Patrick Köllner'in uluslararası ilişkilerde düşünce kuruluşlarının: - Salon işlevi görme ve kişi odaklı iletişim kanalları oluşturma, - Uluslararası ilişkiler çalışmaları hakkında kamuoyunu bilgilendirme, araştırma brokerliği yapma, - Uluslararası ve küresel meseleler hakkında ulusal ve uluslararası gündem oluşturma, - Gayr-ı resmi diplomatik ilişkiler geliştirme, - İkinci görüş sunma, - Danışmanlık işlevi görerek stratejik söylemleri doğrudan etkileme, - Yarı otoriter rejimleri meşrulaştırma ve entelektüel amigoluk yapma, - Düşünce ihraç etme, - Uluslararası ilişkiler ve stratejik araştırmalar anlayışının oluşmasına katkıda bulunma, - Diplomatik eğitimler sunma ve uluslararası ilişkiler eğitim programları yaparak öğrencilere mentörlük etme, rolleri esas alınarak örneklem olarak alınan kurumların kamu diplomasisi bağıntısı araştırılmıştır. Bu doğrultuda çalışmanın iki sorusu bulunmaktadır: 1. Düşünce kuruluşları yürüttükleri faaliyetlerle bir kamu diplomasisi aktörü müdür? 2. Düşünce kuruluşlarının kamu diplomasisi yapım süreçlerinde üstlendikleri roller nelerdir? Birinci soru bağlamında çalışmanın temel hipotezi: sivil inisiyatif olma özelliği bakımından düşünce kuruluşları kamu diplomasisinde birer aktördür. İkinci soru bağlamında çalışmanın temel hipotezi: Köllner'in düşünce kuruluşlarına uluslararası ilişkiler bağlamında atfettiği roller, örneklem düşünce kuruluşları tarafından kamu diplomasisi faaliyeti kapsamında oynanmaktadır. Çalışmanın hipotezlerini sorgulamak için karma bir araştırma yöntemi takip edilmiş ve "literatür taraması", "içerik analizi" ve "niteliksel araştırma" yöntemleri kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın literatür taraması kısmını diplomasi, kamu diplomasisi ve düşünce kuruluşları oluşturmuştur. İçerik analizi kısmını üç kurumun web sayfaları ve medya yansımaları, rapor, dergi, konferans, panel ve sempozyum bildirileri oluşturmuştur. Son olarak niteliksel araştırma kısmını ise düşünce kuruluşlarının yetkilileri, kamu diplomasisi kurumlarında, düşünce kuruluşlarında görev alanlar ve akademisyenlerden oluşan 13 kişi ile derinlemesine mülakatlar yapılmıştır. Araştırmanın bulguları ışığında ulaşılan sonuca göre düşünce kuruluşları politika uygulayıcılarının politika oluşturmalarında yardımcı kuvvet rolü oynayabilirler. Sivil inisiyatifler olmaları hasebiyle de düşünce kuruluşlarının kamu otoritelerine oranla hareket serbestiyetleri yüksektir. Ayrıca bu çalışmada düşünce kuruluşlarının yardımcı kuvvet rolü oynamalarından hareketle bu organizasyonlar için "Akıncı Birlik" kavramsallaştırması önerilmektedir. Üç farklı ülkede bulunan GMF, SETA ve SWP'nin kamu diplomasisi faaliyetlerinde birer aktör oldukları tez çalışmasının bulgusudur. Ayrıca söz konusu düşünce kuruluşlarının faaliyetlerinin katkısı menşei ülkelerinin siyasi, iktisadi ve sosyal durumlarına göre değişmektedir. Buradan hareketle söz konusu ülkelerin sert güç yerine yumuşak güç bağlamında kamu diplomasisinde düşünce kuruluşlarını bir paydaş olarak görmesi kendilerine uluslararası ilişkilerde avantaj sağlayacaktır. ; The study emphasizes the role of think tanks in public diplomacy. In this context, the Turkey, United States of America, and Germany case studies have been examined. A think tank organization sample was picked from each country to test the relevance of the research hypothesis. The well renowned and prestigious think tank organizations of Foundation for Political, Economic and Social Research (SETA), German Marshall Fund of the United States (GMF) and, The German Institute for International and Security Affairs (Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik-SWP) has been studied. The relationship of public diplomacy of institutions gained as an example has been investigated based on the following roles of think tanks organizations in international relations developed by Patrick Köllner. According to Köllner, think tank organizations: - Should have salon function and create person-oriented communication channels. - Also need to inform the public about international relations studies. - Act as a research broker. - Set national and international agendas on international issues. - Develop informal diplomatic relations. - Presenting second opinions. - Directly influencing strategic discourses by acting as consultants. - Legitimizing semi-authoritarian regimes and intellectual cheerleading. - Exporting ideas. - Contributing to the formation of an understanding of international relations and strategic research. - Offering diplomatic training and mentoring students by providing international relations training programs. In this direction, the study develops two essential questions: 1. Are think tanks actors of public diplomacy with the activities they conduct? 2. What are the roles of think tanks in building public diplomacy? The first question is leading to the study's main hypothesis, which is: to be a civil initiative, think tanks are actors in public diplomacy. While the second question introduces another aspect of the research's hypothesis: The roles that Köllner attributes to think tanks in international relations are played by sample think tanks within public diplomacy activities. A combination of "literature review", "content analysis" and "qualitative research" is followed in the thesis study. The literature review comprises the investigation of notions such as diplomacy, public diplomacy, and think tanks as a part of the research. The content analysis makes up for the three institutions' websites browsing, media reflections, reports, magazines, conferences, panels, and symposiums' examination. The qualitative research part was conducted with in-depth interviews with 13 people representing official spokespersons of think tanks, public diplomacy institutions, former think-tankers, and academics. According to the conclusion reached considering the findings of the research, think tanks can play an auxiliary power role in policymaking by same-field practitioners. Since they are civil initiatives, think tanks have higher freedom of action compared to state authorities. Besides, the conceptualization of "Akıncı Unity" is recommended in this study for think tanks based on their role as an auxiliary force. The case of GMF, SETA and SWP organizations as actors in public diplomacy activities in the three different countries constitutes the findings of a thesis study. The contribution of these think tanks' activities varieties according to the political, economic, and social situation in their countries. From here, it will give them an advantage in international relations if countries consider the think tanks institutions a stakeholder in public diplomacy linked to the soft power context rather than hard power.

Competition over limited water resources is one of the main concerns for the coming decades. Although water issues alone have not been the sole trigger for warfare in the past, tensions over freshwater management and use represent one of the main concerns in political relations between riparian states and may exacerbate existing tensions, increase regional instability and social unrest. Previous studies made great efforts to understand how international water management problems were addressed by actors in a more cooperative or confrontational way. In this study, we analyze what are the pre-conditions favoring the insurgence of water management issues in shared water bodies, rather than focusing on the way water issues are then managed among actors. We do so by proposing an innovative analysis of past episodes of conflict and cooperation over transboundary water resources (jointly defined as "hydro-political interactions"). On the one hand, we aim at highlighting the factors that are more relevant in determining water interactions across political boundaries. On the other hand, our objective is to map and monitor the evolution of the likelihood of experiencing hydro-political interactions over space and time, under changing socioeconomic and biophysical scenarios, through a spatially explicit data driven index. Historical cross-border water interactions were used as indicators of the magnitude of corresponding water joint-management issues. These were correlated with information about river basin freshwater availability, climate stress, human pressure on water resources, socioeconomic conditions (including institutional development and power imbalances), and topographic characteristics. This analysis allows for identification of the main factors that determine water interactions, such as water availability, population density, power imbalances, and climatic stressors. The proposed model was used to map at high spatial resolution the probability of experiencing hydro-political interactions worldwide. This baseline outline is then compared to four distinct climate and population density projections aimed to estimate trends for hydro-political interactions under future conditions (2050 and 2100), while considering two greenhouse gases emission scenarios (moderate and extreme climate change). The combination of climate and population growth dynamics is expected to impact negatively on the overall hydro-political risk by increasing the likelihood of water interactions in the transboundary river basins, with an average increase ranging between 74.9% (2050 – population and moderate climate change) to 95% (2100 - population and extreme climate change). Future demographic and climatic conditions are expected to exert particular pressure on already water stressed basins such as the Nile, the Ganges/Brahmaputra, the Indus, the Tigris/Euphrates, and the Colorado. The results of this work allow us to identify current and future areas where water issues are more likely to arise, and where cooperation over water should be actively pursued to avoid possible tensions especially under changing environmental conditions. From a policy perspective, the index presented in this study can be used to provide a sound quantitative basis to the assessment of the Sustainable Development Goal 6, Target 6.5 "Water resources management", and in particular to indicator 6.5.2 "Transboundary cooperation". ; Competition over limited water resources is one of the main concerns for the coming decades. Although water issues alone have not been the sole trigger for warfare in the past, tensions over freshwater management and use represent one of the main concerns in political relations between riparian states and may exacerbate existing tensions, increase regional instability and social unrest. Previous studies made great efforts to understand how international water management problems were addressed by actors in a more cooperative or confrontational way. In this study, we analyze what are the pre-conditions favoring the insurgence of water management issues in shared water bodies, rather than focusing on the way water issues are then managed among actors. We do so by proposing an innovative analysis of past episodes of conflict and cooperation over transboundary water resources (jointly defined as "hydro-political interactions"). On the one hand, we aim at highlighting the factors that are more relevant in determining water interactions across political boundaries. On the other hand, our objective is to map and monitor the evolution of the likelihood of experiencing hydro-political interactions over space and time, under changing socioeconomic and biophysical scenarios, through a spatially explicit data driven index. Historical cross-border water interactions were used as indicators of the magnitude of corresponding water joint-management issues. These were correlated with information about river basin freshwater availability, climate stress, human pressure on water resources, socioeconomic conditions (including institutional development and power imbalances), and topographic characteristics. This analysis allows for identification of the main factors that determine water interactions, such as water availability, population density, power imbalances, and climatic stressors. The proposed model was used to map at high spatial resolution the probability of experiencing hydro-political interactions worldwide. This baseline outline is then compared to four distinct climate and population density projections aimed to estimate trends for hydro-political interactions under future conditions (2050 and 2100), while considering two greenhouse gases emission scenarios (moderate and extreme climate change). The combination of climate and population growth dynamics is expected to impact negatively on the overall hydro-political risk by increasing the likelihood of water interactions in the transboundary river basins, with an average increase ranging between 74.9% (2050 – population and moderate climate change) to 95% (2100 - population and extreme climate change). Future demographic and climatic conditions are expected to exert particular pressure on already water stressed basins such as the Nile, the Ganges/Brahmaputra, the Indus, the Tigris/Euphrates, and the Colorado. The results of this work allow us to identify current and future areas where water issues are more likely to arise, and where cooperation over water should be actively pursued to avoid possible tensions especially under changing environmental conditions. From a policy perspective, the index presented in this study can be used to provide a sound quantitative basis to the assessment of the Sustainable Development Goal 6, Target 6.5 "Water resources management", and in particular to indicator 6.5.2 "Transboundary cooperation".

The article deals with theoretical and practical rethinking of the concept - intercultural communication of foreign students in higher educational institutions. The interrelation of language and culture is analyzed. The psychological and pedagogical criteria for the training of university lecturers teaching foreign students are determined. The pedagogical aspects of organization of inter-ethnic and intercultural communication are offered. At the present stage of development of higher education, the most important component of the teacher's professional and pedagogical activity is its constructive pedagogical interaction with students in the process of working together, aimed at their professional and personal development. Problems of foreign students are related to the new requirements of Ukrainian higher education, their status as a foreigner in Ukraine, peculiarities of age psychology and national-psychological peculiarities.The development of interethnic communication is possible through the interaction of different cultures. In these conditions, the education of foreigners should be regarded as a means of existence in the new social environment, and the formation of intercultural communication among students is the goal of learning. In this connection, studies are focused on finding ways to increase the effectiveness of studying the culture of the people speaking a particular language; to overcome the cultural barrier; increase of pedagogical skills of teachers of higher education, aimed at their professional and personal development. The requirements for the effectiveness of vocational and pedagogical communication are constantly increasing, and the actual practice shows that the level of psychological and pedagogical preparation of the teachers of higher educational establishments is not in line with the requirements that are being put to them. The study of the world of native speakers is aimed at helping to understand the peculiarities of linguistic communication, additional semantic loading, political, cultural, and historical realities, since at the heart of any communication, that is, the basis of linguistic communication is the mutual knowledge of the realities, knowledge of the subject of communication between the participants of communication . Therefore, it is necessary to change the approaches to studying foreigners and switch from purely theoretical knowledge to practical trainings, courses, and to eradicate false cultural stereotypes. Due to the fact that the modern high school is a multicultural space in which the dialogue of cultures of representatives of different nations takes place, university instructors must have the skills of organizing interethnic and intercultural communication.Key words: intercultural communication, national culture, foreign nationals, professional training, features ; У статті здійснено теоретичне та практичне переосмислення поняття – міжкультурна комунікація іноземних студентів у вищому навчальному закладі. Проаналізовано взаємозв'язок мови і культури. Визначено психолого- педагогічні критерії до підготовки викладачів ВНЗ, які навчають студентів- іноземців. Запропоновано педагогічні аспекти організації міжнаціонального і міжкультурного спілкування. На сучасному етапі розвитку вищої школи найважливішою складовою професійно-педагогічної діяльності викладача є його конструктивна педагогічна взаємодія зі студентами в процесі спільної роботи, спрямована на їх професійно-особистісний розвиток. Проблеми іноземних студентів пов'язані з новими вимогами української вищої школи, їх статусом іноземця в Україні, особливостями вікової психології та національно-психологічними особливостями.Ключові слова: міжкультурна комунікація, національна культура, студенти-іноземці, фахова підготовка, особливості. В статье осуществлено теоретическое и практическое переосмысление понятия - межкультурная коммуникация иностранных студентов в вузе. Проанализирована взаимосвязь языка и культуры. Определены психолого-педагогические критерии к подготовке преподавателей вузов, обучающих студентов-иностранцев. Предложено педагогические аспекты организации межнационального и межкультурного общения. На современном этапе развития высшей школы важнейшей составляющей профессионально-педагогической деятельности преподавателя является его конструктивная педагогическое взаимодействие со студентами в процессе совместной работы, направленная на их профессионально-личностное развитие. Проблемы иностранных студентов связанные с новыми требованиями украинской высшей школы, их статусом иностранца в Украине, особенностями возрастной психологии и национально-психологическими особенностями.Ключевые слова: межкультурная коммуникация, национальная культура, студенты-иностранцы, профессиональная подготовка особенности. The article deals with theoretical and practical rethinking of the concept - intercultural communication of foreign students in higher educational institutions. The interrelation of language and culture is analyzed. The psychological and pedagogical criteria for the training of university lecturers teaching foreign students are determined. The pedagogical aspects of organization of inter-ethnic and intercultural communication are offered. At the present stage of development of higher education, the most important component of the teacher's professional and pedagogical activity is its constructive pedagogical interaction with students in the process of working together, aimed at their professional and personal development. Problems of foreign students are related to the new requirements of Ukrainian higher education, their status as a foreigner in Ukraine, peculiarities of age psychology and national-psychological peculiarities.The development of interethnic communication is possible through the interaction of different cultures. In these conditions, the education of foreigners should be regarded as a means of existence in the new social environment, and the formation of intercultural communication among students is the goal of learning. In this connection, studies are focused on finding ways to increase the effectiveness of studying the culture of the people speaking a particular language; to overcome the cultural barrier; increase of pedagogical skills of teachers of higher education, aimed at their professional and personal development. The requirements for the effectiveness of vocational and pedagogical communication are constantly increasing, and the actual practice shows that the level of psychological and pedagogical preparation of the teachers of higher educational establishments is not in line with the requirements that are being put to them. The study of the world of native speakers is aimed at helping to understand the peculiarities of linguistic communication, additional semantic loading, political, cultural, and historical realities, since at the heart of any communication, that is, the basis of linguistic communication is the mutual knowledge of the realities, knowledge of the subject of communication between the participants of communication . Therefore, it is necessary to change the approaches to studying foreigners and switch from purely theoretical knowledge to practical trainings, courses, and to eradicate false cultural stereotypes. Due to the fact that the modern high school is a multicultural space in which the dialogue of cultures of representatives of different nations takes place, university instructors must have the skills of organizing interethnic and intercultural communication.Key words: intercultural communication, national culture, foreign nationals, professional training, features